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, 11 2010 . 01:51 +

 Yield effects of genetically modified crops in developing countries

 

Matin Qaim ( ) 1, 2 *  David Zilberman ( )2
 
bt (Bacillus thuringiensis) , , , . , , . , , , - . , bt- . 

[1,2]. , , ? , 99% - [3]. , , . bt- , , 10% [4-6]. - , , - [7-9]. [4-6,9], , - , [10].

 

, - , . bt- , , - , , , , .

 

Bt- Cry1Ac, (Helicoverpa armigera), (Earias vittella) (Pectinophora gossypiella) , - . "Monsanto" , "Maharashtra Hybrid Seed Company" (Mahyco). 1997 bt- . - . 2002 bt- , [11].

 

2001 395 . Mahyco . , , . 646 ² : bt-; , Bt (-Bt ); ( - ). .

 

, , 157 . 157 [12]. 25 , : - , - . , 1 .

 

, bt- , -bt (. . 1). ( - ) , , , Cry1Ac, 100% H. armigera, [13, 14]. , (Aphis gossypii), (Amrasca bigutulla) (Bemisia tabaci). Bt . Bt- 70%, , . , , , , I II . , 30$ .

 

1. - bt- . , n - . . 2001 .

  Bt
(n = 157)
-bt
(n = 157)

(n = 157)
- . 0.62* (1.28) 3.68 (1.98) 3.63 (1.98)
- . 3.57 (1.70) 3.51 (1.66) 3.45 (1.62)
(/), 3.57 (1.86) 5.56 (3.15) 5.43 (3.07)
... :
I
0.64* (1.10) 1.98 (1.78) 1.94 (1.78)
II 1.07* (1.27) 3.55 (2.66) 3.46 (2.60)
III 0.03 (0.08) 0.03 (0.08) 0.03 (0.08)
(/) 0.48* (0.55) 1.55 (0.96) 1.52 (0.95)
(/) 1501* (857) 833 (572) 802 (571)
 * -bt 5% .
 

. bt- -bt 80 87% [15]. . 1 , . -bt , . Bt. 2001 . , , , , . 4- 1998 2001 , bt- 60% [16].

 

, , , , , , [17,18]. , (. 2). , , 60% ( -bt) 2001 . , , , , 50-60% [19]. - - 12 15% . , bt- .

 

, , - , . , , [21]. , , - [22,23]. , . , bt- (. 2).

 


. 1.  bt- .   , , 157 . 2001 . 


 

. 2. bt- . - , damage-control . 2001 .









 

 

 

, , . , , bt- . bt- . , bt-, , , .

 

- - . , , , . . , , , - . , , 50% [20].

 

[17, 18], 2 - . - , . - , , . , . , , . , , . - , , .

 

2. - .  [20]  .
. . - -
()
()   
-


, - , . [24, 25]. - , . Bt-, bt- bt-, , . Bt- , , [26, 27]. , , -, , .

 

, , () , - [28]. , . -. , , , .

:

  1. P.Pinstrup-Andersen, E.Schiøler. Seeds of contention: World hunger and the global controversy over GM crops (Johns Hopkins Univ.Press, Baltimore, 2001).
  2. M.A.Altieri. Genetic engineering in agriculture: The myths, environmental risks and alternatives (Special report No.1, Food First, Oakland, CA, 2001).
  3. C.James. Global review of commercialized transgenic crops: 2001 (Feature: Bt cotton), ISAAA Briefs No.26 [International service for the acquisition of agri-biotech applications (ISAAA), Ithaca, NY, 2002], p.12.
  4. J.Carpenter et al. Comparative environmental impacts of biotechnology-derived and traditional soybean, corn, and cotton crops (Council for agricultural science and technology, Ames, IA, 2002).
  5. J.Huang, S.Rozelle, C.Pray, Q.Wang, Science 295, 674 (2002).
  6. C.E.Pray, J.Huang, R.Hu, S.Rozelle, Plant J. 31, 426 (2002).
  7. J.Lauer, J.Wedberg, J. Prod. Agric. 12, 373 (1999).
  8. UK Soil Association, Seeds of doubt: North American farmers’ experience of GM crops (UK Soil Association, Bristol, UK, 2002), pp.11–14.
  9. M.Qaim, G.Traxler, paper presented at the 6th International Conference of the International Consortium of Agricultural Biotechnology Research, Ravello, Italy, 11 to 14 July 2002.
  10. V.W.Ruttan, AgBioForum 2, 54 (1999).
  11. K.S.Jayaraman, Nature Biotechnol. 20, 415 (2002).
  12. , .
  13. F.Gould, Annu. Rev. Entomol. 43, 718 (1998).
  14. J.T.Greenplate, J. Econ. Entomol. 92, 1379 (1999).
  15. Independent trials that were carried out in 2001 with Bt cotton in different public experiment stations even showed yield gains near 100%, in spite of adequate chemical plant protection measures (29).
  16. Maharashtra Hybrid Seed Company, .
  17. Committee on the Future Role of Pesticides in U.S. Agriculture, Board on Agriculture and Natural Resources, Board on Environmental Studies and Toxicology, National Research Council, The Future Role of Pesticides in US Agriculture (National Academy Press, Washington, DC, 2000).
  18. D.Zilberman, A.Schmitz, G.Casterline, E.Lichtenberg, J.B.Siebert, Science 253, 518 (1991).
  19. S.N.Puri, K.S.Murthy, O.P.Sharma, in Handbook of Cotton in India [Indian Society for Cotton Improvement (ISCI), Mumbai, India, 1999], pp.233–245.
  20. E.-C.Oerke, H.-W.Dehne, F.Schönbeck, A.Weber. Crop production and crop protection: Estimated losses in major food and cash crops (Elsevier, Amsterdam, 1994).
  21. D.Widawsky, S.Rozelle, S.Jin, J.Huang, Agric. Econ. 19, 205 (1998).
  22. G.A.A.Wossink, G.C.van Kooten, G.H.Peters, Eds., Economics of Agro-Chemicals: An International Overview of Use Patterns, Technical and Institutional Determinants, Policies and Perspectives (Ashgate, Aldershot, UK, 1998).
  23. ISCI, Handbook of Cotton in India (ISCI, Mumbai, India, 1999).
  24. Y.Ismae¨l, R.Bennett, S.Morse, AgBioForum 5, 4 (2002).
  25. ISAAA, Bt Cotton in Indonesia (ISAAA, Manila, Philippines, 2002).
  26. A.S.Moffat, Science 285, 370 (1999).
  27. M.Qaim, A.F.Krattiger, J.von Braun, Eds. Agricultural Biotechnology in Developing Countries: Towards Optimizing the Benefits for the Poor (Kluwer, Boston, MA, 2000).
  28. R.L.Paarlberg, The Politics of Precaution: Genetically Modified Crops in Developing Countries (Johns Hopkins Univ.Press, Baltimore, 2001).
  29. Indian Council for Agricultural Research (ICAR), All India Coordinated Cotton Improvement Project; Annual Report 2001-02 (ICAR, Coimbatore, India, 2002), p.97.
  30. The authors thank researchers of Mahyco for making the field-trial records available.The financial support of the German Research Council (Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft) is gratefully. D.Z. is a member of the Giannini Foundation of Agricultural Economics.

 

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