fsck -t -y -f -c /dev/sda1

The keys and command options fsck:
y - always answer yes to all questions (there is an alternative: the -p key starts the test in a fully automatic mode);
f - forces a file system check (even if the file system is marked as fully functional)
c - looking for broken blocks (bad blocks), and then marks them accordingly
Remember: if bad sectors began to appear, it's time to change the hard drive.

Источник: https://mintguide.org/system/283-how-to-check-and-...bad-sectors-in-linux-mint.html

Разумеется раздел должен быть отмонтирован или находиться в режиме только для чтения.