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: (6), (7), (9), (5), (5), (5), 2 (7), 2 (7), (10), (6), (5), (7), (4), (8), (5), (9), (2), (8), 2 (4), 2 (3), 2(5), 2(2), 1 (7), 1 (5), 1(5), 1(3), (3), (7), (5), (6), (7), (6), (4), (7), (8), (2), (3), (3), 2(7), 2(9), (3), 2 (5), 2 (4), 2(3), 2(2), (1), (7), (5), (3), 2 (4), 2 (8), (2), (5), (10), (1), (8), (5), (4), (12), (4), (7), (2), (5), (3), (7), (3), (5), (8), (4), (5), (6), 2 (6), 2 (6), 2 (2), 2 (4), 2(4), 2(2), 1 (3), 1 (2), 1(6), 1(4), (6), (7), (5), (3), (7), (6), (1), (7), (5), (4), (10), (5)
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Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) a metabolic disorder characterized by chronic hyperglycemia,developing as a result of violations of the interaction of insulin with tissue cells. Diabetes one of the most common endocrine disease. The frequency of diabetes mellitus in average ranges from 1.5 -3%, increasing in the developed world (5-6%). In the world there are about 200 million. Diabetes, with almost 90% of them suffer from type 2 diabetes . The problem of type 2 diabetes continues to be the most urgent task of modern endocrinology. The review is devoted to new data from the literature regarding the molecular and genetic mechanisms of type 2 diabetes . Based on the literary analysis conducted, it should be noted that the molecular basis of etiopathogenesis type 2 diabetes are complex and significant role in the formation of insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes play a violation of the b-cells. Of great importance in the development of insulin resistance have tumor necrosis factors having a plurality of biomedical effects.

2

. . 2015. 16 (213). 31

2

MOLECULAR AND GENETIC MECHANISMS OF THE PATHOGENESIS

OF TYPE 2 DIABETES

.. , .. , .. , .. O.N. Belousova, S.S. Sirotina, T.I. Jakunchenko, N.I. Zhernakova

308015, . , . , . 85

Belgorod National Research University 308015, Belgorod, Pobedy St., 85

: 2 , , .

Key words: type 2 diabetes, the mechanisms of pathogenesis, tumor necrosis factors.

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Summary. Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) - a metabolic disorder characterized by chronic hyperglycemia, developing as a result of violations of the interaction of insulin with tissue cells. Diabetes - one of the most common endocrine disease. The frequency of diabetes mellitus in average ranges from 1.5-3%, increasing in the developed world (5-6%). In the world there are about 200 million. Diabetes, with almost 90% of them suffer from type 2 diabetes. The problem of type 2 diabetes continues to be the most urgent task of modern endocrinology. The review is devoted to new data from the literature regarding the molecular and genetic mechanisms of type 2 diabetes. Based on the literary analysis conducted, it should be noted that the molecular basis of etiopathogenesis type 2 diabetes are complex and significant role in the formation of insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes play a violation of the b-cells. Of great importance in the development of insulin resistance have tumor necrosis factors having a plurality of biomedical effects.

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. . 2015. 16 (213). 31

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. . 2015. 16 (213). 31

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. . 2015. 16 (213). 31

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. . 2015. 16 (213). 31

tuberculosis [ ., 2010]. Lta , , , , , , , [, , 2007.; , 2011, ., 2011].

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. . 2015. 16 (213). 31

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.

. ., . . 2010. - . . . . , 16(11): 33-37.

. . . . 2010. - 2- . , 18(23):141-1418.

. . 2010. . , 4: 3-8.

. ., . . 2003. . ., 2:47-51.

. ., . . 2007. , . , 6(4):17-29.

. . . . 2011. . , 3(5):72

. . 2010. : , . , 3: 6-13.

.., . ., . . 2011. - . . . . , 10(14):30-36.

. . 2011. . , 10(14^247-253.

. ., . ., . . 2012. (VEGF) (ILlB, IL4, IL6, IL10, TNFA) 2 . , 3: 4-10.

. . . . 2007. . , 9(3):340-340.

., ., . 2010. . , 4: 45-46.

. . 2009. 1 : . , 55(4):44-49.

Aaki S., Ng D. P., Krolewski B. 2003. Identification of a common risk haplotype for diabetic nephropathy at the protein kinase C-beta1 (PRKCB1) gene locus. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol., 14(8): 2015-2024.

. . 2015. 16 (213). 31

Argoff C. E., Backonja M. M., Belgrade M. J. 2006. Consensus guidelines: treatment planning and options. Diabetic peripheral neuropathic pain. Mayo Clin. Proc., 81(4):12-S25.

Boright A. P., Paterson A. D., Mirea L. 2005. Genetic variation at the ACE gene is associated with persistent microalbuminuria and severe nephropathy in type 1 diabetes: the DCCT/EDIC Genetics Study. Diabetes, 54(4^1238-1244.

Bradley J. R. 2008. TNF-mediated inflammatory disease. J. Pathol., 214(2): 149-160.

Bradley J. R. 2008. TNF-mediated inflammatory disease. J. Pathol., 214(2): 149-160.

Brian E. C. 2009. Peripheral receptor targets for analgesia: novel approaches to pain treatment. Hoboken, New Jersey : Wiley & Sons, 553 p.

Davies M., Brophy S., Williams R. 2006. The prevalence, severity, and impact of painful diabetic peripheral neuropathy in type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care, (7^1518-1522.

Dinarello C. A. 2010. Role of IL-1beta in type 2 diabetes. Curr. Opin. Endocrinol. Diabetes Obes., 17(4):314-321.

Heine R. J., Van Gaal L. F., Johns D. 2005. Exenatide versus insulin glargine in patients with suboptimally controlled type 2 diabetes: a randomized trial. Ann. Intern. Med., 143(8^559-569.

Hohjoh H., Terada N., Kawashima M. 2008. Significant association of the tumor necrosis factor receptor 2 (TNFR2) gene with human narcolepsy. Tissue Antigens, 56(5^446-448.

Lamb, R. E. Goldstein B. J. 2008. Modulating an oxidative-inflammatory cascade: potential new treatment strategy for improving glucose metabolism, insulin resistance, and vascular function. Int. J. Clin. Pract., 62(7):1087-1095.

Looker H.C., Livingstone S.J., Hothersall E.J. 2012. Risk of cardiovascular disease and total mortality in adults with type 1 diabetes: Scottish registry linkage study. PLoS Med, 9(10):e1001321.

Mayorov A., Urbanova K., Galstyan G. 2009. Insulin sensitivity and adipocytokines in patients with diabetes and prediabetes. Journal of Diabetes, 1(1):A173.

Monnier L., Mas E., Ginet C. 2006. Activation of oxidative stress by acute glucose fluctuations compared with sustained chronic hyperglycemia in patients with type 2 diabetes. JAMA, 295(14):1681-1687.

Namkung J. H., Lee J. E., Kim E. 2007. IL-5 and IL-5 receptor alpha polymorphisms are associated with atopic dermatitis in Koreans. Allergy, 62(8^934-942.

Pittas A. G., Joseph N. A., Greenberg A. S. 2004. Adipocytocines and insulin resistance. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 89(2^447-452.

Rung J., Cauchi S., Albrechtsen A. 2010. Genetic variant near IRS1 is associated with type 2 diabetes, insulin resistance and hyperinsulinemia. Nature genetics, 41(10):1110-1115.

Schwarz P. E., Towers G. W., Fischer S. 2006. Hypoadiponectinemia is associated with progression toward type 2 diabetes and genetic variation in the ADIPOQ gene promoter. Diabetes Care, 29(7^1645-1650.

Scott L. J., Mohlke K. L., Bonnycastle L. L. 2007. A genome-wide association study of type 2 diabetes in Finns detects multiple susceptibility variants. Science, 316(5829):1341-1345.

Swardfager W., Lanctot K., Rothenburg L. 2010. A meta-analysis of cytokines in Alzheimer's disease. Biol. Psychiatry, 68(10):930-941.

Verstrepen L., Bekaert T., Chau T. L. 2008. TLR-4, IL-1R and TNF-R signaling to NF-kappaB: variations on a common theme. Cell. Mol. Life Sci, 65(19)^964-2978.

Wisse B. E. 2004. The inflammatory syndrome: the role of adipose tissue cytokines in metabolic disorders linked to obesity. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol, 15(11):2792-2800.

Altuhova O. B., Churnosov M. I. 2010. Raspredelenie molekuljarno-geneticheskih markerov pri miome matki. Nauchnye vedomosti BelGU. Ser. Medicina. Farmacija, 16(11): 33-37. (in Russian).

Ametov A. S. Bogdanova L. N. 2010. Giperglikemija i gljukozotoksichnost' - kljuchevye faktory progressirovanija saharnogo diabeta 2-go tipa. Russkij medicinskij zhurnal, 18(23):1416-1418 (in Russian).

Beloborodov V. B. 2010. Immunopatologija tjazhelogo sepsisa i vozmozhnosti ee korrekcii. Vestnik intensivnoj terapii, 4: 3-8. (in Russian).

Bojcov S. A., Goloshhapov A. V. 2003. Svjaz' osnovnyh parametrov metabolicheskogo serdechno-sosudistogo sindroma so stepen'ju narushenija uglevodnogo obmena i vyrazhennost'ju abdominal'nogo ozhirenija u muzhchin. Arterial'naja gipertenzija., 2:47-51. (in Russian).

Glotov O. S., Baranov V. S. 2007. Geneticheskij polimorfizm, mul'tifaktorial'nye bolezni i dolgoletie. Medicinskaja genetika, 6(4):17-29. (in Russian).

Dedov I. I. Shestakova M. V. 2011. Algoritmy specializirovannoj medicinskoj pomoshhi bol'nym caharnym diabetom. Saharnyj diabet, 3(5):72(in Russian).

Dedov I. I. 2010. Saharnyj diabet: razvitie tehnologij v diagnostike, lechenii i profilaktike. Saharnyj diabet, 3: 6-13. (in Russian).

Demin S.S., Parfenov I. P., Churnosov M. I. 2011. Sovremennye predstavlenija ob jetiopatogeneze hronicheskogo kal'kuleznogo holecistita i rol' molekuljarno-geneticheskih markerov v ego formirovanii. Nauchnye vedomosti BelGU. Ser. Medicina. Farmacija, 10(14)^0-36. (in Russian).

Koneva O. A. 2011. Geneticheskie markery i vozrast manifestacii genital'nogo jendometrioza. Nauchnye vedomosti BelGU, 10(14)^47-253 (in Russian).

Konenkov V. I., Shevchenko A. V., Prokofev V. F. 2012. Associacii variantov gena faktora rosta sosudistogo jendotelija (VEGF) i genov citokinov (IL1B, IL4, IL6, IL10, TNFA) s saharnym diabetom 2 tipa u zhenshhin. Saharnyj diabet, 3: 4-10. (in Russian).

. . 2015. 16 (213). 31

Nekipelova E. V. Churnosov M. I. 2007. Vlijanie geneticheskih faktorov na skorost' pro-gressirovanija hronicheskogo glomerulonefrita. Nefrologija i dializ, 9(3):340-340. (in Russian)

Cherevko N., Ogorodova L., Klimov V. 2010. Osobennosti citokinovogo profilja pri razlichnyh tipah klinicheskogo techenija gerpesvirusnoj infekcii. Vrach, 4: 45-46. (in Russian).

Shvarc V. Vospalenie zhirovoj tkani. 2009. Chast' 1 : Morfologicheskie i funkcional'nye projavlenija. Problemy jendokrinologii, 55(4):44-49 (in Russian).

Araki S., Ng D. P., Krolewski B. 2003. Identification of a common risk haplotype for diabetic nephropathy at the protein kinase C-beta1 (PRKCB1) gene locus. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol., 14(8): 2015-2024.

Argoff C. E., Backonja M. M., Belgrade M. J. 2006. Consensus guidelines: treatment planning and options. Diabetic peripheral neuropathic pain. Mayo Clin. Proc., 81(4):12-S25.

Boright A. P., Paterson A. D., Mirea L. 2005. Genetic variation at the ACE gene is associated with persistent microalbuminuria and severe nephropathy in type 1 diabetes: the DCCT/EDIC Genetics Study. Diabetes, 54(4^1238-1244.

Brian E. C. 2009. Peripheral receptor targets for analgesia: novel approaches to pain treatment. Hoboken, New Jersey : Wiley & Sons, 553 p.

Davies M., Brophy S., Williams R. 2006. The prevalence, severity, and impact of painful diabetic peripheral neuropathy in type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care, (7):1518-1522.

Heine R. J., Van Gaal L. F., Johns D. 2005. Exenatide versus insulin glargine in patients with suboptimally controlled type 2 diabetes: a randomized trial. Ann. Intern. Med., 143(8^559-569.

Hohjoh H., Terada N., Kawashima M. 2008. Significant association of the tumor necrosis factor receptor 2 (TNFR2) gene with human narcolepsy. Tissue Antigens, 56(5^446-448.

Lamb, R. E. Goldstein B. J. 2008. Modulating an oxidative-inflammatory cascade: potential new treatment strategy for improving glucose metabolism, insulin resistance, and vascular function. Int. J. Clin. Pract., 62(7):1087-1095.

Looker H.C., Livingstone S.J., Hothersall E.J. 2012. Risk of cardiovascular disease and total mortality in adults with type 1 diabetes: Scottish registry linkage study. PLoS Med, 9(10):e1001321.

Mayorov A., Urbanova K., Galstyan G. 2009. Insulin sensitivity and adipocytokines in patients with diabetes and prediabetes. Journal of Diabetes, 1(1):Al73.

Monnier L., Mas E., Ginet C. 2006. Activation of oxidative stress by acute glucose fluctuations compared with sustained chronic hyperglycemia in patients with type 2 diabetes. JAMA, 295(14):1681-1687.

Namkung J. H., Lee J. E., Kim E. 2007. IL-5 and IL-5 receptor alpha polymorphisms are associated with atopic dermatitis in Koreans. Allergy, 62(8^934-942.

Pittas A. G., Joseph N. A., Greenberg A. S. 2004. Adipocytocines and insulin resistance. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 89(2^447-452.

Rung J., Cauchi S., Albrechtsen A. 2010. Genetic variant near IRS1 is associated with type 2 diabetes, insulin resistance and hyperinsulinemia. Nature genetics, 41(10):1110-1115.

Schwarz P. E., Towers G. W., Fischer S. 2006. Hypoadiponectinemia is associated with progression toward type 2 diabetes and genetic variation in the ADIPOQ gene promoter. Diabetes Care, 29(7^1645-1650.

Scott L. J., Mohlke K. L., Bonnycastle L. L. 2007. A genome-wide association study of type 2 diabetes in Finns detects multiple susceptibility variants. Science, 316(5829):1341-1345.

Swardfager W., Lanctot K., Rothenburg L. 2010. A meta-analysis of cytokines in Alzheimer's disease. Biol. Psychiatry, 68(10^930-941.

Verstrepen L., Bekaert T., Chau T. L. 2008. TLR-4, IL-1R and TNF-R signaling to NF-kappaB: variations on a common theme. Cell. Mol. Life Sci, 65(19^2964-2978.

Wisse B. E. 2004. The inflammatory syndrome: the role of adipose tissue cytokines in metabolic disorders linked to obesity. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol, 15(11):2792-2800.







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