Ñâÿòûå ìåñòà Ãðóçèè: æåíñêèé ìîíàñòûðü â Áîäáå |
Æåíñêèé ìîíàñòûðü â Áîäáå (Ãðóçèÿ)
Ìîíàñòûðü Áîäáå íàõîäèòñÿ â 2-õ êì. îò ã. Ñèãíàõè, îê. ñ. Êåäåëè. Ïî ñâåäåíèþ ãðóçèíñêîé ëåòîïèñè «Îáðàùåíèå Êàðòëè», ïîñòðîéêà öåðêâè íàä ìîãèëîé ñâ. Íèíû îòíîñèòñÿ êî âðåìåíè öàðñòâîâàíèÿ ñâ. áëãâ. öàðÿ Ìèðèàíà: îñíîâàâ çäåñü æåíñêèé ìîíàñòûðü, öàðü ïîæåðòâîâàë åìó ìíîãî ñåëåíèé è çåìåëü.

Öàðñêàÿ äèíàñòèÿ Êàõåòè è Êàðòëè îñîáî çàáîòèëàñü î ìàòåðèàëüíîì îáåñïå÷åíèè è áëàãîñîñòîÿíèè ìîíàñòûðÿ. Ìîæíî ïîëàãàòü, ÷òî äî 30-õ ãã. XIII â. Áîäáèéñêèé ìîíàñòûðü îñòàâàëñÿ çíà÷èòåëüíûì õðèñòèàíñêèì öåíòðîì Ãðóçèè. Ñ 30-õ ãã. XIII â. ïî XV â. ñâåäåíèé î ìîíàñòûðå íå ñîõðàíèëîñü, ÷òî ñâÿçàíî ñ âòîðæåíèÿìè ìîíãîëîâ è ñèëüíûì ðàçðóøåíèåì êàê åïàðõèè, òàê è ìîíàñòûðÿ.  XV â., ñ îáðàçîâàíèåì ñàìîñòîÿòåëüíîãî öàðñòâà Êàõåòè, Áîäáå âíîâü îáðåë áûëóþ ñëàâó ðåëèãèîçíîãî öåíòðà. Îäíàêî, óæå â XVI â. ïîëîæåíèå âíîâü ðåçêî óõóäøèëîñü â ñâÿçè ñ èðàíñêîé ýêñïàíñèåé, ÷òî ïðèâåëî ê óïðàçäíåíèþ æåíñêîãî ìîíàñòûðÿ.
Íî ïðàâÿùàÿ äèíàñòèÿ âñåãäà ïðîÿâëÿëà îñîáóþ çàáîòó î Áîäáå - ñâîèì ïîïå÷åíèåì èçâåñòíû öàðè Ëåâàí (1520-1574), Àëåêñàíäð II (1574-1605), Òåéìóðàç I (1606-1616, 1634-1648), Àð÷èë II (1664-1675), Òåéìóðàç II (1709-1715, 1733-1744, 1744-1762), Èðàêëèé II (1744-1762, 1762-1798), Ãåîðãèé XII (1688-1703), à òàêæå äðóãèå ÷ëåíû öàðñêîé ñåìüè – öàðåâè÷ Òåéìóðàç, âíóê öàðÿ Ëåâàíà, öàðåâíà Åëåíà (ñåñòðà Èðàêëèÿ II) è öàðèöà Êåòåâàí (æåíà Ãåîðãèÿ XII), ÷òî ïðîÿâëÿëîñü â ïîæàëîâàíèè äðàãîöåííîé öåðêîâíîé óòâàðè, ðóêîïèñåé è êíèã, óêðåïëåíèè è âîçîáíîâëåíèè ìîíàñòûðñêèõ öåðêâåé è ïîìåùåíèé, â îñâîáîæäåíèè îò ãîñóäàðñòâåííîãî íàëîãîîáëîæåíèÿ, äàðîâàíèè ñåë è çíà÷èòåëüíûõ çåìåëüíûõ âëàäåíèé.
Ïî ñâåäåíèþ íåìåöêîãî ó÷åíîãî è ïóòåøåñòâåííèêà Èîãàííà Ãþëäåíäøòåäòà, êî âðåìåíè ïîñåùåíèÿ èì Áîäáå â 1772 ã. çäåñü óæå äåéñòâîâàëà ìóæñêàÿ îáèòåëü, óïðàçäíåííàÿ ïîñëå êîí÷èíû ïîñëåäíåãî áîäáåëè Èîàííà (Ìàêàøâèëè) â 1837 ã. 7 ìàÿ 1889 ã., ïî õîäàòàéñòâó íàñåëåíèÿ Êàõåòè, ðîññèéñêèé èìïåðàòîð Àëåêñàíäð III èçäàë óêàç î âîçîáíîâëåíèè æåíñêîé îáèòåëè ñâ. Íèíû, êîòîðàÿ áûëà òîðæåñòâåííî îñâÿùåíà àðõèìàíäðèòîì Íèêîëàåì (Ìèêåëàäçå) ïî îñîáîìó áëàãîñëîâåíèþ Ýêçàðõà Ãðóçèè Ïàëëàäèÿ (Ðàåâà). Ïî ñâèäåòåëüñòâó åï. Êèðèîíà (Ñàäçàãëèøâèëè), àêòèâíàÿ äåÿòåëüíîñòü èãóìåíèè Þâåíàëèè âñêîðå âûâåëà ìîíàñòûðü â ÷èñëî ñàìûõ êðóïíûõ ìîíàñòûðåé Ãðóçèè: íà âîçîáíîâëåíèå ìîíàñòûðñêîãî êîìïëåêñà áûëî èñòðà÷åíî 110 300 ðóáëåé, ïîæåðòâîâàííûõ íàñåëåíèåì Êàõåòè, â ðàñïîðÿæåíèå ìîíàñòûðÿ áûëî ïðåäîñòàâëåíî 150 äåñÿòèí ïàõîòíîé çåìëè è ðûáíàÿ ëîâëÿ ïî ð. Àëàçàíè íà 25-âåðñòíîì ðàññòîÿíèè. Áûëè âîññòàíîâëåíû öåðêîâü, ó÷èëèùíûé êîðïóñ, íàñòîÿòåëüñêèé äîì, äîì ìîíàñòûðñêîãî äóõîâåíñòâà, çäàíèÿ äëÿ ñåñòåð, ñòðàííîïðèèìíèöà, îãðàäà, ðàçíûå õîçÿéñòâåííûå ïîñòðîéêè è ïîäâîðüå â Òèôëèñå. Ïåðâîíà÷àëüíî â îáèòåëè ÷èñëèëîñü 6 èëè 7 íàñåëüíèö èç Ðîññèè, íî â ñêîðîì âðåìåíè ÷èñëî ïîäâèçàþùèõñÿ âîçðîñëî äî 200.
Ïî ñâåäåíèþ Ä. Ïóðöåëàäçå, åùå âî âðåìÿ ïðåäñòîÿòåëüñòâà àðõèåïèñêîïà Áîäáèéñêîãî Âàñèëèÿ ïðè Áîäáèéñêîì ìîíàñòûðå â 1617 ã. áûëà ó÷ðåæäåíà øêîëà, â êîòîðîé ïîìèìî öåðêîâíûõ ïðåäìåòîâ ïðåïîäàâàëèñü òàêæå è ñâåòñêèå íàóêè: ôèëîñîôèÿ, ôèçèêà, ãåîìåòðèÿ. Ýòà øêîëà áûëà ïðåäìåòîì îñîáîé çàáîòû áîäáåëè; ïîñëå âõîæäåíèÿ Ãðóçèè â ñîñòàâ Ðîññèè îíà áûëà ïðåîáðàçîâàíà â 3-õêëàññíîå äóõîâíîå ó÷èëèùå, êîòîðîå èç-çà ìàëî÷èñëåííîñòè ó÷åíèêîâ â 1838 ã. áûëî ñëèòî ñ Òåëàâñêèì. Îê. 1889 ã. ïðè Áîäáèéñêîì õðàìå áûëà îñíîâàíà ìîíàñòûðñêàÿ øêîëà ñ ðóêîäåëüíûì è ðèñîâàëüíûì îòäåëåíèÿìè.
Áîäáèéñêèé ìîíàñòûðü âëàäåë áîãàòîé áèáëèîòåêîé. Ïî ñâåäåíèþ Ä. Ïóðöåëàäçå, èç Áîäáèéñêîãî êíèãîõðàíèëèùà ïî ðàñïîðÿæåíèþ Ãðóçèíî-Èìåðåòèíñêîé Ñèíîäàëüíîé êîíòîðû Òèôëèññêîé Äóõîâíîé Ñåìèíàðèè áûëî ïåðåäàíî (ïðèáë. 70-å ãã. ÕIÕ â.) 40 äðåâíèõ ðóêîïèñåé, à 12 áûëè îñòàâëåíû â ìîíàñòûðñêîì êíèãîõðàíèëèùå. Ï. Èîññåëèàíè è Ä. Ïóðöåëàäçå ïåðå÷èñëÿþò îñîáî ïðèìå÷àòåëüíûå èç íèõ: «×èí îñâÿùåíèÿ öåðêâè» (XVI â.), «Ìåñÿ÷íàÿ ìèíåÿ» (XVI â.), «Òðåáíèê» (XVII â.), «Øåñòîäíåâ» Âàñèëèÿ Âåëèêîãî (XVII â.), «Òèïèêîí» 1756 ã., ìèíèàòþðíîå ãðóçèíñêîå «×åòâåðîåâàíãåëèå», âåðîÿòíî, ðåäàêöèè ñâ. Åâôèìèÿ Ñâÿòîãîðöà, â çîëîòîì ïåðåïëåòå, ïîæåðòâîâàííîå öàðåâè÷åì Ãåîðãèåì (ñûíîì Èðàêëèÿ II) â 1776 ã. (à ñàìî Åâàíãåëèå êàêîé äðåâíîñòè?- âåðîÿòíî, ðåäàêöèè Ãåîðãèÿ Ñâÿòîãîðöà), «Åâàíãåëèå» íà ãðóçèíñêîì ÿçûêå, íàïå÷àòàííîå â Ìîñêâå è áîãàòî óêðàøåííîå (XVIII â.), êðàòêèé «Òðåáíèê» (XVIII â.), «Òîëêîâàíèÿ» Åâàíãåëèÿ îò Ìàòôåÿ (2 ýêç.) è Åâàíãåëèÿ îò Èîàííà, ïîæåðòâîâàííûå áîäáåëè Îíóôðèåì, «Ñëîâà» Ãðèãîðèÿ Áîãîñëîâà è «Ìàðòèðèêà» Êàòîëèêîñà-Ïàòðèàðõà Àíòîíèÿ I, ïîäàðåííûå ìîíàñòûðþ Èîàííîì (Ìàêàøâèëè). Ïîìèìî öåðêîâíîé ëèòåðàòóðû, áèáëèîòåêà îáëàäàëà òàêèìè òðóäàìè, êàê «Ãðóçèíñêàÿ ãðàììàòèêà» Êàòîëèêîñà-Ïàòðèàðõà Àíòîíèÿ I, «Ãóçèíñêèé ëåêñèêîí», «Ðèòîðèêà» è äð. (âñå óòåðÿíî â ñîâåòñêèå ãîäû ïîñëå íàöèîíàëèçàöèè öåðêîâíîãî èìóùåñòâà).
Ï. Èîññåëèàíè è Ä. Ïóðöåëàäçå òàêæå ïðèâîäÿò ïåðå÷åíü, òàêæå óòåðÿííûõ è ñîõðàíèâøèõñÿ ëèøü â îïèñàíèè èñòîðèêîâ, íàèáîëåå çàìå÷àòåëüíûõ ïðåäìåòîâ öåðêîâíîé óòâàðè Áîäáèéñêîé îáèòåëè: ýòî áîëüøîé íàïðåñòîëüíûé ïîçîëî÷åííûé ñåðåáðÿíûé êðåñò äðåâíåãî ñòèëÿ, ïîæåðòâîâàííûé íåèçâåñòíûì ëèöîì â 1627 ã., èêîíà Áîæèåé Ìàòåðè ðóññêîé ðàáîòû, ïîæåðòâîâàííàÿ Ãåîðãèåì XII â 1776 ã., åãî æå äàð â 1740 ã. - ïîçîëî÷åííûé ñåðåáðÿíûé êðåñò; êðåñò, óêðàøåííûé äðàãîöåííûìè êàìíÿìè äëÿ íîøåíèÿ ïåðåä àðõèåðååì; äðàãîöåííûé êðåñò ñ èçîáðàæåíèåì äâåíàäöàòè Ãîñïîäíèõ ïðàçäíèêîâ, èçÿùíî âûðåçàííûé èç ñëîíîâîé êîñòè, èíêðóñòèðîâàííûé çîëîòîì ñ ìàññèâíîé ïîäíîñêîé è óêðàøåííûé 28 ÿõîíòàìè, 76 èçóìðóäàìè, 10 àëìàçàìè è äð. êàìíÿìè, ïîæåðòâîâàííûé áîäáåëè Èîàííîì (Ìàêàøâèëè) â 1834 ã.; î÷åíü öåííîå ñåðåáðÿíîå ïàíèêàäèëî, ïîæåðòâîâàííîå öàðåâíîé Åëåíîé â 1779 ã. Èç àðõèåðåéñêèõ ïàíàãèé îñîáî çàìå÷àòåëüíû ïàíàãèÿ ñ èçîáðàæåíèåì Ñïàñèòåëÿ, óêðàøåííàÿ ÿõîíòàìè è àëìàçàìè, è ïàíàãèÿ ñ èçîáðàæåíèåì äâóãëàâîãî îðëà, óêðàøåííàÿ àëìàçîïîäîáíûìè, ïî âûðàæåíèþ èññëåäîâàòåëåé, êàìíÿìè.
Ïîñëå ðåâîëþöèè ìîíàñòûðü áûë çàêðûò.  1995 ã. Ñâÿùåííûé Ñèíîä Ãðóçèíñêîé Öåðêâè ïðèíÿë ðåøåíèå îá îáíîâëåíèè öåðêâè ñâ. Íèíû, â ñâÿçè ñ ÷åì Êàòîëèêîñ-Ïàòðèàðõ Ãðóçèè Èëèÿ II áëàãîñëîâèë íà÷àòü àðõåîëîãè÷åñêèå ðàñêîïêè, âî âðåìÿ êîòîðûõ áûëè îáíàðóæåíû: ñîñóä ìàëîãî ðàçìåðà ñ íàäïèñüþ XVII â., ôðàãìåíòû ôàÿíñîâîãî ñîñóäà ñ ãîëóáûì îðíàìåíòîì XI-XII ââ., ìåäíûé ñîñóä ñ íàäïèñüþ î åãî ïðèíàäëåæíîñòè åïèñêîïó Èîàííó Áîäáèéñêîìó, ÷àøà ñ ðàçíîöâåòíûì îðíàìåíòîì, ïî ñòèëþ è òåõíèêå âûïîëíåíèÿ ñõîæàÿ ñ âîñòî÷íî-ãðóçèíñêîé êåðàìèêîé I â., êîëîêîë, äàòèðîâàííûé ñðåäíèìè âåêàìè. Íàéäåííûå ïðåäìåòû õðàíÿòñÿ â öåðêâè ñâ. Íèíû.
Àðõåîëîãè÷åñêèå ðàñêîïêè òàêæå âûÿâèëè, ÷òî ïðåäàíèå, ðàññêàçàííîå â 1920 ã. èãóìåíèåé ìîíàñòûðÿ Âà÷íàäçå î ïåðåíåñåíèè ìîùåé ñâ. Íèíû èç ïðèäåëà ïîä ïðåñòîë ãëàâíîé öåðêâè, ïðåäïðèíÿòîå èç áîÿçíè îñêâåðíåíèÿ èõ ëåçãèíàìè, íå ñîîòâåòñòâóåò äåéñòâèòåëüíîñòè. Òàêæå áûëà îáíàðóæåíà ñòàðàÿ òðàïåçíàÿ, ñîñòîÿùàÿ èç äâóõ ÷àñòåé è ñõîæàÿ ïî ôîðìå ñ íèæíåé òðàïåçíîé, õàðàêòåðíîé äëÿ ãðóçèíñêîãî çîä÷åñòâà IX-X ââ., ÷òî ïîçâîëÿåò ïðåäïîëîæèòü î åå ñîâðåìåííîñòè îñíîâàíèþ öåðêâè. Àðõåîëîãè÷åñêèå èññëåäîâàíèÿ íå çàâåðøåíû è â äàëüíåéøåì áóäóò ïðîäîëæàòüñÿ.
 óùåëüå íà ñåâåðî-âîñòîêå îò ìîíàñòûðÿ íàõîäèòñÿ èñòî÷íèê ñâ. Íèíû («Íèíîñ öêàðî») ñ öåëåáíîé âîäîé.  íàñòîÿùåå âðåìÿ òàì ïîñòðîåíû êóïàëüíÿ è ìàëåíüêàÿ öåðêîâü âî èìÿ ðîäèòåëåé ñâ. Íèíû, ñâÿòûõ Çàâóëîíà è Ñóñàííû.
Áîäáèéñêèé êàôåäðàëüíûé ñîáîð âî èìÿ ñâÿòûõ Ãåîðãèÿ Ïîáåäîíîñöà è Íèíû Áîäáèéñêîãî ìîíàñòûðÿ – òðåõíåôíàÿ áàçèëèêà IX â., âûñòðîåííàÿ èç êèðïè÷à, ñ âûâåäåííûìè òðàâåðòèíîì óãëàìè è ïðîåìàìè. Êîðîòêèé âûñîêèé íàîñ, ðàçäåëåííûé íà íåôû âñåãî îäíîé ïàðîé ñòîëïîâ ñ âîñòîêà çàâåðøàåòñÿ òðåõ÷àñòíûì àëòàðåì ñ òðåìÿ âûñòóïàþùèìè íà ôàñàäå àïñèäàìè, íà çàïàäå æå – íàðòåêñîì. Ìîùè ñâ. Íèíû ïîêîÿòñÿ â íåäîñòóïíîé íûíå êðèïòå ïîä þãî-âîñòî÷íûì, ñîîòâåòñòâóþùèì äèàêîííèêó ïîìåùåíèåì. Öåíòðàëüíûé ïðåñòîë ïîñâÿùåí ñâ. Ãåîðãèþ Ïîáåäîíîñöó, à þæíûé ïðèäåë, ãäå áûëà ïîãðåáåíà ñâÿòàÿ – ñâ. Íèíå.
Öåðêîâü áûëà ñèëüíî ïåðåäåëàíà è èçìåíåíà ðåñòàâðàöèåé ÕIÕ â., ÷òî çíà÷èòåëüíî çàòðóäíÿåò âîññîçäàíèå åå ïåðâîíà÷àëüíîãî îáëèêà. Îñíîâûâàÿñü íà ñâåäåíèÿõ ñðåäíåâåêîâîãî ãðóçèíñêîãî õðîíèêà Âàõóøòè Áàãðàòèîíè, ðÿä ó÷åíûõ (Ï. Èîññåëèàíè, À. Õàõàíîâ, Ä. Áàêðàäçå, åï. Êèðèîí Ñàäçàãëèøâèëè) âîçäâèæåíèå öåðêâè íàä ìîãèëîé ñâ. Íèíû ñâÿçûâàþò ñ èìåíåì öàðÿ Áàêàðà; ïî ìíåíèþ À. Õàõàíîâà, ïåðâûé êàìåííûé õðàì íà ýòîì ìåñòå áûë ïîñòðîåí öàðåì Âàõòàíãîì Ãîðãàñàëè, íà ÷òî ïðÿìîãî óêàçàíèÿ â èñòî÷íèêàõ, îäíàêî, íåò. Ã. ×óáèíàøâèëè ðàçäåëÿåò ìíåíèå î äðåâíîñòè õðàìà, ïðåäïîëàãàÿ, ÷òî ÷àñîâíþ íàä ìîãèëîé ïîçäíåå âêëþ÷èëè â ïëàí âñåé áàçèëèêè, ñäåëàâ èç íåå þæíûé ïðèäåë. Ò. î., áîäáèéñêàÿ áàçèëèêà óäåðæàëà âíåøíèé ïîëóêðóã àïñèä, êàê îí î÷åâèäíî, áûë ïðèìåíåí â ïåðâîíà÷àëüíîé öåðêâè.
Õðàì íåîäíîêðàòíî ïîäâåðãàëñÿ ðåñòàâðàöèè. Ïåðâîå ñâåäåíèå î âîçîáíîâëåíèè îòíîñèòñÿ ê XII â.: ñîãëàñíî ëàïèäàðíîé íàäïèñè ýòîãî âðåìåíè â çàïàäíîì óãëó þæíîãî ôàñàäà, íåêèé Ãåîðãèé âî âðåìÿ öàðñòâîâàíèÿ ñûíà ñâ. áëãâ. öàðÿ Äàâèäà Ñòðîèòåëÿ öàðÿ Äèìèòðèÿ (1125-1156) âîçîáíîâèë Áîäáèéñêèé õðàì. Ñëåäóþùåå âîññòàíîâëåíèå ïîâðåæäåííîãî ïåðñèäñêèì íàøåñòâèåì êîìïëåêñà, ïî èìåþùèìñÿ èñòîðè÷åñêèì èñòî÷íèêàì, áûëî ïðîâåäåíî öàðåì Òåéìóðàçîì I îê. 1631 ã., êîãäà çäàíèå ïî âñåìó ïåðèìåòðó áûëî îáíåñåíî êëàäêîé.
Ïîñëå ýòîãî âîññòàíîâèòåëüíûå ìåðîïðèÿòèÿ ïðîâîäèëèñü ïî èíèöèàòèâå åïèñêîïà Áîäáèéñêîãî Èîàííà â 1823 ã., î ÷åì ñâèäåòåëüñòâóåò íàäïèñü íàä çàïàäíûì âõîäîì öåðêâè. Öåðêîâü áûëà ñíàáæåíà íîâîé óòâàðüþ, áûëè âîçîáíîâëåíû âðàòà ìîíàñòûðÿ, âîçâåäåíû êóïîëüíûå ïîðòèêè è ëîæíûé êóïîë öåðêâè, óäàëåííûå âî âðåìÿ ðåñòàâðàöèè 1986-1989 ãã. (òîãäà æå áûëè ñáèòû è îáëèâíûå êèðïè÷è XVII â. ïî çàïàäíîìó ôàñàäó), õðàì áûë ðàñïèñàí ñöåíàìè èç Âåòõîãî Çàâåòà (ñâîäû ñòåíû ñðåäíåãî íåôà), Ñòðàñòåé Ãîñïîäíèõ (íàðòåêñ, àëòàðü), ×óäåñ è Ïðèò÷ Õðèñòà (ñðåäíèé íåô), Ñòðàøíîãî Ñóäà (çàïàäíàÿ ñòåíà ñðåäíåãî íåôà è ñåâåðíûé íåô), æèòèéíûìè öèêëàìè ñâ. Ãåîðãèÿ (ñðåäíèé íåô) è ñâ. Íèíû (þãî-âîñòî÷íàÿ ÷àñòü êàïåëëû), èçîáðàæåíèÿìè îòäåëüíûõ ñâÿòûõ è ïîðòðåòîì Áîäáèéñêîãî åïèñêîïà Èîàííà. Ñöåíû èç öèêëà Ãîñïîäíèõ ïðàçäíèêîâ (êðîìå Ñîøåñòâèÿ Ñâÿòîãî Äóõà â êîíõå àëòàðÿ) áûëè ïåðåíåñåíû íà ñîçäàííûé â òî æå âðåìÿ èêîíîñòàñ.
Ðîñïèñè Áîäáå ÿâëÿþòñÿ íàèáîëåå âûäàþùèìñÿ ïðîèçâåäåíèåì æèâîïèñè XVIII - íà÷àëà XIX ââ., ÿâëÿþùåé ñîáîé çàâåðøàþùèé ýòàï ñðåäíåâåêîâîãî èçîáðàçèòåëüíîãî èñêóññòâà Ãðóçèè, äëÿ êîòîðîãî õàðàêòåðíî âñå áîëåå ñèëüíîå âîçäåéñòâèå íîâîåâðîïåéñêîãî èñêóññòâà è â òî æå âðåìÿ ñîõðàíåíèå òðàäèöèé ïðàâîñëàâíîé èêîíîïèñè è ñâîåîáðàçíûõ íàöèîíàëüíûõ ÷åðò.
 òîì æå 1823 ã. åïèñêîïîì Èîàííîì áûëî ïîñòðîåíî íîâîå äâóõýòàæíîå êàìåííîå çäàíèå, ãäå áûëà óñòðîåíà íåáîëüøàÿ äîìîâàÿ öåðêîâü ñ èêîíîñòàñîì, âîçîáíîâëåííûì ïîïå÷åíèåì àðõèìàíäðèòà Ìàêàðèÿ íà ñðåäñòâà ñ. Ñàðàäæîâà â 1859 ã. Ïî äàííûì Ä. Ïóðöåëàäçå, â 1857 ã. àðõèìàíäðèòîì Ìàêàðèåì áûëà ïåðåêðûòà êðûøà öåðêâè, à ñòåíû ïîáåëåíû ñíàðóæè.  1862 ã. áûëà íà÷àòà ïîñòðîéêà 3-õýòàæíîé êèðïè÷íîé êîëîêîëüíè, êîòîðàÿ áûëà çàâåðøåíà íàñòîÿòåëåì öåðêâè èåðîìîíàõîì Íèêîëàåì (Ìèêåëàäçå) â 1885 ã. Êîëîêîëà, à òàêæå ìíîãî öåííûõ èêîí ñòàðàíèåì Ì. Ñàáèíèíà áûëè ïîæåðòâîâàíû ðàçíûìè ëèöàìè Ìîñêâû è äðóãèõ ãîðîäîâ Ðîññèè.
 öåðêâè ïîä ñïóäîì ïî÷èâàþò ìîùè ñâ. Ïðîñâåòèòåëüíèöû Ãðóçèè - îäíà èç âåëè÷àéøèõ ñâÿòûíü Ãðóçèíñêîé Öåðêâè. Âèäèìî, íàðÿäó ïðîâåäåíèåì ðåñòàâðàöèîííûõ ðàáîò â 1823 ã. áûëî ñîçäàíî è íàäãðîáíîå èçîáðàæåíèå ñâ. Íèíû, ñêðûòîå â êîíöå XIX â. ìðàìîðíûì íàäãðîáèåì ñ èçîáðàæåíèåì ñâÿòîé, ñîçäàííûì ïîïå÷åíèåì Ì. Ñàáèíèíà. Âîçâåäåííûé íà ýòîì ìåñòå 27 ÿíâàðÿ 1997 ã., â äåíü ñâ. Íèíû, íà ñðåäñòâà ãðóçèíñêèõ ôóòáîëèñòîâ áðàòüåâ Àðâåëàäçå è áëàãîòâîðèòåëüíîé îðãàíèçàöèè «Òåòðè Ìàíäèëè» íîâûé íàäãðîáíûé ìðàìîðíûé ïàìÿòíèê èç Êàïïàäîêèè, ðîäèíû ñâÿòîé, âíîâü îòêðûë ýòó ðîñïèñü.
Íàäãðîáèå ìîãèëû ñ äðåâíîñòè óêðàøàëî ïîêðûâàëî ñ èçîáðàæåíèåì ñâÿòîé, èçÿùíî âûøèòîå çîëîòîì. Ïî ñâåäåíèþ Ï. Èîññåëèàíè, îäíî èç ëó÷øèõ òàêèõ ïîêðûâàë – äàð ñâîåé òåçîèìåíèòîé ñâÿòîé îò êíÿæíû Íèíû ×àâ÷àâàäçå-Ãðèáîåäîâîé.
 Áîäáèéñêîì õðàìå òàêæå õðàíèëñÿ óòåðÿííûé íà ñåé äåíü ìèçèíåö ñâ. Ïåðâîìó÷åíèêà Ñòåôàíà â ìàëîì çîëîòîì êîâ÷åæöå ñ íàäïèñüþ 1620 ã.: «Ìû, Äèàñàìèäçå Áîäáèéñêèé Åâäåìîñ, îêîâàëè ìèçèíåö ñåé ñâ. Ñòåôàíà â ñâÿòîå ïðåäñòàòåëüñòâî çà íàñ è äíåé íàøèõ äîëãîäåíñòâèÿ». Ïî ñâèäåòåëüñòâó Ï. Èîññåëèàíè, íà êîâ÷åæöå áûëî âûêîâàíî èçîáðàæåíèå ñâ. Ñòåôàíà. Ñóùåñòâóåò ïðåäàíèå, ñîãëàñíî êîòîðîìó ýòà ñâÿòûíÿ áûëà ïðèíåñåíà â Ãðóçèþ îäíèì èç 13-òè ñèðèéñêèõ îòöîâ ñâ. Ñòåôàíîì Õèðññêèì, îñíîâàâøèì Õèðññêèé ìîíàñòûðü.
Áîäáèéñêèé õðàì ÿâëÿåòñÿ óñûïàëüíèöåé: çäåñü ïîãðåáåíû öàðåâíà Åëåíà (+ 1786), ìèòðîïîëèò Áîäáèéñêèé Êèðèëë (Äæîðäæàäçå), óáèòûé ëåçãèíàìè â 1792 ã., Ýêçàðõ Ãðóçèè Ôåîôèëàêò (Ðóñàíîâ), çàáîëåâøèé ïðè îáîçðåíèè öåðêâåé Êàõåòè (+ 1821), ìèòðîïîëèò Áîäáèéñêèé Èîàíí (Ìàêàøâèëè) (+ 1837).
 1995-1997 ãã. â õðàìå áûëè ïðîâåäåíû èññëåäîâàòåëüñêèå ðàáîòû, âûÿâèâøèå ôðàãìåíòû îêðàøåííîé øòóêàòóðêè (êàêîãî âðåìåíè?) è ðàñïèñàííûé ïðåñòîë XVII â. â þãî-âîñòî÷íîì ïðèäåëå. Êðîìå òîãî, â ìàññèâå ïðåñòîëà ãëàâíîãî àëòàðÿ áûë îáíàðóæåí êàìåííûé ðåçíîé ïðåñòîë IX â.
Èñòî÷íèê: http://www.st-nikolas.orthodoxy.ru/news/bodbe.html
1. jewing them down - on - www.urbandictionary.com_Ñëîâåñíûé ðîäíè÷îê - |
Äíåâíèê |
Urban Dictionary is the dictionary you wrote. Define your world
6,316,458 definitions since 1999 Guaranteed Left
December 26 205 up, 145 down
http://www.urbandictionary.com/
When you creep your way into an intersection with the intention to turn left, yet there is no end to oncoming traffic in sight.
This way, when the light eventually turns red, you are guaranteed the quick left turn in the short delay between oncoming traffic stopping and the crossing traffic going.
"Traffic was really heavy and the green arrow had already disappeared, so rather than wait through a whole new light cycle, I made the guaranteed left."
buy guaranteed left mugs & shirts
by Pilotguy44 share this Christmahanukwanzakah
December 25 2406 up, 1717 down
A holiday celebrating multicultural beliefs and traditions. A product of a politically correct work environment.
Happy Christmahanukwanzakah to all!
buy christmahanukwanzakah mugs & shirts
by Abysmal share this christmas eve eve
December 23 3346 up, 3465 down
December 23rd, the day before Christmas eve.
In order to avoid the Christmas eve rush, everybody does their last minute Christmas shopping on Christmas eve eve, the result being that December 23rd is the busiest shopping day of the year.
I never realised the insanity of Christmas eve eve until I worked in retail.
buy christmas eve eve mugs & shirts
by Darth Ridley share this Holiday Eve
December 22 2272 up, 4517 down
The day before a company holiday when employees are inclined to do as little work as possible.
Bob: "Rick, can you get me the TPP report today?"
Rick: "No, not today. Today is Holiday Eve and I'm not trying to do a lot of work today. Maybe next week."
buy holiday eve mugs & shirts
by HK All Day share this classic as fuck
December 21 3040 up, 4606 down
Something that is extremely timeless and will never get old.
Duder 1: "Ha ha I can't believe he stepped on that burning bag full of dog shit."
Duder 2: "I know, that trick is classic as fuck."
Duder 1: "All right, let's go, we got 15 more houses to hit."
buy classic as fuck mugs & shirts
by westfalia share this nowhere story
December 20 4174 up, 5128 down
A tale or recount of an event or events that doesn't ever reach a particular point or meaning.
Duder 1: "So the other day I went into Foot Locker and saw a girl working there so I thought it was Lady Foot Locker, but it turns out it wasn't."
Duder 2: "Wow dude, thanks for that nowhere story."
buy nowhere story mugs & shirts
by westfalia share this Computer
December 19 11102 up, 6545 down
a machine for downloading porn
"oh no, the computer broke, i ejaculated all over the keyboard"
buy computer mugs & shirts
by anonymous share this « Previous 1
+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
http://www.urbandictionary.com/define.php?term=jewing%20them%20down
1. jewing them down 41 up, 20 down
To barter with someone until you get want you want for much less than it costs in the first place.
mainly found at flea markets or spanish markets.
A: "the pig costs $10" - : "Ñâèíüÿ ñòîèò $ 10"
B: "I'll give you $5." - "ß äàì âàì $ 5."
A: "$8"
B: "$7"
A: "$7.50"
B: "$6"
A: "Sold" - : "Ïðîäàíî"
B Walks Away. - B óõîäèò.
B: "I got my pig. Yeeeeeeah. See son, that's called 'Jewing Them Down'"
_Â: «ß ïîëó÷èë ìîþ ñâèíüþ Yeeeeeeah Ñìîòðèòå ñûíà, ÷òî íàçûâàåòñÿ" Jewing èõ âíèç ".."
+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
http://www.urbandictionary.com/define.php?term=jewish&page=3
15. Jewish 380 up, 915 down
A gay term used to describe something as "stupid" or "retarded"
_Ãåé òåðìèí èñïîëüçóåòñÿ äëÿ îïèñàíèÿ òî, êàê "ãëóïûå" èëè "îòñòàëûõ"
Tom: "Wow, that sub today was so
wierd."
Òîì: "Óõ òû, ÷òî ê þãó ñåãîäíÿ áûëî òàê
ñòðàííî. "
Bob: "I know, she was hella jewish."
_Áîá: «ß çíàþ, îíà áûëà åâðåéñêîé Hella".(ãðå÷åñêîé åâðåéêîé)
16. Jewish 406 up, 1017 down
As of, or pertaining to stupidity.
_Êàê, èëè , îòíîñÿùèõñÿ ê ãëóïîñòè.
My phone has been so jewish latley (late) , it won't send texts.
_Ìîé òåëåôîí òàê ïî - åâðåéñêè çàïàçäûâàåò, îí íå áóäåò îòñûëàòü òåêñòû.
+++++++++++++++++++++++++
+++++++++++++++++++++++
+++++++++++++++++++++++
jewing
......................
Jewing it up
.......................
jewing me
Jewing Out
Jewing power
jewing them down
jewington
Jewinit
Jewink
Jewip
jewirish
Jewis
Jewish
.............(No......)
Jewish
Jewish Albatross
Jewish American Princess
jewish American Princess
jewish american princess
Jewish anal cumspot
Jewish Ass Oreo's
jewish ass rape
Jewish Asshole
Jewish Bagel
jewish balls
jewish bank roll
jewish bankroll
Jewish Bankroll
Jewish barber
jewish bath
jewish bbq
jewish billiards
jewish blessing
Jewish Blowjob
jewish bonanza
jewish breadcutter
Jewish brillo
Jewish bump
Jewish Burrito
jewish butt sex
Ìåòêè: www.urbandictionary.com jewing them down |
Cozza & Cozze â ïîëèòèêå - íå ïðîñòûå óñòðèöû |
cozze-parlamento -Ãîñóäàðñòâåííàÿ Äóìà - Âåðõîâíà Ðàäà
+++
Cozza day-Êîççà äåíü - Äåíü Óñòðèöû - åñòü ëè çàæðàâøèåñÿ è îæèðåâøèå ïîëèòèêè â cozze-parlamento?

Picture - http://www.beppegrillo.it/2011/09/cozza_day_istru/index.html
+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
Cozza day-Êîççà äåíü - ê Ïüÿööà Íàâîíà
Cozza day - verso piazza navona
Çàãðóæåíî ïîëüçîâàòåëåì StaffGrillo , äàòà: 10.09.2011
íåò îïèñàíèÿ
Êàòåãîðèÿ:
Íîâîñòè è ïîëèòèêà
Òåãè:
10 settembre 350.000 firme cozza day monte citorio parlamento pulito roma
Ëèöåíçèÿ:
Ñòàíäàðòíàÿ ëèöåíçèÿ YouTube
++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
http://www.urbandictionary.com/define.php?term=Cozza
++++++++++++++++++++++++++
1. Cozza 22 up, 4 down
Italian expression used to describe a girl particularly ugly.
_Èòàëüÿíñêîå âûðàæåíèå èñïîëüçóåòñÿ äëÿ îïèñàíèÿ äåâóøêà Îñîáåííî íåêðàñèâî.
+++
Use "cozze" if they are a herd.
Sorry mate, I can't go out with your sister, she's really a cozza.
_Èñïîëüçóéòå "ìèäèè", åñëè îíè ñòàäà.
Èçâèíè ïðèÿòåëü, ÿ íå ìîãó ïîéòè ñ òâîåé ñåñòðîé, îíà äåéñòâèòåëüíî ìèäèÿ.
+++
cozza - ìèäèÿ(Ital.)
Oddio dovevi essere proprio ubriaco ieri sera,
hai ballato tutto il tempo con quella cozza terribile.
_Àõ, òû âû äîëæíû áûòü äåéñòâèòåëüíî ïüÿíû â÷åðà âå÷åðîì,
Âñå âðåìÿ âû òàíöåâàëè ñ ìèäèåé óæàñíî.
+++
ugly girl cesso nice italian cozza cozze coza coze
by quicksilv3r Apr 14, 2009 share this add a video
++++++++++++++++++++++++++
++++++++++++++++++++++++++
2. Cozza 3 up, 1 down
British English slang (In South / South East) for the police - similar to the term Rozza
hurry up mate the fucking cozza are coming
_òîðîïèñü ïîìîùíèê, ãðåáàíûé Êîççà èä¸ò
buy cozza mugs & shirts
police cop cozza rozza cozze popo old bill pigs
by AndrewtheBold Apr 21, 2011 share this add a video
+++++++++++++++++++++++++++
+++++++++++++++++++++++++++
+++++++++++++++++++++++++++
3. Cozza 18 up, 25 down
A name given to a fat jew called Matt.
_Ïðîçâèùå äàííîå æèðíîìó åâðåþ ïî èìåíè Ìýòò
"Hey
there goes Cozza.
Man
has fat
and looks like
has
got downs syndrome" (hes- â îðèãèíàëå)
_"Ýé,
òàì èäåò Êîççà.
÷åëîâåê
èìååò æèð
è âûãëÿäèò êàê (-áóäòî)
(åñòü)
ïîëó÷èë ñèíäðîìîì Äàóíà "(HES-â îðèãèíàëå)
buy cozza mugs & shirts
cozza cohen cozza leh jewish fat down syndrome
by Magic Miaggi Oct 21, 2007 share this add a video
Ìåòêè: Ïîëèòèê - óñòðèöà cozze-parlamento Cozza day Cozza - ìèäèÿ Cozze - ìèäèè ugly girl óðîäëèâàÿ äåâóøêà ïîëèöåéñêèé Cozza - ìèäèÿ - æèðíûé ÷åëîâåê |
Ýëåãèÿ 12 APOLLO CÆLESTIS Àïîëëîí Íåáåñíûé |
|
 ÷åëîâåêå çàëîæåíû îãðîìíûå ñèëû – ñâèäåòåëüñòâà áèîýíåðãåòèêà |

|
Óíè÷òîæåíèå äðåâíåâîñòî÷íûõ ñâèäåòåëüñòâ ÏÎÄËÈÍÍÎÉ èñòîðèè ïðîäîëæàåòñÿ. |
|
ñàìûå çàáàâíûå è íåîáû÷íûå ñðåäñòâà, êîòîðûìè ïðåäîõðàíÿëèñü íàøè ïðåäêè |
Íàðîäíàÿ ñìåêàëêà è îïûò ïîêîëåíèé ìîãóò ïåðåùåãîëÿòü ëþáûå íàó÷íûå èçûñêàíèÿ. Íî ïîðîé çàâîäÿò â òàêèå äåáðè, ÷òî íàì, ñîâðåìåííûì ëþäÿì, òðóäíî ïîâåðèòü ôàíòàçèè è ñìåëîñòè íàøèõ ïðåäêîâ
Ïåðâîå íàó÷íî ïîäòâåðæä¸ííîå èçîáðàæåíèå ïðåçåðâàòèâà îòíîñÿò ïðèìåðíî ê X âåêó äî í.ý. Ñïóñòÿ òûñÿ÷åëåòèÿ ÷åëîâå÷åñòâî âåðíóëîñü ê ýòîìó æå ñïîñîáó ïðåäîòâðàùåíèÿ áåðåìåííîñòè êàê ê ñàìîìó ïðîñòîìó è áûñòðîìó, îäíàêî ïóòü ïðîá è îøèáîê áûë äîëîã è ïîðîé îõ êàê òåðíèñò. Âîò ñàìûå çàáàâíûå ôàêòû èç èñòîðèè êîíòðàöåïöèè.
Êàê óòâåðæäàåò îäèí íåáåçûçâåñòíûé ðåêëàìíûé ðîëèê, ïåðâûå òàìïîíû ïðèäóìàëè æåíùèíû â äðåâíåì Åãèïòå, è ñåé÷àñ ýòèì ñðåäñòâîì ãèãèåíû ïîëüçóþòñÿ ïî âñåìó ìèðó. ×òî æ, ñ êîíòðàöåïöèåé ó åãèïòÿíîê ïîëó÷èëîñü íå òàê óäà÷íî: â êà÷åñòâå ñïåðìèöèäíîãî ãåëÿ (òî åñòü ìàçè, êîòîðàÿ íàíîñèëàñü íà ïîëîâûå îðãàíû äî àêòà è äîëæíà áûëà óáèòü ñïåðìàòîçîèäû) îíè èñïîëüçîâàëè... èñïðàæíåíèÿ êðîêîäèëîâ.
 Ãðåöèè äàìàì ïðèøëîñü ÷óòü ïîëåã÷å: èõ ñðåäñòâà áûëè ìåíåå ýêñòðàâàãàíòíû, õîòÿ è âðÿä ëè áîëåå ýôôåêòèâíû. Òàê, îäèí èç àíòè÷íûõ âðà÷åâàòåëåé Ñîðàí Ýôåññêèé îñòàâèë ïîäðîáíûå îïèñàíèÿ ïðîòèâîçà÷àòî÷íûõ ñâîéñòâ ãðàíàòîâ è èìáèðÿ, ïðè÷¸ì ïðèíèìàòü èõ íóæíî áûëî íå â ïèùó, à â êà÷åñòâå âàãèíàëüíûõ ñâå÷åé.
Âðà÷-òî, êñòàòè, áûë èìåíèòûé: åãî âêëàä â ðàçâèòèå àêóøåðñòâà è ãèíåêîëîãèè äî ñèõ ïîð ñ÷èòàþò íåîöåíèìûì. Íî, âèäèìî (è íà íàøå ñ÷àñòüå), íå âñå îòêðûòèÿ âåëèêîãî ìåäèêà áûëè äîñòîéíû âîéòè â èñòîðèþ.
Òîò æå Ñîðàí íå îãðàíè÷èâàë îáëàñòü ñâîèõ èññëåäîâàíèé ïèùåâûìè ïðîäóêòàìè. Äðóãèì ñïîñîáîì ïðåäóïðåæäåíèÿ áåðåìåííîñòè áûëè îñîáûå óïðàæíåíèÿ, âûïîëíÿòü êîòîðûå íàäî áûëî ñðàçó ïîñëå ïîëîâîãî àêòà èëè ïðè çàäåðæêå ìåíñòðóàöèè.
Òàêèì îáðàçîì, âðà÷ ïðàêòè÷åñêè èçîáð¸ë ïîñòêîèòàëüíóþ êîíòðàöåïöèþ, ïðàâäà, äî õîòÿ áû ìèíèìàëüíîé ýôôåêòèâíîñòè ãðåêó áûëî äàëåêî.
Ñóäèòå ñàìè: Ñîðàí ñîâåòîâàë æåíùèíàì ñðàçó ïîñëå ïîëîâîãî àêòà ñåñòü íà êîðòî÷êè è õîðîøåíüêî... ÷èõíóòü. Ðåçêîå íàïðÿæåíèå áðþøíûõ ìûøö, ïî òåîðèè âðà÷åâàòåëÿ, äîëæíî áûëî âûòîëêàòü èç òåëà âñå íåæåëàòåëüíûå æèäêîñòè.
Åñëè æå ýòîé ìåðîé ïðåäîñòîðîæíîñòè äàìà ïðåíåáðåãëà è ÷åðåç ìåñÿö ïîíÿëà, ÷òî çàáåðåìåíåëà, Ñîðàí ðåêîìåíäîâàë ïðîñòî ïîäïðûãíóòü, ïðè÷¸ì èìåííî 7 ðàç.
|
|
|
Äðåâíèé êèòàéñêèé |
Êîãäà æåíùèíû íàó÷èëèñü ïîëüçîâàòüñÿ òàìïîíàìè ïðè ìåíñòðóàöèè, êàêàÿ-òî óìíàÿ ãîëîâà ðåøèëà ïðèìåíèòü àíàëîãè÷íîå ñðåäñòâî äëÿ êîíòðàöåïöèè. Ðåçóëüòàò — äàìû ïî âñåìó ìèðó âñòàâëÿëè â øåéêó ìàòêè ïðåäìåòû ñàìûõ ðàçíûõ ôîðì è íàçíà÷åíèé. Ïðè÷¸ì äîáèâàëèñü íóæíîãî ýôôåêòà è äåéñòâèòåëüíî èçáåãàëè çà÷àòèÿ, õîòÿ çà÷àñòóþ ïîäîáíûå ýêñïåðèìåíòû çàêàí÷èâàëèñü òðàâìàòèçàöèåé è èíôèöèðîâàíèåì âíóòðåííèõ îðãàíîâ è, â êîíå÷íîì ñ÷¸òå, áåñïëîäèåì.
Òàê, àôðèêàíêè èñïîëüçîâàëè â êà÷åñòâå «ìàòî÷íûõ áëîêàòîðîâ» ïîðóáëåííóþ òðàâó èëè êóñêè òêàíè, ÿïîíñêèå ãåéøè ðåãóëÿðíî çàêóïàëè äëÿ ýòèõ öåëåé áàìáóêîâóþ áóìàãó, à æèòåëüíèöû Ñðåäèçåìíîìîðüÿ ïðåäïî÷èòàëè ìîðñêèå ãóáêè. Äëÿ äîïîëíèòåëüíîé çàùèòû ãóáêè ïðîïèòûâàëè ëèìîííûì ñîêîì, óêñóñîì èëè äðóãîé êèñëîòîñîäåðæàùåé æèäêîñòüþ, äåéñòâèòåëüíî ñïîñîáíîé óáèâàòü ñïåðìàòîçîèäû.
Îäíàêî êàê áû íè áûëè ýôôåêòèâíû òàêèå ïðèñïîñîáëåíèÿ ñ õèìè÷åñêîé òî÷êè çðåíèÿ, óäàëÿòü èõ èç ìàòêè áûëî êðàéíå ïðîáëåìàòè÷íî — îòñþäà è ìíîãî÷èñëåííûå èíôåêöèè.
|
|
|
Ñàìûé äðåâíèé |
Ïåðâûì ìåäèöèíñêèì îïèñàíèåì ïðåçåðâàòèâà ñòàë òðóä Ãèáðèýëÿ Ôàëëîïèóñà (åãî èìÿ íîñÿò îðãàíû æåíñêîé ðåïðîäóêòèâíîé ñèñòåìû, èì èæå âïåðâûå è îáíàðóæåííûå). Ôàëëîïèóñ ïèñàë î õëîïêîâîì «÷åõëå» äëÿ ìóæñêîãî ïîëîâîãî îðãàíà, ïðèìåíÿåìîì â êà÷åñòâå ñðåäñòâà ïðåäîõðàíåíèÿ, íî îò ñèôèëèñà, à íå îò áåðåìåííîñòè. Òî åñòü ïåðâûå èçâåñòíûå ìåäèöèíå ïðåçåðâàòèâû ñòîÿëè íà ñòðàæå çäîðîâüÿ ìóæ÷èí, à íå æåíùèí.
Äðóãèå ïèñüìåííûå èñòî÷íèêè, ïðèíàäëåæàùèå ïðèìåðíî ê òîìó æå ïåðèîäó (ñåðåäèíà XVI âåêà), ñâèäåòåëüñòâóþò î òîì, ÷òî ýòè «÷åõëû» òàêæå èçãîòàâëèâàëè èç êèøîê, æåë÷íûõ ïóçûðåé è êîæè æèâîòíûõ. Ýòè ìàòåðèàëû îòëè÷íî ðàñòÿãèâàëèñü è áûëè íàìíîãî áîëåå ãëàäêèìè, ÷åì òêàíü.
Âïðî÷åì, îáõîäèëîñü òàêîå ñðåäñòâî î÷åíü äîðîãî è íàéòè åãî ìîæíî áûëî äàëåêî íå ó êàæäîãî àïòåêàðÿ, ïîýòîìó ïðåçåðâàòèâû âîøëè â îáèõîä òîëüêî íåñêîëüêî âåêîâ ñïóñòÿ. Äàæå ïîñëå èçîáðåòåíèÿ ×àðëüçîì Ãóäéåðîì ïðîöåññà âóëêàíèçàöèè ðåçèíû è íà÷àëà ìàññîâîãî ïðîèçâîäñòâà ïðåçåðâàòèâîâ â êîíöå 1860-õ, ïðàâèòåëüñòâà ìíîãèõ ñòðàí çàïðåòèëè ëþáóþ ðåêëàìó ïîäîáíûõ òîâàðîâ.
 ðåçóëüòàòå, êóïèòü ïðåçåðâàòèâû áûëî ÷ðåçâû÷àéíî ñëîæíî, è òåì, êòî âñ¸-òàêè âûáðàë èõ â êà÷åñòâå ñðåäñòâà êîíòðàöåïöèè, ïðèõîäèëîñü èñïîëüçîâàòü îäíî èçäåëèå ïî íåñêîëüêî ðàç.
Âîò êàêèå ñðåäñòâà ìèð, ïðåäïîëîæèòåëüíî, óâèäèò â áëèæàéøèå äåñÿòèëåòèÿ:
Ïèëþëè «äëÿ êàðüåðèñòîê». Ýòè òàáëåòêè ñìîãóò îòêëþ÷èòü âûçðåâàíèå ÿéöåêëåòîê â ÿè÷íèêàõ íà îïðåäåë¸ííîå âðåìÿ. Òàêèì îáðàçîì, æåíùèíà ñàìà óñòàíîâèò ñðîê è ñâîåé áåðåìåííîñòè, è íàñòóïëåíèÿ ìåíîïàóçû.
Ãîðìîíû äëÿ ìóæ÷èí. Îñîáûé ïðåïàðàò, íûíå íàõîäÿùèéñÿ íà ñòàäèè ðàçðàáîòêè, ïðåäíàçíà÷åí äëÿ îñòàíîâêè îáðàçîâàíèÿ ñïåðìû. Íà ðûíêàõ îí ïîÿâèòñÿ åù¸ î÷åíü íåñêîðî.
Îáðàòèìàÿ âàçýêòîìèÿ. Ñåé÷àñ âàçýêòîìèÿ ÿâëÿåòñÿ íåîáðàòèìîé îïåðàöèåé ïî ñòåðèëèçàöèè ìóæ÷èí è ðåêîìåíäóåòñÿ òåì, êòî òî÷íî íå íàìåðåí îáçàâåñòèñü ïîòîìñòâîì. Òåõíîëîãèÿ, êîòîðàÿ ïîçâîëèò ñäåëàòü âàçýêòîìèþ îáðàòèìîé, íàõîäèòñÿ íà òðåòåé ñòàäèè êëèíè÷åñêèõ èñïûòàíèé â Èíäèè.
Ìåòêè: êîíòðàöåïöèÿ |
Èâàí Âëàäèìèðîâ. Ðåâîëþöèîííûå àêâàðåëè |


|
ÂÈÐÓÑ ÈÍÒÅËËÅÊÒÀ |

Èíòåëëåêòóàëüíîå ðàçâèòèå íà÷èíàåòñÿ ñ äåòñòâà, êîãäà â îáèõîäå ïðèìåíÿþòñÿ òåðìèíû, çà÷àñòóþ íå îòâå÷àþùèå òðåáîâàíèÿì ê ïðàâèëüíîìó ñîñòàâëåíèþ ïðåäëîæåíèé. Î÷åíü ÷àñòî âìåñòî íåîáõîäèìûõ ê óïîòðåáëåíèþ ñëîâ ïðèìåíÿþòñÿ èõ æàðãîííûå àíàëîãè. Èíîãäà ïðèñóòñòâóþò â ðàçãîâîðàõ ñî÷åòàíèÿ, íå îòðàæàþùèå ñìûñëà ïðåäëîæåíèÿ, à ñîçäàþùèå òîëüêî íàìåêè íà ïðîÿñíåíèå âîïðîñà.
Ýòî ñâÿçàíî ñ òåì, ÷òî â ðàííåì âîçðàñòå ÷óâñòâà ïåðåïîëíÿþò ÷åëîâåêà â äèàëîãå è íå äàþò âîçìîæíîñòè ñîñðåäîòî÷èòüñÿ ðàçóìó. Ýòî ïðèâîäèò ê íåäîñêàçàííûì ôðàçàì, ê ÷óâñòâåííûì ðåïëèêàì.  òî æå âðåìÿ, ñîáåñåäíèêè, êàê ïðàâèëî, ïîíèìàþò äðóã äðóãà è íå ïûòàþòñÿ íàéòè áîëåå ïîäõîäÿùèå ôîðìóëèðîâêè. Ïîýòîìó äèàëîã ÷óâñòâ íà ýòàïå ñòàíîâëåíèÿ èíòåëëåêòà ÿâëÿåòñÿ òèïè÷íûì.
Îäíàêî ïðèõîäèò âðåìÿ, êîãäà ÷åëîâåê ïðîøåë âðåìåííîé èíòåðâàë äèàëîãà ÷óâñòâ, îí óæå ðàáîòàåò è îáúÿñíÿåòñÿ íà ÿçûêå áîëåå âûñîêîãî óðîâíÿ. Ýòîò ïåðèîä íå èñêëþ÷àåò òàêîé æå æàðãîí, òàêèå æå íåäîìîëâêè. È äàæå ïðèñóòñòâóåò ïîíÿòèå, îöåíèâàåìîå, êàê ïîëîæèòåëüíîå, ÷òî ëþäè ìîãóò ïîíÿòü äðóã äðóãà ñ ïîëóñëîâà.
Ìåòêè: èíòåëëåêò âèðóñ ÷åëîâåê ðàçâèòèå |
Æèçíü ìåæäó æèçíÿìè |

Ýêñòðàñåíñ ñìîòðèò íà ôîòîãðàôèè íå çíàêîìûõ åìó ëþäåé è áåçîøèáî÷íî îïðåäåëÿåò, æèâû ýòè ëþäè èëè íåò.
Îáúÿñíÿåò, ÷òî íà ôîòîãðàôèè ÷åëîâåêà, åñëè îí æèâ, âèäíî êàê áû ñâå÷åíèå. Ýòî ñâå÷åíèå ñëàáååò, êîãäà ÷åëîâåê óìèðàåò, åùå ñèëüíåå ñëàáååò íà òðåòèé äåíü, åùå ñèëüíåå íà äåâÿòûé äåíü è îêîí÷àòåëüíî ãàñíåò íà ñîðîêîâîé äåíü.
×òî ïðîèñõîäèò ïðè ýòîì ñ ñàìîé äóøîé?
|