ïðîãðåññ - ðîññèéñêèé 2015 |
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ÑÌÈ: Ñåìüÿ ïðåçèäåíòà Ïîðîøåíêî çà ïîñëåäíèé ãîä óâåëè÷èëà ñâîé áàíê çåìëè â òðè ðàçà |

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Èçäàíèå â ìàòåðèàëå, ïîñâÿùåííîì ïîïûòêàì íûíåøíåé âëàñòè ðàçðåøèòü ïðîäàæó ñåëüñêîõîçÿéñòâåííîé çåìëè îáíàðîäîâàëî èíôîðìàöèþ î òîì, ÷òî çåìåëüíûé áàíê ñåìüè ïðåçèäåíòà Óêðàèíû Ïåòðà Ïîðîøåíêî óâåëè÷èëñÿ ìèíèìóì â òðè ðàçà, ïðåâûøàÿ óæå 300 òûñ. ãà.
Ýêñïåðòû ðûíêà îáðàùàþò âíèìàíèå íà òîò ôàêò, ÷òî ñåé÷àñ, êàê è â 2012-ì ïðè ßíóêîâè÷å, óæå çíà÷èòåëüíî àêòèâèçèðîâàëñÿ è íàáèðàåò îáîðîòû ïðîöåññ íàðàùèâàíèÿ çåìåëüíûõ áàíêîâ è êîíñîëèäàöèè àãðàðíîãî áèçíåñà, â òîì ÷èñëå è ÷åðåç ñêóïêó óïðàâëÿþùèõ êîìïàíèé è ïðåäïðèÿòèé-àðåíäàòîðîâ êðóïíûõ è íå î÷åíü çåìåëüíûõ óãîäèé.
«Êàê òðè ãîäà íàçàä, òàê è ñåé÷àñ ïðîèñõîäèò ýòî â îæèäàíèè îòìåíû ìîðàòîðèÿ íà ïðîäàæó çåìëè. Òîëüêî åñëè ßíóêîâè÷ ñîáèðàëñÿ ñäåëàòü ýòî, âûïèñàâ ïðîöåäóðû è ïðàâèëà èñêëþ÷èòåëüíî ïîä ñåáÿ è ñâîþ «ñåìüþ» (ïðè ýòîì, êîíå÷íî, ïîíèìàÿ, ÷òî íå ñìîæåò ïîäåëèòüñÿ ñ ðîññèÿíàìè è êèòàéöàìè, ó êîòîðûõ òîæå íàäåÿëñÿ ïðèëè÷íî çàíÿòü), òî Ïîðîøåíêî ïðèõîäèòñÿ ñ÷èòàòüñÿ ñ ìíåíèåì àìåðèêàíñêèõ è åâðîïåéñêèõ èíòåðåñàíòîâ. Âïðî÷åì, åãî ýòî îñîáåííî íå îñòàíàâëèâàåò», - ñîîáùàåò èçäàíèå.
Ïî ñâåäåíèÿì èñòî÷íèêîâ , åñëè åùå íå òàê äàâíî çà ïðåçèäåíòñêîé ñåìüåé ÷èñëèëñÿ òîëüêî 12-é ïî ðàçìåðó çåìåëüíûé áàíê â ñòðàíå (ïî ïîäñ÷åòàì ÓÊÀÁ, 112 òûñ. ãà ÷åðåç êîíòðîëèðóåìîå åþ ÎÎÎ «Àãðîïðîäèíâåñò»;-), òî çà ïîñëåäíèé ãîä îí, ïîñëå ñìåíû âëàäåëüöåâ íåìàëîãî ÷èñëà àãðîêîìïàíèé, óâåëè÷èëñÿ ìèíèìóì â òðè ðàçà, ïðåâûøàÿ óæå 300 òûñ. ãà.
«Òåêóùàÿ êîíúþíêòóðà ñïîñîáñòâóåò — çåìëÿ, êàê è àðåíäóþùèå åå ïðåäïðèÿòèÿ â óñëîâèÿõ òîòàëüíîãî ýêîíîìè÷åñêîãî êðèçèñà è ãðîìêèõ áàíêðîòñòâ óñòóïàþòñÿ çà÷àñòóþ ïðàêòè÷åñêè çà áåñöåíîê», - ãîâîðèòñÿ â ìàòåðèàëå.
Ñòîèìîñòü çåìëè â Óêðàèíå íûí÷å êàòàñòðîôè÷åñêè íèçêàÿ, êàê è óðîâåíü æèçíè ñåëüñêèõ æèòåëåé. Ïðè ýòîì ñîöèàëüíûå ñòàíäàðòû ãîñóäàðñòâî çàìîðîçèëî, à èíôëÿöèÿ, ïî îöåíêàì ÍÁÓ, ê êîíöó ãîäà ñîñòàâèò 30%.
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Âîèí - ìó÷åíèê (+)Åâãåíèé Ðîäèîíîâ |
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May we, too, have the strength to persevere!
Georges writes: Evgeny is a widely venerated Russian soldier who was beheaded by Chechen Muslims for refusing to remove his cross and deny Jesus Christ, is a real saint for our times. How many would not hesitate to remove their cross in order to save his earthly life? Such a simple thing, such a seemingly small confession of faith which we poor and weak ones take for granted every day, yet this young soldier persevered in faith in spite of horrible tortures, and earned a glorious, heavenly crown.
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Ñîâåðøåííûé Óêðàèíñêèé 3-Ä ïðîòåç |
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Ñåêòîð ïðàâûé - áîé êðîâàâûé Óêðàèíà 2015 |
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Superchoweka Nechowek shared Âåíåëèí Èâàíîâ's post. 5 hrs · ÑÌÚÐÒ ÇÀ ÎËÈÃÎÔÐÅÍÈßÒÀ!! |
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ÑÌÚÐÒ ÇÀ ÎËÈÃÎÔÐÅÍÈßÒÀ!!!
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Èäèîòèè!!!
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Paul V. Lashkevich shared Oleksandr Drabinko's photo. Just now · Edited · Æèâàÿ Äóøà |
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Äîñòóïíî - Óêðàèíà - 2015.04. |
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The Church of Life-Giving Spring in Istanbul |
àâòîïåðåâîä
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Ìîíàñòûðü Áîæèåé Ìàòåðè ó èñòî÷íèêà (ïîëíîå èìÿ ïî-ãðå÷åñêè: Μονὴ τῆς Θεοτòκου τῆς Πηγῆς òóðåöêèì íàçâàíèåì: Balıklı Ìåðèåì Àíà Ðîì Manastiri) èëè ïðîñòî Çîîäîõîñ Pege ("Æèâîíîñíûé èñòî÷íèê"), ÿâëÿåòñÿ Âîñòî÷íàÿ Ïðàâîñëàâíàÿ ñâÿòûíÿ â Ñòàìáóëå , Íàñòîÿùàÿ öåðêîâü, ïîñòðîåííàÿ â 1835 ãîäó, èìååò òàêîå æå ïîñâÿùåíèå, êàê â õðàì âîçâåäåí íà ýòîì ìåñòå â ïåðèîä ñ êîíöà ïÿòîãî è â íà÷àëå øåñòîãî âåêà. Ïîñëå íåñêîëüêèõ ðåêîíñòðóêöèé, ýòî çäàíèå áûëî ðàçðóøåíî â ïåðâîé ïîëîâèíå ïÿòíàäöàòîãî âåêà îñìàíàìè. Êîìïëåêñ ïîëó÷èë ñâîå íàçâàíèå îò áëèçëåæàùåé ñâÿòîãî èñòî÷íèêà, êàê ñ÷èòàþò, îáëàäàþò öåëåáíûìè ñâîéñòâàìè.  òå÷åíèå ïî÷òè ïîëóòîðà òûñÿ÷ ëåò, ýòî ñâÿòèëèùå áûëî îäíèì èç ñàìûõ âàæíûõ ìåñò ïàëîìíè÷åñòâà ãðå÷åñêîãî ïðàâîñëàâèÿ.
Àäðåñ: Öåðêîâü ðàñïîëîæåíà â Ñòàìáóëå, â ðàéîíå Çåéòèíáóðíó â îêðåñòíîñòè Balıklı, à Áàëûêëû Silivrikapı Ñîêàê. Îí ðàñïîëîæåí â íåñêîëüêèõ ñîòíÿõ ìåòðîâ çà ïðåäåëàìè ãîðîäñêèõ ñòåí, îêîëî ïÿòèñîò ìåòðîâ îò âîðîò Ñèëèâðè (òóðåöêèé: Ñèëèâðè Kapisi). Êîìïëåêñ îõðàíÿåòñÿ âûñîêîé ñòåíîé, è - â îêðóæåíèè ïðàâîñëàâíûå è àðìÿíñêèå êëàäáèùà - ëåæèò â çåëåíûé ëàíäøàôò.
Èñòîðèÿ : Ïî ìíåíèþ èñòîðèêîâ Ïðîêîïèÿ è Cedrenus, öåðêîâü áûëà ïåðâîíà÷àëüíî âîçâåäåí èìïåðàòîðîì Þñòèíèàíîì â ïîñëåäíèå ãîäû åãî ïðàâëåíèÿ (559-560) âáëèçè èñòî÷íèêà âîäû èç ñâÿòîãî êîëîäöà (ïî-ãðå÷åñêè: ἁγίασμα, hagiasma, îòêóäà Òóðöèè: Ayazma) íàõîäèòñÿ çà ïðåäåëàìè ñòåí Ôåîäîñèÿ II â ñîîòâåòñòâèè ñåãîäíÿøíåãî âîðîòà Ñèëèâðè. Âî âðåìÿ îõîòû èìïåðàòîð çàìåòèë íåáîëüøóþ ÷àñîâíþ â îêðóæåíèè ìíîãèõ æåíùèí.Çàïðàøèâàåìàÿ çíà÷åíèå çäàíèÿ, åìó ñêàçàëè, ÷òî ýòî áûëî "èñòî÷íèê ÷óäåñ". Îí ñðàçó æå ïðèêàçàë, ÷òîáû âåëèêîëåïíàÿ öåðêîâü áóäåò ïîñòðîåí òàì, ñ ìàòåðèàëà, îñòàþùåãîñÿ ïîñëå âîçâåäåíèÿ ñîáîðà Ñâÿòîé Ñîôèè.
Ñîãëàñíî áîëåå ïîçäíåé ëåãåíäå, õðàì áûë âîçâåäåí èìïåðàòîðîì Ëüâîì I ôðàêèéñêîãî (ð. 457-474) èç-çà ÷óäà, êîòîðîå ïðîèçîøëî, êîãäà îí áûë åùå ñîëäàòîì.Ïåðåä âõîäîì â ãîðîä, Ëåâ âñòðåòèë ñëåïîãî, êîòîðûé ïîïðîñèë äàòü åìó âîäû. Æåíñêèé ãîëîñ ïðèêàçàë áóäóùèé èìïåðàòîð íà âëàæíûå ãëàçà ñëåïîìó âîäîé èç áëèçëåæàùåãî áîëîòà. Òîò æå ãîëîñ äîáàâèëà, ÷òî îíà âûáðàëà òó ñàìóþ ìåñòî ïîêëîíåíèÿ, è ÷òî îí â îäèí ïðåêðàñíûé äåíü ïîëó÷èòü êîðîíó èìïåðèè. Ëåâ ïîñëåäîâàë åå çàêàç è ñðàçó ñëåïîé âåðíóëîñü çðåíèå. Ïîñëå åãî âñòóïëåíèÿ íà ïðåñòîë, èìïåðàòîð âîçäâèã âåëèêîëåïíûé õðàì íà ýòîì ìåñòå. Ýòà ëåãåíäà, âîçìîæíî, ïîçæå èçîáðåòåíèå èç ìîíàõîâ ñâÿòèëèùà. Âïîëíå âîçìîæíî, ÷òî, ïðåæäå ÷åì ñòðîèòü Þñòèíèàíà áûë âîçâåäåí, íåáîëüøîé ìîíàñòûðü óæå ñóùåñòâîâàë òàì.
Çäàíèå ïîäâåðãëîñü ìíîãî ðåìîíòà íà ïðîòÿæåíèè ñòîëåòèé.Êðóïíåéøèé äîëæíû áûëè èç-çà çåìëåòðÿñåíèé: â 790, ïðè èìïåðàòðèöå Èðèíå, è - ïîñëå ñèëüíîãî çåìëåòðÿñåíèÿ 869 - ïîä Âàñèëèÿ I (ã 867-886.). 7 ñåíòÿáðÿ 924 Öàðü Ñèìåîí Áîëãàðèè ñîæãëè êîìïëåêñ, êîòîðûé ñðàçó æå áûë âîññòàíîâëåí Ðîìàí I Ëàêàïèí (ð. 920-944). Òðè ãîäà ñïóñòÿ ñûí Ñèìåîíà Ïåòð áûë æåíàò íà Ìàðèè, ïëåìÿííèöû Lekapenos.
Èç-çà ñâîåé ïîçèöèè çà ïðåäåëàìè ãîðîäà, ìîíàñòûðü áûë ÷àñòî èñïîëüçóåòñÿ â êà÷åñòâå ìåñòà ññûëêè.  1078 Ãåîðãèîñ Ìîíîìàõ áûë èçãíàí òàì.  1084 ãîäó èìïåðàòîð Àëåêñåé I Êîìíèí îãðàíè÷èâàåòñÿ ôèëîñîô Èîàíí Èòàë â ìîíàñòûðü, ïîòîìó ÷òî åãî íåîïëàòîíè÷åñêîé òåîðèè.
Ïîñëå Ëàòèíñêîé âòîðæåíèÿ 1204 ãîäà, öåðêîâü áûëà çàíÿòà ëàòèíñêîå äóõîâåíñòâî, è, ñîãëàñíî âèçàíòèéñêèì èñòî÷íèêàì, ýòî âûçâàëî êîíåö òàê íàçûâàåìîé "ïðèâû÷íîãî ÷óäî" (äëÿ synetés thauma).
 1328 Àíäðîíèê III Ïàëåîëîã èñïîëüçîâàë ìîíàñòûðü â êà÷åñòâå áàçû äëÿ íàïàäåíèÿ íà Êîíñòàíòèíîïîëü. Äâà ãîäà ñïóñòÿ, êîãäà îí óìèðàë â ãîðîäå Äèäèìîòèõîí, îí ïèë âîäó èç ðîäíèêà è èçâëåêàþò ñðàçó.
Âî âðåìÿ îñìàíñêîãî îñàäû Êîíñòàíòèíîïîëÿ â 1422 ãîäó ñóëòàí Ìóðàä II ðàçáèëè ëàãåðü â ñâÿòèëèùå. Ýòî íåèçâåñòíî, âîññòàíîâëåíà ëè âèçàíòèéöû çäàíèå äî çàâîåâàíèÿ ãîðîäà â 1453 ðîññèéñêèõ ïàëîìíèêîâ â ïÿòíàäöàòîì âåêå íå ãîâîðÿ óæå î öåðêâè, òîëüêî âåñíîé.Ôðàíöóçñêèé ó÷åíûé 16-ãî âåêà Ïüåð Æèëü ïèøåò, ÷òî â 1547 ãîäó öåðêîâü áîëüøå íå ñóùåñòâîâàëî, íî áîëüíîé ïðîäîëæàë ïîñåùàòü âåñíîé.
 1727 Íèêîäèìà, ìèòðîïîëèòà DERCOS è Neochorion, ïîñòðîèë íåáîëüøóþ ÷àñîâíþ íàä Hagiasma. Çíà÷îê, îáíàðóæèë â ôóíäàìåíòå ñòàðîé öåðêâè, ïî÷èòàëñÿ â ÷àñîâíå. Àðìÿíå ïûòàëèñü çàâëàäåòü âåñíîé, íî íåñêîëüêî ôèðìàíàìè îáåñïå÷èë âëàäåíèå ãðåêîâ. Êîìïëåêñ óïðàâëÿåòñÿ òóðåöêèìè îïåêóíîâ, íàáðàâøèé îò ïàëîìíèêîâ íàëîãîîáëîæåíèÿ, êîòîðûå èñïîëüçóþòñÿ äëÿ ïîääåðæàíèÿ òþðüìàõ. Ïîçæå êîìïëåêñ ïåðåøåë âî âëàäåíèå Ïàòðèàðõèè, ïîêà â 1821 ÿíû÷àðû íå ðàçðóøèëî ÷àñîâíþ è îòðàâèë èñòî÷íèê.  1833 ãîäó ôèðìàí ðàçðåøàåòñÿ Ïàòðèàðõ Êîíñòàíöèé I, ÷òîáû âîññòàíîâèòü öåðêîâü, êîòîðàÿ áûëà îòêðûòà â 1835 ãîäó.
Öåðêîâü áûëà ñèëüíî ïîâðåæäåíà âî âðåìÿ Ñòàìáóëüñêîãî ïîãðîìà 6 ñåíòÿáðÿ 1955 ãîäà, íî ñ òåõ ïîð îí áûë âîññòàíîâëåí.
Ñâÿòèëèùå íàïðàâëåíà íà òèòóëÿðíûì åïèñêîïîì è ÿâëÿåòñÿ îäíèì èç ñàìûõ ïîïóëÿðíûõ ñðåäè ïðàâîñëàâíûõ Ñòàìáóëà, êîòîðûå ïîñåùàþò åãî, îñîáåííî âî âðåìÿ ïÿòíèöû ïîñëå Ïàñõè è 14 ñåíòÿáðÿ  ýòè äâà äíÿ, â âåëèêèé ïðàçäíèê, êàê ëèöåìåðû è ðåëèãèîçíîé ïðîèñõîäèò òàì. Ïîõîðîíû ëþäåé, ÷òîáû åãî ïîõîðîíèëè â ñîñåäíåì êëàäáèùå òàêæå îòìå÷àåòñÿ â öåðêâè.
 âèçàíòèéñêèå âðåìåíà ñâÿòèëèùå áûëî îäíèì èç ñàìûõ âàæíûõ â Êîíñòàíòèíîïîëå. Íà ïðàçäíèê Âîçíåñåíèÿ, èìïåðàòîð ïðèáûë íà ëîäêå â íåáîëüøîé ãàâàíè Çîëîòûõ âîðîò. Îí ïîäúåõàë ê ñâÿòèëèùó, ãäå îí áûë ïðîâîçãëàøåí ôðàêöèé, êîòîðûå ïðåäëîæèëè åìó êðåñò è ãèðëÿíäû. Ïîçæå îí îäåò â öåðåìîíèè õàëàòîì â êâàðòèðàõ è ïîñëå ïîëó÷åíèÿ Ïàòðèàðõà, äâà âîøëè â öåðêîâü, âçÿâøèñü çà ðóêè. Ïîñëå ïðàçäíîâàíèÿ, îí ïðèãëàñèë Ïàòðèàðõà íà óæèí.
Êàæäûé áóäóùàÿ èìïåðàòðèöà ïðèõîäèò â Êîíñòàíòèíîïîëü ê ñâàäüáå ïîëó÷èë åå áóäóùåãî ñóïðóãà â ìîíàñòûðü âåñíû.
Ïîñâÿùåíèå ïðàçäíèê öåðêâè ñîñòîÿëîñü 9 èþëÿ Áîëåå òîãî, Âîçíåñåíèå, Áðàê â Êàíå Ãàëèëåéñêîé (8 ÿíâàðÿ) è ãîäîâùèíó ×óäî Ëüâà I 16 àâãóñòà áûëè îòìå÷àòüñÿ çäåñü.
Æèâîíîñíûé èñòî÷íèê äàë íà÷àëî ìíîãèì öåðêâÿì è ìîíàñòûðÿì îäíîèìåííûå â ãðå÷åñêîì ìèðå, íî áîëüøèíñòâî èç íèõ áûëè âîçâåäåíû ïîñëå îêîí÷àíèÿ Âèçàíòèéñêîé èìïåðèè.
Çíà÷îê, êîòîðûé ïðåäñòàâëÿåò Äåâû Âåñíû ïîêàçûâàåò Äåâó áëàãîñëîâåíèå è
îõâàòûâàþùåé ðåáåíêà. Îíà îêðóæåíà äâóìÿ àíãåëàìè è îáû÷íî ñèäèò íà áîëåå âîçâûøåííîé èç äâóõ áàññåéíîâ, êîòîðûå áûëè ïîíåñåíû ñòðóè âîäû, ïîñòóïàþùåãî èç áîëüøåãî ìðàìîðíîé ðàêîâèíîé, óêðàøåííîé êðåñòîì. Âîêðóã ýòîãî, ñòîèò èìïåðàòîð ñ îõðàíîé, à ñëåâà, åñòü ïàòðèàðõà ñ åãî åïèñêîïàìè. Íà ôîíå, ïðåäñòàâëåíà Ëåâ I ñî ñëåïûì âìåñòå ñî ñòåíêàìè ãîðîäà. Ïîä áàññåéíà ïàðàëèòè÷åñêîãî è óìà èñöåëÿþòñÿ âîäîé âåñíîé-õ ãîäîâ.
Îïèñàíèå:  ñîîòâåòñòâèè ñ Íèêèôîð Êàëëèñò (çàïèñü â ÷åòûðíàäöàòîì âåêå) Öåðêîâü ê òîìó âðåìåíè èìåë ïðÿìîóãîëüíóþ ôîðìó òèïà áàçèëèêè, ñ 4: 3 ïðîïîðöèè ìåæäó ñòîðîíàìè, è áûë ÷àñòè÷íî ïîäçåìíûé. Îí áûë îêðóæåí äâóìÿ exonartheces (íà Å è W ñòîðîíû) è äâà esonarteces (ïî áîêàì S è N). Ñâåò, èäóùèé èçâíå áûëî ñîñðåäîòî÷åíî íà èñòî÷íèê, êîòîðûé ìîæåò áûòü äîñòèãíóò ïî óáûâàíèþ äâå ëåñòíèöû, èìåþùèå 25 øàãîâ. Êàæäûé ëåñòíèöû áûë îãðàíè÷åí ìðàìîðíîé áàëþñòðàäîé è óâåí÷àííûé ìðàìîðíîé àðêàäû. Âîäà óïàëà â ìðàìîðíóþ ÷àøó, è êàíàëèçàöèÿ ðàñïðîñòðàíèëè åãî â öåðêâè. Çäàíèå áûëî óêðàøåíî ôðåñêàìè è óâåí÷àíà êóïîëîì ñâåðêàþùåé çîëîòîì ÷èñòûì. Âîêðóã öåðêâè áûëî òðè ÷àñîâíè, ïîñâÿùåííûå, ñîîòâåòñòâåííî, Ñàíêò-Åâñòðàòèÿ, Áîãîðîäèöû è Ñâÿòîé Àííû.
Íàñòîÿùàÿ öåðêîâü òàêæå èìååò ïðÿìîóãîëüíóþ ôîðìó. Ýòî ïðèìåðíî îðèåíòèðîâàòüñÿ â E - W íàïðàâëåíèè, è èìååò òðè íåôà, ðàçäåëåííûõ êîëîííàìè è ïðåäøåñòâóåò esonarthex. Ïî óãëó Ñåâåðî-Çàïàäíîì ïîäíèìàåòñÿ ìåòàëëè÷åñêèé êîëîêîëüíþ. Èíòåðüåð áîãàòî óêðàøåí. Íà ïðàâîé ñòîðîíå áëèæå ê ñåðåäèíå íåôà åñòü êëåòü, â êîíöå, à ëåæèò áîãàòûé èêîíîñòàñ. Ïðàâî èêîíîñòàñà åñòü çíà÷îê, êîòîðûé òðàäèöèÿ ãîâîðèò, îêðàøåíû Ñâÿòîãî Ëóêè. Èñòî÷íèê íàõîäèòñÿ â ïîäçåìíîé êðèïòå âíå Öåðêâè, è ìîãóò áûòü äîñòóïíû ïî óáûâàíèþ ëåñòíèöû ïàðàëëåëüíî äëèííûå ñòîðîíû öåðêâè. Ñèììåòðè÷íàÿ ëåñòíèöà âåäåò èç ñêëåïà âî äâîð öåðêâè.
Ñêëåï óêðàøåí êàðòèíàìè è èêîíàìè, è óâåí÷àíà êóïîëîì îêðàøåíû Õðèñòà â çâåçäíîå íåáî.Âîäà òå÷åò â ìðàìîðíóþ ÷àøó, ãäå ðûáû ïëàâàþò. Ýòè ðûáû, ïðèñóòñòâóþùèå â áàññåéíå íà ïðîòÿæåíèè âåêîâ, äàëà íà÷àëî òóðåöêîå íàçâàíèå êîìïëåêñà (Balıklı â ïåðåâîäå ñ òóðåöêîãî îçíà÷àåò «ìåñòî, ãäå âñòðå÷àþòñÿ ðûáû"). Ñîãëàñíî êîíöå ëåãåíäå, äåíü çàâîåâàíèÿ Êîíñòàíòèíîïîëÿ ìîíàõ áûë æàðêè ðûáû â êàñòðþëþ âáëèçè èñòî÷íèêà. Êîãäà êîëëåãà îáúÿâèë åìó î ïàäåíèè ãîðîäà, îí îòâåòèë, ÷òî îí áû íå ïîâåðèë åìó, òîëüêî åñëè ðûáû â êàñòðþëþ áû âåðíóòüñÿ ê æèçíè. Ïîñëå åãî ñëîâ îíè ïðûãíóëè â èñòî÷íèê è ïîïëûë.
Ïëîùàäü ïåðåä öåðêîâüþ íàõîäèòñÿ êëàäáèùå ñ ìðàìîðíûìè ìîãèëàìè - â îñíîâíîì èç íèõ äàòèðóåòñÿ äåâÿòíàäöàòîãî è äâàäöàòîãî âåêà - ïðèíàäëåæíîñòü ê áîãàòîé Ðàì Ñòàìáóëà.Êðîìå òîãî, íåñêîëüêî ïàòðèàðõîâ ïîõîðîíåíû çäåñü. Õàðàêòåðèñòèêà ýòîì êëàäáèùå òàêæå íåñêîëüêî íàäãðîáèé, Karamanlı íàäïèñÿìè, êîòîðûå ñîñòàâëÿþò íà ñåãîäíÿøíèé äåíü êðóïíåéøèõ ñîõðàíèâøèõñÿ ãðóïïû íà ýòîì ÿçûêå. Êîìïëåêñ îêðóæåí äâóìÿ áîëüøèìè êëàäáèù, ñîîòâåòñòâåííî àðìÿí è ãðåêîâ, êàæäûé çàêëþ÷åííûé â âûñîêèõ ñòåíàõ.
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The Church of Life-Giving Spring in Istanbul |
Äíåâíèê |
http://myocn.net/the-church-of-life-giving-spring-in-istanbul/
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The Monastery of the Mother of God at the Spring (full name in Greek: Μονὴ τῆς Θεοτòκου τῆς Πηγῆς Turkish name: Balıklı Meryem Ana Rum Manastiri) or simply Zoödochos Pege (“Life-giving Spring”), is an Eastern Orthodox sanctuary in Istanbul. The present church, built in 1835, bears the same dedication as the shrine erected in this place between the end of the fifth and the beginning of the sixth century. After several renovations, this building was destroyed in the first half of the fifteenth century by the Ottomans. The complex got its name from a nearby holy spring, reputed to have healing properties. For almost fifteen hundred years, this sanctuary has been one of the most important pilgrimage sites of Greek Orthodoxy.
Location: The church is located in Istanbul, in the district of Zeytinburnu, in the neighbourhood of Balıklı, along Balıklı Silivrikapı Sokak. It lies a few hundred meters outside the walled city, about five hundred meters from the Gate of Silivri (Turkish: Silivri Kapısı). The complex is protected by a high wall, and – being surrounded by Eastern Orthodox and Armenian cemeteries – lies in a green landscape.
History: According to historians Procopius and Cedrenus, the church was originally erected by Emperor Justinian in the last years of his reign (559-560) near a fountain of water from a holy well (Greek: ἁγίασμα, hagiasma, whence Turkish: ayazma) situated outside the walls of Theodosius II in correspondence of today’s Gate of Silivri. During hunting the Emperor noticed a small chapel surrounded by many women. Asking the meaning of the building, he was told that this was the “source of the miracles”. He at once ordered that a magnificent church be built there, with the material remaining after the erection of the Hagia Sophia.
According to a later legend, the sanctuary was erected by Emperor Leo I the Thracian (r. 457–474) because of a miracle that occurred when he was still a soldier. Before entering the City, Leo met a blind man who asked him to give him water. A female voice ordered the future Emperor to wet the eyes of the blind man with water from a nearby swamp. The same voice added that she had chosen that very place to be worshiped and that he would one day receive the crown to the empire. Leo followed her order and at once the blind man recovered his eyesight. After his accession to the throne, the Emperor erected a magnificent church on this place. This legend is possibly a later invention of the monks of the sanctuary. It is possible that, before the Justinian’s building was erected, a small monastery had already existed there.
The building underwent many repairs over the centuries. The largest were required because of earthquakes: in 790, under Empress Irene, and – after the great earthquake of 869 – under Basil I (r. 867–886). On 7 September 924 Tsar Simeon I of Bulgaria burned the complex, which was at once restored by Romanos I Lekapenos (r. 920–944). Three years later the son of Simeon, Peter was married to Maria, the niece of Lekapenos.
Due to its position outside the city, the monastery was often used as place of exile. In 1078 Georgios Monomachos was banished there. In 1084, Emperor Alexios I Komnenos confined the philosopher John Italus to the monastery, because of his neoplatonic theories.
After the Latin invasion of 1204, the church was occupied by the Latin clergy and, according to Byzantine sources, this caused the end of the so called “habitual miracle” (to synetés thauma).
In 1328 Andronikos III Palaiologos used the monastery as base to attack Constantinople. Two years later, as he lay dying in the town of Didymoteicho, he drank water from the spring and recovered at once.
During the Ottoman siege of Constantinople in 1422, Sultan Murad II camped in the sanctuary. It is unknown whether the Byzantines restored the building before the conquest of the city in 1453 Russian pilgrims of the fifteenth century do not mention the church, only the spring. The 16th-century French scholar Pierre Gilles writes that in 1547 the church did not exist anymore, but the sick continued to attend the spring.
In 1727 Nikodemos, Metropolitan of Dercos and Neochorion, built a small chapel above the Hagiasma. An icon, discovered in the foundations of the old church, was venerated in the chapel. The Armenians tried to take possession of the spring, but several firmans secured the possession to the Greeks. The complex was controlled by Turkish guardians, who collected from the pilgrims a tax that used for the maintenance of the prisons. Later the complex came into the possession of the Patriarchate, until in 1821 the Janissaries destroyed the chapel and poisoned the spring. In 1833, a firman allowed Patriarch Constantius I to rebuild the church, which was inaugurated in 1835.
The church was heavily damaged during the Istanbul Pogrom on 6 September 1955, but since then it has been restored.
The sanctuary is directed by a titular bishop and is one of the most popular among the Orthodox of Istanbul, who visit it especially during the Friday after Easter and on September 14. On these two days, a great feast, both profane and religious takes place there. Funerals of people to be buried in the nearby cemetery are also celebrated in the church.
In Byzantine times the sanctuary was one of the most important in Constantinople. On Ascension Day, the Emperor arrived by boat to the small harbor of the Golden Gate. He rode up to the sanctuary, where he was acclaimed by the factions, who offered him a cross and garlands. Later, he dressed in his ceremony robe in his apartments and, after receiving the Patriarch, the two entered the church hand-in-hand. After the celebration, he invited the Patriarch for dinner.
Each future Empress coming to Constantinople for her wedding was received by her future spouse in the Monastery of the Spring.
The dedication feast of the church took place on July 9. Moreover, the Ascension, the Marriage at Cana (8 January) and the anniversary of the Miracle of Leo I on 16 August were celebrated here.
The Life-giving spring gave origin to many churches and monasteries bearing the same name in the Greek world, but most of them were erected after the end of the Byzantine Empire.
The icon that represents the Virgin of the Spring shows the Virgin blessing and
embracing the Child. She is surrounded by two angels and usually is sitting on the more elevated of two basins which are sustained by a water jet coming from a larger marble basin adorned with a cross. Around this, stands the Emperor with his guard, while on the left there is the Patriarch with his bishops. On the background, is represented Leo I with the blind man together with the walls of the City. Under the basin a paralytic and a mad are healed with the spring’s water.
Description: According to Nikephoros Kallistos (writing in fourteenth century) the church by that time had a rectangular shape of basilica type, with a 4:3 proportion between the sides, and was partly subterranean. It was surrounded by two exonartheces (on the E and W side) and two esonarteces (on the S and N sides). The light coming from outside was concentrated on the source, which could be reached descending two stairs having 25 steps. Each stair was delimited by a marble balustrade and surmounted by a marble arcade. The water fell into a marble basin, and a canalization distributed it in the church. The edifice was adorned with frescos and surmounted by a dome glittering with pure gold. Around the church there were three chapels, devoted respectively to Saint Eustratius, the Theotokos and Saint Anne.
The present church is also rectangular in shape. It is roughly oriented in E – W direction, and has three naves divided by columns and preceded by an esonarthex. By the Northwest corner rises a metallic bell tower. The interior is richly adorned. On the right side near the middle of the nave there is a Pulpit, while at the end lies a rich iconostasis. Right of the iconostasis there is an icon which the tradition says painted by Saint Luke. The source lies in a subterranean crypt outside the church, and can be accessed descending a stair parallel the long sides of the church. A symmetric stair leads from the crypt to the church’s yard.
The crypt is adorned with paintings and icons, and is surmounted by a dome painted with Christ in a starry sky. The water flows into a marble basin, where fishes are swimming. These fishes, present in the basin since centuries, gave origin to the Turkish name of the complex (balikli in Turkish means “place where there are fishes”). According to a late legend, the day of the Conquest of Constantinople a monk was frying fishes in a pan near the source. When a colleague announced him the fall of the City, he replied that he would have believed him only if the fishes in the pan would have come back to life. After his words these jumped in the source and began swimming.
The yard in front of a church is a cemetery with marble tombs – mostly of them dating to the nineteenth and twentieth century – belonging to wealthy Rum of Istanbul. Also several Patriarchs are buried here. Characteristic of this cemetery are also several gravestones with Karamanli inscriptions, which constitute by far the largest surviving group in this language. The complex is also surrounded by two large cemeteries, respectively Armenian and Greek, each enclosed in high walls.
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