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Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) a metabolic disorder characterized by chronic hyperglycemia,developing as a result of violations of the interaction of insulin with tissue cells. Diabetes one of the most common endocrine disease. The frequency of diabetes mellitus in average ranges from 1.5 -3%, increasing in the developed world (5-6%). In the world there are about 200 million. Diabetes, with almost 90% of them suffer from type 2 diabetes . The problem of type 2 diabetes continues to be the most urgent task of modern endocrinology. The review is devoted to new data from the literature regarding the molecular and genetic mechanisms of type 2 diabetes . Based on the literary analysis conducted, it should be noted that the molecular basis of etiopathogenesis type 2 diabetes are complex and significant role in the formation of insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes play a violation of the b-cells. Of great importance in the development of insulin resistance have tumor necrosis factors having a plurality of biomedical effects.

2

. . 2015. 16 (213). 31

2

MOLECULAR AND GENETIC MECHANISMS OF THE PATHOGENESIS

OF TYPE 2 DIABETES

.. , .. , .. , .. O.N. Belousova, S.S. Sirotina, T.I. Jakunchenko, N.I. Zhernakova

308015, . , . , . 85

Belgorod National Research University 308015, Belgorod, Pobedy St., 85

: 2 , , .

Key words: type 2 diabetes, the mechanisms of pathogenesis, tumor necrosis factors.

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Summary. Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) - a metabolic disorder characterized by chronic hyperglycemia, developing as a result of violations of the interaction of insulin with tissue cells. Diabetes - one of the most common endocrine disease. The frequency of diabetes mellitus in average ranges from 1.5-3%, increasing in the developed world (5-6%). In the world there are about 200 million. Diabetes, with almost 90% of them suffer from type 2 diabetes. The problem of type 2 diabetes continues to be the most urgent task of modern endocrinology. The review is devoted to new data from the literature regarding the molecular and genetic mechanisms of type 2 diabetes. Based on the literary analysis conducted, it should be noted that the molecular basis of etiopathogenesis type 2 diabetes are complex and significant role in the formation of insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes play a violation of the b-cells. Of great importance in the development of insulin resistance have tumor necrosis factors having a plurality of biomedical effects.

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. . 2015. 16 (213). 31

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. . 2015. 16 (213). 31

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. . 2015. 16 (213). 31

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. . 2015. 16 (213). 31

tuberculosis [ ., 2010]. Lta , , , , , , , [, , 2007.; , 2011, ., 2011].

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, , 30 , TNFR1.

. . 2015. 16 (213). 31

, TNFR2 - TNF TNFR1, [Brian, 2009.].

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.

. ., . . 2010. - . . . . , 16(11): 33-37.

. . . . 2010. - 2- . , 18(23):141-1418.

. . 2010. . , 4: 3-8.

. ., . . 2003. . ., 2:47-51.

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., ., . 2010. . , 4: 45-46.

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Aaki S., Ng D. P., Krolewski B. 2003. Identification of a common risk haplotype for diabetic nephropathy at the protein kinase C-beta1 (PRKCB1) gene locus. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol., 14(8): 2015-2024.

. . 2015. 16 (213). 31

Argoff C. E., Backonja M. M., Belgrade M. J. 2006. Consensus guidelines: treatment planning and options. Diabetic peripheral neuropathic pain. Mayo Clin. Proc., 81(4):12-S25.

Boright A. P., Paterson A. D., Mirea L. 2005. Genetic variation at the ACE gene is associated with persistent microalbuminuria and severe nephropathy in type 1 diabetes: the DCCT/EDIC Genetics Study. Diabetes, 54(4^1238-1244.

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Boright A. P., Paterson A. D., Mirea L. 2005. Genetic variation at the ACE gene is associated with persistent microalbuminuria and severe nephropathy in type 1 diabetes: the DCCT/EDIC Genetics Study. Diabetes, 54(4^1238-1244.

Brian E. C. 2009. Peripheral receptor targets for analgesia: novel approaches to pain treatment. Hoboken, New Jersey : Wiley & Sons, 553 p.

Davies M., Brophy S., Williams R. 2006. The prevalence, severity, and impact of painful diabetic peripheral neuropathy in type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care, (7):1518-1522.

Heine R. J., Van Gaal L. F., Johns D. 2005. Exenatide versus insulin glargine in patients with suboptimally controlled type 2 diabetes: a randomized trial. Ann. Intern. Med., 143(8^559-569.

Hohjoh H., Terada N., Kawashima M. 2008. Significant association of the tumor necrosis factor receptor 2 (TNFR2) gene with human narcolepsy. Tissue Antigens, 56(5^446-448.

Lamb, R. E. Goldstein B. J. 2008. Modulating an oxidative-inflammatory cascade: potential new treatment strategy for improving glucose metabolism, insulin resistance, and vascular function. Int. J. Clin. Pract., 62(7):1087-1095.

Looker H.C., Livingstone S.J., Hothersall E.J. 2012. Risk of cardiovascular disease and total mortality in adults with type 1 diabetes: Scottish registry linkage study. PLoS Med, 9(10):e1001321.

Mayorov A., Urbanova K., Galstyan G. 2009. Insulin sensitivity and adipocytokines in patients with diabetes and prediabetes. Journal of Diabetes, 1(1):Al73.

Monnier L., Mas E., Ginet C. 2006. Activation of oxidative stress by acute glucose fluctuations compared with sustained chronic hyperglycemia in patients with type 2 diabetes. JAMA, 295(14):1681-1687.

Namkung J. H., Lee J. E., Kim E. 2007. IL-5 and IL-5 receptor alpha polymorphisms are associated with atopic dermatitis in Koreans. Allergy, 62(8^934-942.

Pittas A. G., Joseph N. A., Greenberg A. S. 2004. Adipocytocines and insulin resistance. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 89(2^447-452.

Rung J., Cauchi S., Albrechtsen A. 2010. Genetic variant near IRS1 is associated with type 2 diabetes, insulin resistance and hyperinsulinemia. Nature genetics, 41(10):1110-1115.

Schwarz P. E., Towers G. W., Fischer S. 2006. Hypoadiponectinemia is associated with progression toward type 2 diabetes and genetic variation in the ADIPOQ gene promoter. Diabetes Care, 29(7^1645-1650.

Scott L. J., Mohlke K. L., Bonnycastle L. L. 2007. A genome-wide association study of type 2 diabetes in Finns detects multiple susceptibility variants. Science, 316(5829):1341-1345.

Swardfager W., Lanctot K., Rothenburg L. 2010. A meta-analysis of cytokines in Alzheimer's disease. Biol. Psychiatry, 68(10^930-941.

Verstrepen L., Bekaert T., Chau T. L. 2008. TLR-4, IL-1R and TNF-R signaling to NF-kappaB: variations on a common theme. Cell. Mol. Life Sci, 65(19^2964-2978.

Wisse B. E. 2004. The inflammatory syndrome: the role of adipose tissue cytokines in metabolic disorders linked to obesity. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol, 15(11):2792-2800.

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