Öèòàòà ñîîáùåíèÿ Spirit_of_Sky
Åñòü ìíîæåñòâî èíòåðåñíûõ è ýêçîòè÷íûõ òåì äëÿ íîâûõ ñòàòåé. Âîò, íàïðèìåð, íàóêà, âîçíèêøàÿ íà ñòûêå ëèíãâèñòèêè è ïñèõîëîãèè è ãîðäî èìåíóåìàÿ ïñèõîëèíãâèñòèêîé, èëè îíîìàòîïîýòè÷åñêèå (çâóêîïîäðàæàòåëüíûå) ñëîâà â àíãëèéñêîì ÿçûêå. È ìàíÿò îíè ìåíÿ, è ìàíÿò… Íî, åñòü òåìû ãîðàçäî áîëåå down-to-earth, äàæå áîëåå òîãî, òåìû âå÷íûå. Îíè ÷åðïàþòñÿ èç óðîêîâ è òåõ îøèáîê, êîòîðûå ÷àñòî âñòðå÷àþòñÿ ó èçó÷àþùèõ àíãëèéñêèé. Îäíà èç òàêèõ òåì – óïîòðåáëåíèå ãëàãîëîâ say, tell, talk, speak. Áóäó÷è áëèçêèìè ïî ñìûñëó, îíè âìåñòå ñ òåì èìåþò ðàçëè÷íîå çíà÷åíèå è íþàíñû èñïîëüçîâàíèÿ. Èìåííî îá ýòîé ñëàâíîé ÷åòâåðêå è ïîéäåò ðå÷ü íèæå.
Íåñîìíåííûé Ä’Àðòàíüÿí – îäèí èç íàèáîëåå ÷àñòî âñòðå÷àþùèõñÿ ãëàãîëîâ to say -ñêàçàòü.
Èñïîëüçóåòñÿ â ñëåäóþùèõ ñëó÷àÿõ:
1) Äëÿ ïåðåäà÷è ïðÿìîé ðå÷è
She said, “Give me back my cookie!”
2) Ñêàçàòü ÷òî-òî (êîìó-òî) - words such as something, nothing, anything, much etc.
The weather forecast doesn’t say anything about snow this morning.
Did the doctor say much about your weight lost?
3) that-clause (he said that), that ìîæåò áûòü îïóùåíî.
He has never really said that he is love with me.
John said he had received some good news.
×àñòàÿ îøèáêà: If we want to put a personal object after say, we use to (ñêàçàòü êîìó-òî ÷òî-òî to say something to somebody).
Wrong: He said me “Good morning.”
Right: He said “Good morning” to me.
Ñëåäóþùèé èç ÷åòâåðêè – ãëàãîë to tell, èñïîëüçóåòñÿ äëÿ ïåðåäà÷è èíôîðìàöèè è èìååò çíà÷åíèå «ðàññêàçûâàòü», «ñîîáùàòü». Ïîñëå tell èñïîëüçóåòñÿ êîñâåííîå èëè ïðÿìîå äîïîëíåíèå (tell someone something). Ïðåäëîãè ïîñëå tell íå óïîòðåáëÿþòñÿ.
Wrong: He told to me his story.
Right: Nobody told Jim about the meeting.
She never tells the same story twice.
He told me nothing about himself.
Åùå îäèí ìóøêåòåð – to speak óêàçûâàåò íà âîçìîæíîñòü ãîâîðèòü âîîáùå, íà ñàì ôàêò ðå÷è, à íå å¸ ñîäåðæàíèå.
I would like to speak to her.
Òàêæå speak îòíîñèòñÿ ê çíàíèþ è óïîòðåáëåíèþ êîíêðåòíîãî ÿçûêà.
She speaks seven languages, but only two fluently.
Òàêæå èñïîëüçóåòñÿ â ñëó÷àå ïåðåäà÷è îáðàùåíèÿ ê ìíîæåñòâó ëþäåé.
The Prime Minister refused to speak to the journalists.
Íó, è ïîñëåäíèé ãëàãîë – to talk - "to use spoken language to express oneself", ò.å ïðîñòî ðàçãîâàðèâàòü. Ãëàãîëû to talk è to speak ïîõîæè, íî speak èìååò áîëåå îôèöèàëüíûé îòòåíîê, â òî âðåìÿ êàê talk – ðàçãîâîðíûé.
When she walked into the room, everybody stopped talking.
They talked for hours about cars.
Can I talk to Mr. Lee, please?
Íó, è íàïîñëåäîê õîòåëîñü áû ñêàçàòü, ÷òî îäíèìè ïðàâèëàìè òóò íå îòäåëàåøüñÿ. Äëÿ òîãî, ÷òîáû ïðàâèëüíî óïîòðåáëÿòü ñëîâà, íåîáõîäèìà ïðàêòèêà, ò.å. íóæíî ÷óâñòâîâàòü, ÷òî äàííîå ñëîâî çäåñü íà ñâîåì ìåñòå.