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Ïîíåäåëüíèê, 17 Èþíÿ 2024 ã. 00:37 (ññûëêà)
Çàùèòà îò øàðîâîé ìîëíèè â èñòîðèè
Ñòàâíè èñïîëüçîâàëè îò øàðîâûõ ìîëíèé. Ìíîãèå óäèâëÿþòñÿ çà÷åì ðàíüøå èñïîëüçîâàëè ñòàâíè, è ýòî äåëàëîñü ïîâñåìåñòíî äàæå òîãî, êîãäà óæå àêòèâíî èñïîëüçîâàëàñü ñòåêëî. Îòâåò ñîäåðæèòñÿ íà ïîëüñêîì ðèñóíêå 17 âåêà èç ãîðîäà Ëþáåê. Íà íåì èçîáðàæåíû ñòàâíè, ê êîòîðûì ïðèáëèæàåòñÿ è îòñêàêèâàåò òî, ÷òî ìîæíî íàçâàòü øàðîâîé ìîëíèåé.  Åâðîïå, â ÷àñòíîñòè è íà Ðóñè, íà ñòàâíÿõ ÷àñòî èçîáðàæàëèñü íåêèå øàðû ñ ëèöàìè âíóòðè. Ñ÷èòàåòñÿ, ÷òî ýòî Ñîëíöå. Îäíàêî, äðóãà âåðñèÿ ãëàñèò, ÷òî ýòî äîïîëíèòåëüíûå ðèñóíêè-îáåðåãè îò øàðîâûõ ìîëíèé.
Ýòî ãîâîðèò î òîì, ÷òî ïðîáëåìà øàðîâûõ ìîëíèé îñîçíàâàëàñü äàæå ïðîñòûì íàñåëåíèåì. Ñåãîäíÿ â Ðîññèè ïî íåêîòîðûì îöåíêàì øàðîâûå ìîëíèè ñòàíîâÿòñÿ ïðè÷èíîé 40 000 ïîæàðîâ, â êîòîðûõ ãèáíåò îêîëî 1200 ÷åëîâåê. Àìåðèêàíñêèå èññëåäîâàíèÿ ïîêàçûâàþò, ÷òî ÷èñëî ïîãèáøèõ â ÑØÀ ìîæåò äîñòèãàòü 3000 ÷åëîâåê. Õîòÿ äåðåâÿííûå ñòàâíè íå ñïîñîáíû îñòàíîâèòü øàðîâóþ ìîëíèþ, îíè ñïîñîáíû ñóùåñòâåííî óìåíüøèòü óùåðá îò åå âçðûâà èëè ïîæàðà ïðè ïîïûòêå ïðîíèêíîâåíèÿ â äîì. Øàðîâûå ìîëíèè ëåãêî ïðîíèêàþò â ñîâðåìåííûå äîìà ÷åðåç âåíòèëÿöèþ, ðîçåòêè è îêíà. Øàðîâàÿ ìîëíèÿ ïðîõîäèò ñêâîçü ñòåêëî, ðàñïëàâëÿÿ åãî, à ÷àñòî ïðîõîäèò ñêâîçü íåãî, íå îñòàâëÿÿ ñëåäîâ. Äåðåâÿííûå ñòàâíè, êîòîðûå êàê è ñòåêëî íå ÿâëÿþòñÿ ïðîâîäíèêîì, ñòàðàëèñü äåëàòü äîñòàòî÷íî òîëñòûìè, ÷òî íàìíîãî â ýòîì îòíîøåíèè ëó÷øå, ÷åì òîíêîå ñòåêëî. Ìíîãèå ñòàâíè ñ âíåøíåé ñòîðîíû èìåëè äîïîëíèòåëüíûå ìåòàëëè÷åñêèå ïëàñòèíû. Ïî âåðñèè íåêîòîðûõ èññëåäîâàòåëåé, ýòîò ýëåìåíò ìîã ñëóæèòü äëÿ ðàññåèâàíèÿ øàðîâîé ìîëíèè. Ïî ýòîé æå ïðè÷èíå ìîãëè óñòàíàâëèâàòüñÿ è çàäâèæêè íà êàìèíû.
Íà ìíîãèõ çäàíèÿõ Åâðîïû è Àçèè àíòè÷íîñòè è ñðåäíèõ âåêîâ åñòü ìíîãî÷èñëåííûå ýëåìåíòû äâóõ òèïîâ: ìåòàëëè÷åñêèå îãðàäû è ðàçëè÷íûå ïèêè. Âî ìíîãèõ äîìàõ Åâðîïû ïðîøëîãî âíóòðè ñòåí îáíàðóæåíû ìåòàëëè÷åñêèå îáðåøåòêè, èäóùèå âäîëü ñòåíû. Áîëüøèíñòâî èç íèõ àðìàòóðîé ñëóæèòü ÿâíî íå ìîãóò. Ðÿä èññëåäîâàòåëåé ñ÷èòàåò, ÷òî ýòè äâà ýëåìåíòà ìîãëè èñïîëüçîâàòüñÿ äëÿ çàùèòû îò øàðîâûõ ìîëíèé. Ìåòàëëè÷åñêèå îãðàäû è ìåòàëëè÷åñêèå êîíòóðû âíóòðè ïîìåùåíèè ñëóæèëè àíàëîãîì êëåòîê Ôàðàäåÿ. Íà ðèñóíêàõ 16-18 âåêîâ, íà ôîòîãðàôèÿõ 19 âåêà íà óëèöàõ òàêæå ÷àñòî âñòðå÷àþòñÿ ñòîëáû ñ ðåøåòêàìè. Ïèêè âñòðå÷àþòñÿ íà êðûøàõ êàìåííûõ, äåðåâÿííûõ ñòðîåíèé è çàáîðàõ. Âñòðå÷àþòñÿ ïèêè â âèäå êîëîí-ïàìÿòíèêîâ. Ïèêè èãðàëè ðîëü óïðåæäàþùåãî ðàçðÿäíèêà - ïðåäïîëàãàåòñÿ, ÷òî â ïåðèîä óñèëåíèÿ àòìîñôåðíîãî ýëåêòðè÷åñòâà îíè êîðîííûì ðàçðÿäîì ïðåäîòâðàùàëè âîçíèêíîâåíèÿ øàðîâûõ ìîëíèé. Ðàñïðîñòðàíåííîñòü ýòèõ ýëåìåíòîâ ãîâîðèò î òîì, ÷òî ïðîáëåìà áûëà î÷åíü àêòóàëüíîé.  Åâðîïå êîðîííûé ðàçðÿä ïîëó÷èë íàçâàíèå «ñâÿòûõ îãíåé».  Èòàëèè 16 âåêà ãîâîðèëîñü, ÷òî õîòÿ òàêèå îãíè âûãëÿäÿò ñòðàøíî, íî îíè ïðåäîòâðàùàþò ïîÿâëåíèå ïî íàñòîÿùåìó ñòðàøíûõ îãíåé, òî åñòü øàðîâûõ ìîëíèé. Åñëè ñâÿòûå îãíè îïèñûâàþòñÿ êàê èìåþùèå ôèîëåòîâûé öâåò, òî áîëåå ñòðàøíûå îãíè ìîãëè áûòü ñàìûõ ðàçíûõ öâåòîâ, à ýòî ïðèçíàê øàðîâîé ìîëíèè. Øàðëü Äþôå ïèøåò î øàðîâîé ìîëíèè êàê î ÿâëåíèè áîëåå ÷àñòîì è íàìíîãî áîëåå îïàñíîì, ÷åì îáû÷íàÿ ìîëíèÿ, óðàãàí è ãðàä. Îïàñíîñòü îíè ïðåäñòàâëÿëè, òàê êàê äàæå â êàìåííûõ çäàíèÿõ ïåðåêðûòèÿ áûëè äåðåâÿííûìè.  àíãëèéñêîé ëåòîïèñè 10 âåêà óêàçàíî, ÷òî ïîëîâèíà ïîæàðîâ â Íîðòóìáðèè âûçûâàåòñÿ «ñâåòÿùèìèñÿ øàðàìè». Ðóññêèé èñòî÷íèê 13 âåêà ñîîáùàåò, ÷òî â äåêàáðå æèòåëè Òâåðè êàæäûé äåíü âèäåëè íà íåáå îêîëî 20 ñâåòÿùèõñÿ îáúåêòîâ. ×àñòü èç íèõ âûçûâàëà ëåñíûå ïîæàðû è ïîæàðû â äîìàõ. Ïåðâûå èçäàíèÿ êíèãè î ôåíîìåíå øàðîâîé ìîëíèè ôðàíöóçñêîãî ôèçèêà Äîìèíèêà Àðàãî âêëþ÷àëè òûñÿ÷è îïèñàíèé øàðîâîé ìîëíèè, áîëüøàÿ ÷àñòü èç êîòîðûõ íàáëþäàëàñü â åãî âðåìÿ. Ïîñëåäóþùèå èçäàíèÿ âêëþ÷àëè óæå âñåãî 30 îïèñàíèé. Î÷åâèäíî, ÷òî ïðè÷èíîé ýòîãî ìîã ïîñëóæèòü ñòðàõ ïåðåä ýòèì ÿâëåíèåì. Ñåãîäíÿ ó÷åííûìè ñ÷èòàåòñÿ, ÷òî ñàìîå ðàííåå îïèñàíèå øàðîâîé ìîëíèè áûëî ñäåëàíî â 12 âåêå, ÷åãî, ðàçóìååòñÿ, áûòü íå ìîæåò. Ïðîñòî ðàííèå ìíîãî÷èñëåííûå îïèñàíèÿ, íàïðèìåð, èç Åãèïòà ó÷åííûå âèäåòü íå õîòÿò. Âñÿ èñòîðèÿ ÷åëîâå÷åñòâà ïðîíèçàíà ñþæåòîì ñëîæíûõ âçàèìîîòíîøåíèé ñ øàðîâîé ìîëíèåé. Åå îòãîëîñêè âèäû îò áóñ äî åëî÷íûõ èãðóøåê.
Protection against ball lightning in history
Shutters were used to protect against ball lightning. Many people wonder why shutters were used before, and this was done everywhere even when glass was already actively used. The answer is contained in a 17th century Polish drawing from the city of Lübeck. It shows shutters being approached and bounced off by what might be called ball lightning. In Europe, in particular in Rus', certain balls with faces inside were often depicted on shutters. It is believed that this is the Sun. However, another version says that these are additional drawings-amulets against ball lightning. This suggests that the problem of ball lightning was recognized even by the common population. Today in Russia, according to some estimates, ball lightning causes 40,000 fires, in which about 1,200 people die. American studies indicate that the death toll in the United States could reach 3,000 people. Although wooden shutters are not able to stop ball lightning, they can significantly reduce the damage from its explosion or fire when trying to enter the house. Ball lightning easily penetrates modern homes through ventilation, sockets and windows. Ball lightning passes through glass, melting it, and often passes through it without leaving a trace. Wooden shutters, which, like glass, are not a conductor, were tried to be made quite thick, which is much better in this regard than thin glass. Many shutters had additional metal plates on the outside. According to some researchers, this element could serve to disperse ball lightning. For the same reason, valves could also be installed on fireplaces. Many buildings in Europe and Asia from antiquity and the Middle Ages have numerous elements of two types: metal fences and various peaks. In many European houses of the past, metal battens were found inside the walls, running along the wall. Most of them clearly cannot serve as reinforcement. A number of researchers believe that these two elements could be used to protect against ball lightning. Metal fences and metal circuits inside the room served as an analogue of Faraday cages. In drawings from the 16th to 18th centuries, and in photographs from the 19th century, pillars with bars are also often found on the streets. Peaks are found on the roofs of stone and wooden buildings and fences. There are peaks in the form of monument columns. The peaks played the role of a pre-emptive spark gap - it is assumed that during the period of increased atmospheric electricity, they prevented the occurrence of ball lightning with a corona discharge. The prevalence of these elements suggests that the problem was very urgent. In Europe, the corona discharge was called “holy fires”. In 16th century Italy it was said that although such lights look scary, they prevent the appearance of truly terrible fires, that is, ball lightning. If holy fires are described as having a purple color, then more terrible lights could be of a variety of colors, which is a sign of ball lightning. Charles Dufay writes about ball lightning as a phenomenon more frequent and much more dangerous than ordinary lightning, hurricane and hail. They posed a danger, since even in stone buildings the ceilings were made of wood. A 10th century English chronicle states that half of the fires in Northumbria are caused by "glowing balls". A 13th-century Russian source reports that in December, residents of Tver saw about 20 luminous objects in the sky every day. Some of them caused forest fires and house fires. The first editions of the book on the phenomenon of ball lightning by the French physicist Dominique Arago included thousands of descriptions of ball lightning, most of which were observed in his time. Subsequent editions included only 30 descriptions. Obviously, the reason for this could be fear of this phenomenon. Today, scientists believe that the earliest description of ball lightning was made in the 12th century, which, of course, cannot be. It’s just that scientists don’t want to see early numerous descriptions, for example, from Egypt. The entire history of mankind is permeated with the plot of complex relationships with ball lightning. Its echoes range from beads to Christmas tree decorations.