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, .. , , , . , , ( ) . , , () ( , ). (Journal of World History, Spring 1995), , : , , . , . - , , , .
, . . , . , , .. (George F. Hourani, Arab Seafaring in the Indian Ocean in Ancient and Early Medieval Times (Princeton, 1951)).
.. (1964 ., .173) :
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. (Richard LeBaron Bowen, Arab Dhows of Eastern Arabia, The American Neptune 9 (1949): 92) , , . , . . , . , , . , , , , . . , , , . , A History of Seafaring Based on Underwater Archaeology, (ed. George F. Bass (London, 1972), p. 146) , , , . , . , , , IX . , , , . , , () , . , , , XV . . , , IX-X . . . . , , . , , , , - . , . , - (XV .). , 10:13,5, . , , (Arab Navigation in the Indian Ocean before the Coming of the Portuguese (London, 1971), p. 52. )"

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