$VA00001,1,1,1,0,1 Which part of the text does each statement refer to? #1. People did not learn to write until 5000 years ago. (3…) #2. Some people say the first words were imitations of animal sounds. (1…) #3. Language allows people to talk to each other and to write their thoughts and ideas. (8…) #4. Neanderthal man appeared around 70,000 years ago. (…2) #5. Australopithecus did not have a throat able to make the sounds of speech. (…4) 1. Some people say the first words were grunts of love between people. Some say they were imitations of animal sounds. But there is no real way of knowing. Nor is there any way of telling when people first began to speak. 2. However, Neanderthal man, who appeared around 70,000 years ago, could probably make a few recognizable sounds. 3. Scientists generally agree that people first learned to speak 50-30,000 years ago. But it may be that people could communicate by signs and in other ways a long time before this. They did not learn to write until 5000 years ago. 4. A close study of the skulls of early hominids suggests that Australopithecus, who appeared around 4 million years ago, could not speak. Like apes, this hominid did not have a throat able to make the sounds of speech. 5. Wherever there is human society, there is language. Most forms of human activity depend on the cooperation of two or more persons. 6. A common language enables humans to work together in an infinite variety of ways. Language has made possible the development of advanced, technological civilization. 7. Without language for communication, there would be little or no science, religion, commerce, government, art, literature, and philosophy. 8. Language is a human speech, either spoken or written. Language is the most common system of communication. It allows people to talk to each other and to write their thoughts and ideas. 9. Scholars determined that there are about 3,000 languages spoken in the world today. This number does not include dialects (local forms of a language). 10. Many languages are spoken only by small groups of a few hundred or a few thousand persons. There are more than a hundred languages with a million or more speakers. $VA00002,1,1,1,0,1 Which part of the text does each statement refer to? #1. Children learn to connect individual words with objects, ideas, and actions. (…2) #2. Youngsters learn to arrange words in certain ways. (…4) #3. Young children begin listening to older persons and imitating them. (1…) #4. Children can learn to speak or write precisely about more complex matters. (…6) #5. Most children can communicate well enough for most of their own practical purposes. (…5) 1. Most people learn their own language without fully realizing what is taking place. Young children feel a need to communicate their particular needs and they begin listening to older persons and imitating them. They gradually learn to select and to make the sounds used in the language spoken around them. 2. They also learn to disregard other possible sounds that their voices could make. At the same time, children learn to connect individual words with objects, ideas, and actions. Their responses become automatic. 3. Tape recorders permit students to listen, repeat, erase their own repetition, then try again. 4. For example, upon seeing a dog, an English-speaking child automatically calls it “a dog”. Youngsters also learn, largely by imitation, to arrange words in certain ways. 5. By the age of 5 or 6, most children have learned the patterns of their language fairly well. They can then communicate well enough for most of their own practical purposes. In school, the language-learning process becomes conscious and deliberate. 6. Children become aware of how the sounds and words of their language are arranged in systems. They can then learn to speak or write precisely about more complex matters. 7. Computers correct student translations of words and phrases on a video display screen. 8. For hundreds of years, language students have used grammar books, exercise books, and dictionaries. 9. Modern study aids – especially for spoken language – include voice recordings with accompanying booklets, tape recorders, videotapes and closed-circuit TV’s and computers. 10. Videotapes and closed-circuit TV’s let students watch their mouth movements and compare then with those of a speaker. $VA00003,1,1,1,0,1 Which part of the text does each statement refer to? #1. You may need to change a word because it may be wrong for the context in which you have placed it. (10…) #2. A knowledge of how to write well is a skill that students have to work to develop. (3…) #3. Planning an outline for your essay reduces the risk of leaving out some really important fact or argument. (…4) #4. Choosing the right word often depends on knowing how to detect the wrong word. (…8) #5. Introduction should state the essay’s main idea. (5…) 1. A knowledge of how to write well is not something that comes naturally. It is a skill that students have to work to develop. 2. It seems logical that before you try to put a jigsaw puzzle together you should have a good idea what the shape of the finished product will be. This is also true when it comes to writing an essay. 3. Before you spend time writing a revising, you should decide what it is you are trying to create. Planning an outline for your essay gives you a basic structure from which to work. 4. Planning an outline for your essay helps you sort out the main ideas and the important details you will need to explain or illustrate or develop these ideas. It also reduces the risk of leaving out some really important fact or argument. 5. Introduction makes the first impression of your writing. It should state the essay’s main idea or theses statement which is called the controlling idea. 6. The controlling idea is what tells your readers what the essay they are reading will be about. The introduction should present general facts or ideas that will orient your readers to your essay’s subject. 7. Choosing the right words in your sentences will help you to communicate your ideas to your readers accurately and effectively. 8. Often, however, choosing the right word while writing your essay depends on knowing how to detect the wrong word. 9. You may need to change a word because you have already overused it in your essay, or because it turns out not to mean exactly what you thought it meant. 10. You may have to change a word because it may be wrong for the context in which you have placed it, perhaps too formal or informal for that context. A good sense of how to use words is a skill that every writer should develop. $VA00004,1,1,1,0,1 Which part of the text does each statement refer to? #1. The speaker, or the poet, is often the main character of a poem. (…3) #2. Literary characters do not exist alone in space. (…4) #3. A plot is built around a series of events that take place within a definite period of time. (…6) #4. A good writer tries to balance the elements of literary work in order to create a unified work of art. (…1) #5. Writers describe actions or ideas and also the characters. (…2) 1. Almost every literary work includes four elements: characters, plot, theme or statement and style. A good writer tries to balance these elements in order to create a unified work of art. 2. Writers may want to describe actions or ideas. But they must also describe the characters – the persons or objects – affected by these actions or ideas. The characters make up the central interest of many dramas and novels, as well as biographies and autobiographies. 3. Even a poem is concerned with characters. The speaker, or the poet, is often the main character of a poem. Writers must know their characters thoroughly and have a clear picture of each one’s looks, speech, and thoughts. 4. Setting is the place in which a character’s story occurs. Literary characters, like the persons who read about them, do not exist alone in space. They act and react with one another. 5. Characters also respond to the world in which they live. Setting is another way of showing people. If Tom lived in England and David in Missouri, they would become different people as they responded to and acted within their surroundings. 6. Plot tells what happens to the characters in a story. A plot is built around a series of events that take place within a definite period of time. No rules exist for the order in which the events are presented. 7. A unified plot has a beginning, a middle, and an end. That is, an author leads us from somewhere (a character with a problem), through somewhere (the character overcoming or being overcome by the problem). 8. In literary terms, we speak of a story having an exposition, a rising action, a climax, and a denouement, or outcome. 9. The exposition gives the background and situation of the story. The rising action builds upon the given material. It creates suspense, or reader’s desire to find out what happens next. 10. The climax is the highest point of interest. The denouement ends the story. $VA00005,1,1,1,0,1 Which part of the text does each statement refer to? #1. Expressive criticism examines the artist’s background and conscious or unconscious motives. (…7) #2. Formal criticism may compare a work with others of its genre. (…5) #3. Criticism tries to examine the principles by which literary works may be understood. (…2) #4. Criticism also helps society remain aware of the value of both past and present works of art. (…3) #5. Rhetorical criticism focuses on style and on general principles of psychology. (…10) 1. Criticism is the analysis and judgment of works of art, the establishment of principles governing literary composition, and the assessment of literary works. 2. Criticism tries to interpret and to evaluate such works and to examine the principles by which they may be understood. 3. Criticism attempts to promote high standards among artists and to encourage the appreciation of art. It also helps society remain aware of the value of both past and present works of art. 4. Criticism can be divided into four basic types. They differ according to which aspect of art the critic chooses to emphasize. 5. Formal criticism examines the forms or structures of works of art. It may also compare a work with others of its genre (kind), such as other tragic plays or other sonnets. 6. Formal criticism is sometimes intrinsic - that is, it may seek to treat each work of art as complete in itself. 7. Expressive criticism regards works as expressing the ideas or feelings of the artist. It examines the artist’s background and conscious or unconscious motives. 8. Mimetic criticism views art as an imitation of the world. It analyses the ways that artists show reality, and their thoughts about it. 9. The four ways of criticism can also be combined. For example, a critic who looks at the form of a work, might also study the way this form affects an audience. 10. Rhetorical criticism analyses the means by which a work of art affects an audience. It focuses on style and on general principles of psychology. $VA00006,1,1,1,0,1 Which part of the text does each statement refer to? #1. In some novels the events may be described from the viewpoint of a person outside of the story. (…10) #2. The novel tells about events in the lives of real or imaginary people. (…1) #3. Writers of realistic novels try to represent life as it is. (…5) #4. Many novels encourage the reader to think about moral, social, or philosophical problems. (…3) #5. Some novels challenge the reader to seek social or political reforms. (…4) 1. The novel is an extended, long fictional prose narrative that tells about events in the lives of real or imaginary people, often including some sense of the psychological development of the central characters and of their relationship with a broader world. 2. It is one of the most popular forms of literature. Most novels reflect the author’s outlook on life. 3. Novels can provide exciting stories and an escape from everyday life. However, they also appeal to people for many other reasons. Many novels encourage the reader to think about moral, social, or philosophical problems. 4. Some novels point out injustices or evils that exist in society and challenge the reader to seek social or political reforms. Novels also may provide knowledge about unfamiliar subjects or give new insight into familiar ones. 5. The subject matter of novels covers the whole range of human experience and imagination. Some novels portray true-to-life characters and events. Writers of such realistic novels try to represent life as it is. 6. One kind of realistic novel, the psychological novel, focuses on the thoughts and feelings of one or more characters in a story. In contrast to realistic novels, romantic novels portray idealized versions of life. 7. Some novels explore purely imaginary worlds. For example, science fiction novels may describe events that take place in the future or on other planets. 8. Other popular kinds of novels include detective novels and mysteries. The plots of such novels, which are full of suspense, fascinate countless readers. 9. The basic features of the novel make it a uniquely flexible form of literature. Novelists can arrange incidents, describe places, and represent characters in an almost limitless variety of ways. 10. They also may narrate their stories from different points of view. In some novels, for example, one of the characters tells the story. In others, the events may be described from the viewpoint of a person outside of the story. $VA00007,1,1,1,0,1 Which part of the text does each statement refer to? #1. The characters and situations of the short story are fewer and less complicated than those of a novel. (…2) #2. In the 20th century the short story is also often used for science fiction. (…4) #3. The short story usually centers around a single incident. (…1) #4. Poetry is often divided into lyric and narrative. (…6) #5. Poetry has traditionally been distinguished from prose. (…5) 1. The short story is a short work of prose fiction, which in general either sets up and resolves a single narrative point or sets up and leaves hanging a mood or an atmosphere. It usually centers around a single incident. 2. Because of its shorter length, the characters and situations are fewer and less complicated than those of a novel. 3. Various lengths of short narrative fiction were used before, and as alternatives to, the novel, and many writers of the 19th century wrote occasional short stories, but the form achieved real significance in the hands of Chekhov, Kipling, de Maupassant and Katherine Mansfield, and Hemingway. 4. In the 20th century the short story is also often used for genre pieces such as detective fiction and science fiction. 5. Poetry is the imaginative expression of emotion or thought, often in metrical form, and often in figurative language. Poetry has traditionally been distinguished from prose (ordinary written language), especially with the term verse or rhythmical arrangement of words, although the distinction is not always clear cut. 6. Poetry is often divided into lyric, or song-like poetry (sonnet, ode, elegy, pastoral), and narrative, or story-telling poetry (ballad, lay, epic). Poetic form has also been used as a vehicle for satire, parody, and expositions of philosophical, religious, and practical subjects. 7. Free verse is poetry without metrical form. 8. At the beginning of the 20th century, under the very different influences of Whitman and Mallarmè, many poets became convinced that the 19th century had done most of what could be done with regular metrical forms. 9. Many poets rejected regular metre in much the same spirit as Milton had rhyme, preferring irregular metres which made it possible to express thought clearly and without distortion. 10. This was true of T.S.Eliot and the Imagists; it was also true of poets who, like the Russians Yessenin and Mayakovsky, placed emphasis on public performance. The freeness of free verse is largely relative. $VA00008,1,1,1,0,1 Which part of the text does each statement refer to? #1. Coleridge defined prose as “words in their best order”. (…9) #2. Nonfiction is factual writing about real-life situations. (…6) #3. Literature is one of the fine arts. (…3) #4. We often speak of the literature of a period or refer to the literature of a subject. (…2) #5. Fiction is writing that an author creates from the imagination. (…4) 1. Literature, in its broadest sense, is everything that has ever been written. In a narrower sense, there are various kinds of “literatures”. For example, we may read literature written in a certain language, such as French literature. 2. We also study writings about people – the literature of the American Indian. We often speak of the literature of a period, such as literature of the 1800’s. We also refer to the literature of a subject, as in the literature of gardening. 3. But the word literature, in its strictest sense, means more than printed words. Literature is one of the fine arts. It refers to belles-lettres, a French phrase that means beautiful writing. 4. Literature has two main divisions: fiction and nonfiction. Fiction is writing that an author creates from the imagination. Authors may include facts about real persons or events, but they combine these facts with imaginary situations. 5. Most fiction is narrative writing, such as novels and short stories. Fiction also includes drama and poetry. 6. Nonfiction is factual writing about real-life situations. The chief forms of nonfiction include the essay, history, biography, autobiography, and diary. 7. The great body of world literature consists of words set apart in some way from ordinary everyday communication. In the ancient oral traditions, before stories and poems were written down, literature had a mainly public function – mythic and religious. 8. As literary works came to be preserved in writing, and then, eventually, printed, their role tended to become more private, as a vehicle for the exploration and expression of emotion and of the human situation. 9. Aesthetic criteria came increasingly to the fore; the English poet and critic Coleridge defined prose as “words in their best order”, and poetry as the “best words in the best order”. 10. The distinction between verse and prose is not always clear cut, but in practice poetry tends to be metrically formal (making it easier to memorize), whereas prose corresponds more closely to the patterns of ordinary speech. $VA00009,1,1,1,0,1 Which part of the text does each statement refer to? #1. There are two chief fields of linguistics. (…5) #2. Linguists try to answer questions about language. (…1) #3. Linguists analyze the speech of one or more native speakers of that language. (…2) #4. The number of sentences in a language is infinite. (…6) #5. Linguists gather data then establish facts about language. (…4) 1. Linguistics is the scientific study of language. Linguists try to answer questions about language, such as how languages change and why words mean what they mean. Linguists study both their own languages and languages they do not speak. 2. When linguists study a modern language, they analyze the speech of one or more native speakers of that language. They call such a person an informant. Many languages have no written form. 3. Therefore, linguists must often use a set of symbols called a phonetic alphabet to write down the speech sounds of an informant. Linguists also study dead languages to trace the development of modern ones. 4. Linguists gather data, form theories and test them, and then establish facts about language. These experts believe they know extremely little about even the most familiar languages. 5. They hope to record and study unfamiliar tongues before such languages become extinct. There are two chief fields of linguistics, descriptive linguistics and comparative linguistics. 6. All languages have a creative aspect. It consists of the ability of native speakers to produce and understand sentences that they have never encountered before. The number of sentences in a language is infinite, and so no language could be described by listing these sentences. Instead, the linguist devises grammar that explains, step by step, how to construct any form of sentence in the language. 7. Many linguists study aspects of language that involve other fields. For example, anthropological linguists study the influences that language and other elements of culture exert on one another. 8. Sociolinguists try to find out how language varies with differences in age, sex, and economic and social status. 9. Psycholinguists seek regularities in the ways people acquire and use language. They also study diseases and injuries that affect the ability to use language. 10. Mathematical linguists are interested in the relation between human languages and artificial languages used in computer programming. $VA00010,1,1,1,0,1 Which part of the text does each statement refer to? #1. “Make out “can mean ‘perceive’ or ‘imply’. (…4) #2. Single-word synonyms are often much more formal in style than phrasal verbs. (…7) #3. Phrasal verbs are two or more words including a verb and an adverb or preposition. (…1) #4. The meaning of a phrasal verb can differ greatly from the meanings of the two words used independently. (…2) #5. It is even suggested that single-word equivalents or synonyms should be used instead of phrasal verbs. (…6) 1. According to the definitions presented in many dictionaries of phrasal verbs, they are two or more words including a verb and an adverb or preposition, which are used together as a verb and have a different meaning from the verb alone. They are extremely common in English. 2. They are often a particular problem for learners of English. There are several reasons for this. One reason is that in many cases, even though students may be familiar with both the verb in the phrasal verb and with the particle, they may not understand the meaning of the combination, since it can differ greatly from the meanings of the two words used independently. 3. For example, make, put, out and off are all very common words which students will encounter in their first weeks of learning English. 4. Yet, the combinations “make out” and “put off” are not transparent. “Make out” can mean ‘perceive’ or ‘imply’, and “put off” can mean ‘postpone’ or ‘deter’, amongst other meanings: these meanings are unrelated to the meanings of the individual words in the combinations. 5. The fact that phrasal verbs often have a number of different meanings adds to their complexity. 6. It is often said that phrasal verbs tend to be rather ‘colloquial’ or ‘informal’ and more appropriate to spoken English than written. It is even suggested that single-word equivalents or synonyms should be used instead of phrasal verbs. 7. But in many cases phrasal verbs and their synonyms have different range of use, meaning, or collocation. Single-word synonyms are often much more formal in style than phrasal verbs. 8. The set of English phrasal verbs is constantly growing and changing. They form patterns which can to some extent be anticipated. 9. Particles often have particular meanings of their own which may be used in a variety of combinations. For example, there is relationship in meaning between the following phrasal verbs: “cool off”, “ease off”, “wear off”. 10. The dictionaries of phrasal verbs present the most problematic verbs for students of English. They are considered to be problematic as they occur in a large number of combinations with different particles. $VA00011,1,1,1,0,1 Which part of the text does each statement refer to? #1. Offa's daughter was married to the king of one of the southern kingdoms (…4) #2. The gold coins were aimed to be used when selling goods to other countries. (…10) #3. Offa's coinage was of higher quality than some other rulers produced. (…7) #4. King Offa wrote letters to a powerful king of another country. (…6) #5. King Offa made use of what previous kings had achieved. (…2) 1. King Offa (r. 757–796) of Mercia became one of the most powerful of Anglo-Saxon kings, referred to in later records by the title Rex Anglorum, or king of the English. 2. He built on the achievements of previous Mercian kings, who had established control of London and the strategic center of England. 3. Like many rulers in those dangerous times, Offa came to power after a civil war. 4. After a series of wars he established a loose overlordship over Wessex after marrying one of his daughters to its king. 5. Although he was never able to dominate Northumbria as he did the southern kingdoms, Offa also established a marriage between another daughter and a king of Northumbria. 6. Offa corresponded with the great Frankish king Charlemagne, although their relationship was often tense. 7. The coins he minted reached a height in terms of artistic quality for Anglo- Saxon currency and exceeded the quality of contemporary Frankish rulers. 8. They are remarkable for several reasons, for example, Offa’s coins are the only Anglo-Saxon coinage to depict a queen, his consort Cynethryth. 9. King Offa is also one of the few Anglo-Saxon rulers to mint surviving gold coins. 10. The dominant currency of Anglo-Saxon England was the silver penny known as the sceatta, and Offa’s gold coins were probably minted for foreign trade or tribute rather than circulation. $VA00012,1,1,1,0,1 Which part of the text does each statement refer to? #1. Scottish kings didn't have full power over the country.(…6) #2. Many different peoples lived at the territory of Scotland.(…1) #3. Power in Scotland was not centralized and some chiefs called themselves kings.(…7) #4. The first king of Scotland ruled in the ninth century. (…5) #5. In the 11th the Scottish king came to power with the English support. (…10) 1. Scotland was home to many peoples, including the Picts of the northeast, the Irish Scots in the west, the Britons in the southwest, the Anglo-Saxons of north Northumbria, and some Scandinavians in the far north and on the islands. 2. Geography made ethnic fragmentation inevitable as hill masses separated the main lowland areas and islands composed much of Scotland’s land surface. 3. Islands and coastal areas that survived by fishing looked outward to the sea rather than inward to the rest of Scotland. 4. It took some time for the Scots to form a united state and identity. The key moment was the formation of the united Scottish-Pictish kingdom of Alba under Scandinavian pressure. 5. The traditional date for the founding of the kingdom is 843, and the traditional founder is Kenneth MacAlpin (r. ca. 843–858), a Scottish king, although contemporary Irish records refer to him as “King of the Picts.” 6. However, the Scottish monarchy had few central institutions, and the king wielded little power in many areas. 7. Power was exercised in the periphery largely independent of the monarchy, and some regional leaders actually referred to themselves as kings. 8. The Scottish monarchy sought to preserve its independence from its neighbors to the south. 9. The English were often trying to interfere into the affairs of their northern neighbour. 10. For example. Malcolm Canmore became the king of Scotland in 1031 with English support. $VA00013,1,1,1,0,1 Which part of the text does each statement refer to? #1. Benito Mussolini ruled Italy. (…7) #2. The Nazis were against any people whose skin colour or religious beliefs they did not like. (…4) #3. Adolph Hitler founded the Nazi party in Germany. (…2) #4. Germany belonged to one of two alliances. (…10) #5. Hitler claimed that the German people were superior to other races. (…3) 1. There was bad news from Europe and Asia in the late 1930’s. The governments of Germany, Italy and Japan were trying to get control of other lands. 2. After World War I Adolph Hitler founded the Nazi party in Germany. Together with his followers he began to spread his beliefs. 3. Hitler called the German people a superior race, which must rule the world. 4. Soon Hitler made himself dictator of Germany and began preparing for war. The Nazis oppressed anyone whose race, religion or politics they did not like. 5. They built huge concentration camps. Jews, Catholics, Poles and others whom Hitler considered enemies were sent to these camps. 6. In the concentration camps people who were strong enough were forced to work as slaves. 7. Germany was not the only country in Europe ruled by a dictator. Benito Mussolini, who had come to power in Italy, was making plans to revive the glory of the Roman Empire. 8. In Asia a military group came to power in Japan. They also believed in the “glory” of ruling over the other nations. 9.In the 1930’s Germany, Italy and Japan formed an alliance called the Axis. 10. Great Britain and France led the alliance called the Allies. $VA00014,1,1,1,0,1 Which part of the text does each statement refer to? #1. Lincoln was badly shot in the theatre. (…5) #2. Linkoln believed that relationships between the north and the south should be restored. (…1) #3. For some people the Civil War was not different from a war for independence (…9) #4. The Southern Army was commanded by a person from Virginia. (…6) #5. Lee was against slavery. (…7) 1. President Lincoln had planned for a period of reconstructions after the war. He had thought it was necessary to choose new leaders for the South and to restore good relations between the north and the south. 2. Lincoln hoped that reconstructions would go quickly. 3. After Lincoln’s death Americans quarreled over how to carry out the reconstruction. 4. On the evening of April 14, 1865, President Lincoln and his wife went to see a play at Ford’s Theatre in Washington, D.C. 5. During the play, John Wilkes Booth, an actor and a southerner, shot the president. Lincoln died the next morning. 6. Robert E. Lee, probably the greatest soldier of the civil war, commanded the southern armies. Lee was from Virginia. He had spent most of his life in the army. 7. At the beginning of the Civil War President Lincoln asked Lee to command the Union troops. Lee loved the United States and he did not support slavery. 8. Lee felt that he could not fight against his neighbours from Virginia. So he resigned from the United States Army and led to the Confederate troops. 9. White southerners were fighting to preserve their way of life. For them the Civil War was the war for independence. 10. Another advantage, at least at the beginning, was that the war was fought in the South. $VA00015,1,1,1,0,1 Which part of the text does each statement refer to? #1. The Spanish did not admit that they had had relation to the blowing up of the American ship. (…5) #2. Americans were welcomed by the authorities of Cuba when their ship approached Cuba. (…4) #3. Cuba was fighting for its independence from Spain. (…1) #4. American newspapers claimed that the Spanish were responsible for the blowing up of the American ship. (…6) #5. President William McKinly did not want a war with Spain. (…3) 1. Cuba was a Spanish colony that was fighting for its independence. 2. Many Americans sympathized with the Cuban patriots. Besides, some Americans had invested 100 million dollars in the Cuban sugar industry. 3. President William McKinly wanted to avoid war. He sent the battleship Maine to the Cuban capital Havana to protect Americans and their property. 4. The Spanish rulers of Cuba welcomed the Americans. But on the night of February 15, 1898, the Maine suddenly exploded. Some 260 American sailors were killed. 5. Americans were furious. Spanish denied that they were responsible for the blowing up of the Maine. Even today no one knows what caused the explosion. 6. But the newspapers of the United States blamed the Spanish. 7. In April 1898 Spain and the United States went to war. The Spanish-American war was fought in other Spanish colonies. 8. In the Philippine Islands Spanish Commidore George Dewey of the United States won a great naval victory at Manila Bay. 9. American soldiers also defeated the Spanish on the Caribbean island of Puerto Rico. 10. In ten weeks the war was over. $VA00016,1,1,1,0,1 Which part of the text does each statement refer to? #1. Until 1999 the attempts to introduce either a power-sharing executive or a new assembly were not successful. ( …10 ) #2. Some places on the map were named after English and French kings and queens. ( … 2) #3. The reason for non-joining the League was not to be involved in new European quarrels. ( … 4) #4. Political violence resulted in suspending Northern Ireland’s Parliament by the British Parliament. ( … 9) #5. The new government was weak after the Revolution. ( …7 ) 1. European place names appeared in America beginning with the 16th century, when Europeans came to inhabit the New World. 2. Some of the names that appeared on the map at that time were those of English and French kings and queens. 3. The organization was called the League of Nations. 4. The Congress refused to let the United States join the League as it supported the idea to stay out and not get involved in new European quarrels. 5. Without the support of the United States hopes for the League began to fade. 6. The new nation had problems that needed to be handled by a strong government. 7. After the Revolution George Washington was troubled by the weakness of the new government. 8. Alexander Hamilton and James Madison also felt something had to be done to find a way to make a stronger national government. 9. In March 1972 years of political violence accompanied by increased acts of terrorism led the British Parliament to suspend Northern Ireland’s Parliament. 10. From 1972 a series of attempts were made to introduce either a power-sharing executive or a new assembly, but until 1999 they were not successful. $VA00017,1,1,1,0,1 Which part of the text does each statement refer to? #1. Not all inhabitants speak Welsh. ( … 8) #2. Picts, Brits and Scots belonged to the Celtic community in the 6th century. ( … 4) #3. “Calidonia” is a literary name of Scotland. ( … 2) #4. The book under the title “Four Ancient Books of Wales” was written in one of the Celtic languages. ( … 6) #5. British universities are well-known all over the world. ( …10 ) 1. Since the Roman invasion of Britain the history of this region has been characterized by its resistance to foreign domination. 2. The name “Calidonia” is often used in literature to mean Scotland. 3. The name was given by Romans to the northern part of island of Britain. 4. When the Scots arrived from Ireland in the 6th century, the Celtic community included Picts, Brits and Scots. 5. The borders of the Scottish Kingdom were extended to its present boundary in 1018 and a long era of conflict began with England. 6. Welsh belongs to the Celtic languages. One of the oldest works written in Welsh are the “Four Ancient Books of Wales” ( 6th- 14th centuries). 7. The Welsh have managed to maintain their ancient language. 8. Welsh is an expansive musical language, spoken by only one- fifth of the inhabitants. 9. Oxford has long been a strategic point on the western routes into London. 10. Oxford and Cambridge are among the oldest and most famous universities in the world. $VA00018,1,1,1,0,1 ????????????????????????? Which part of the text does each statement refer to? #1. The tourism industry has become a spring of job places for Londoners. ( … 8) #2. The process of urbanization in England resulted in the decrease in agriculture. ( … 4) #3. The Anglo-Saxons’ used Germanic letters for writing. ( …3 ) #4. The weapon project was launched by the university physicists of the UK. ( … 5) #5. Leisure services have been among the most profitable services in the United Kingdom. (…9) 1. The Anglo-Saxons had a sound /kh/ which they spelled /h/. Wherever you see /gh/ in modern English you know that it was spelled /h/ by the Anglo-Saxons. 2. The Normans did not have the Old English h - sound in the language and had no spelling for it. 3. The thing is that Anglo-Saxons did not have a very good alphabet, although they wrote a little with Germanic letters called “runes”. 4. An increase in population and urban growth during the 20th century caused a significant drop in the acreage of farms in England. 5. The British weapon project started informally, as in the United States, among university physicists. 6. The valuable knowledge and experience they acquired sped the development of the British bomb after 1945. 7. The major technological innovations of the late 19th and early 20th centuries improved the competitive potential of the newer industrial nations. 8. The tourism industry has clearly overtaken manufacturing as a source of employment for Londoners. 9. The most remarkable phenomenon characterizing the economy of the United Kingdom has been the growth of service industries. 10. The providers of personal, financial and leisure services have been the beneficiaries. $VA00019,1,1,1,0,1 Which part of the text does each statement refer to? #1. William used the Viking-style ships when he sailed to England. ( …3 ) #2. Harold was proclaimed king by the advisor because the English king had left no direct heir when he died. ( … 5) #3. William claimed that Harold had supported him as Edward’s successor. ( …6 ) #4. In the autumn of 1066 the Battle of Hastings that decided the future of England took place. ( …1 ) #5. The Battle of Hastings was a victory of a newer military technology. ( … 9) 1. The most famous date in English history is 1066, the year Duke William of Normandy (1027–87) conquered the Anglo-Saxon kingdom of England. 2. The duchy of Normandy, in northern France, was originally ceded to a Scandinavian Viking ruler in the early 10th century by the king of France to protect against other raiders. 3. The ships that brought William over to England, as depicted in the famous Bayeux Tapestry, were Viking longships in design. 4. However, by the late 11th century the Normans were entirely French in identity. William’s victory was precipitated by the death of Edward the Confessor in early January 1066. 5. Edward had left no children, and the witan proclaimed Harold II Godwinson, from the powerful Anglo-Saxon family of Godwin, to be king. 6. William, however, claimed that Edward had recognized him as the successor and that Harold had accepted this claim. 7. The decisive battle between the English and the Normans took place on October 14, 1066, at Hastings in Sussex. 8. Harold, along with most of the fighting aristocracy of Anglo-Saxon England, was killed in battle, and William was crowned king. 9. The Battle of Hastings was a victory of Continental military technology, particularly the mounted warrior, against the old-fashioned, infantry-dominated army of the Anglo-Saxon kingdom. 10. William presented himself both as the legitimate heir of Edward the Confessor and as the conqueror of England. $VA00020,1,1,1,0,1 Which part of the text does each statement refer to? #1. There was more land to work on than there were people to work the land. 10 #2. More people were getting married after the plague. 9 #3. The disease came back again and again. 6 #4. The plague was more severe in urban areas. 5 #5.The first occurrences of plague were in the south of England. 1 1. British society was fundamentally changed by the Black Death, a plague that first hit England in 1348, a year after its arrival in Europe, and spread rapidly throughout the British archipelago. 2. The disease was named after the black pustules it raised on the bodies of its victims. 3. It first struck through the southern ports in direct contact with the Continent. 4. By 1349 the plague covered the entire British Isles, the northern isles of Scotland, and the western part of Ireland. 5. It killed about 35–45 percent of the English population in its first assault and was particularly devastating in cities due to overcrowding and poor sanitation. 6. The plague was not a one time occurrence but recurred with diminishing intensity into the 17th century. These recurrences made it difficult for the population to recover. 7. Depopulation brought economic benefits to those who survived, however. One striking testimony to the large population of England relative to its resources at the time is that most vacancies on the land caused by the plague’s first wave filled immediately. 8. Plagues created vacancies that could not be filled. 9. Marriage rates rose after the plague since more people took spouses as part of the process of establishing themselves on the land. 10. Tenants were in a favourable position to bargain on rents, as there was more land available than people to work it. $VA00021,1,1,1,0,1 Which part of the text does each statement refer to? #1. The newspaperman has to be aware of the social changes. (…6) #2. Radio news bulletin has a highly abbreviated form. (…7) #3. Press differs from other media. (…9) #4. The word “journalism” derives from “journal”. (…3) #5. The word “scoop” means “a startling hard news story a day before its rivals”. (…10) 1. Journalism is information. 2. Journalism can communicate with as few people as a classroom news-sheet or a local magazine, or with as many people as there are in the world. 3. The word derives from “journal” and its best contents are “every day”. 4. It was some hours before important people in London heard the news. 5. This was a profound change in the pattern of human communication. 6. Still, the newspaperman has to be aware of the social changes in the lives of his readers. It is not enough for him to print the “hard news” of the evening. 7. Its readers who look at the paper over breakfast will have heard most of that and seen many of the public figures and significant events on television the night before. Or they will hear the early morning radio news items which have become news three hours later than the latest possible edition of the morning paper 8. But the press still has a function: the television or radio news bulletin contains only a few of the main facts in a highly abbreviated form, and newspapers are archives. 9. They (newspapers) can be referred to, checked back on, in a way that the television or radio news cannot. 10. But the old concept of a newspaper “scoop”, the presentation of a startling hard news story a day before its rivals, is virtually dead-killed by radio and television. $VA00022,1,1,1,0,1 Which part of the text does each statement refer to? #1. The creed embodies the highest personal ideals. (..3.) #2. Advertising should serve the best interests of readers. (...9) #3. Suppression of the news is indefensible. (...7) #4. Standard of helpful truth should prevail for all. (...10) #5. American code of ethics is the most famous creed for journalists. (...1) 1. You will be interested to compare the principles of Ukrainian journalists with a rather formal American code of ethics. It is the most famous creed for journalists. 2. This creed was written by Walter Williams, founder of the school of journalism at the University of Missouri, the oldest journalism school in the world. 3. The creed embodies the highest personal ideals of the journalism profession and has been translated into thirty-three languages. 4. I believe in the profession of journalism. I believe that the public journal is a public trust, that acceptance of a lesser service is betrayal of this trust. 5. I believe that clear thinking and clear statement, accuracy and fairness, are fundamental to good journalism. 6. I believe that a journalist should write only what he holds in his heart to be true. 7. I believe that suppression of the news for any consideration other than the welfare of society is indefensible. 8. I believe that no one should write as a journalist what he would not say as a gentleman. 9. I believe that advertising, news and editorial columns should serve the best interests of readers. 10. I believe that a single standard of helpful truth and cleanness should prevail for all. $VA00023,1,1,1,0,1 Which part of the text does each statement refer to? #1. The journalism is independent. (...1) #2. It is possible that a journalist’s article can hurt the people. (...7) #3. Newspapers should label stories as truth. (..5.) #4. Some of the goals are too difficult to reach. (...4) #5. The journalism cements world friendship. (..3.) 1. I believe that the journalism which succeeds best and best deserves success – fears God and honours man. The journalism is independent, unmoved by pride of opinion or greed of power, tolerant but never careless. 2. The journalism is self-controlled, patient, and always respectful of its readers; is quick, indignant at injustice, seeks to give every man a chance. 3. The journalism promotes international good will and cements world comradeship. It is a journalism of humanity, of and for today’s world. 4. Some journalists think that Walter William’s creed is too idealistic and some of the goals are too difficult to reach. 5. Thomas Jefferson once said that newspapers should label stories as truth, probabilities, possibilities and lies. 6. Some officials state that newspapermen “stick their noses” into affairs that are none of their business. 7. You must know that it is possible that a journalist’s article can hurt the people about whom it presents information. 8. In 1965 a New York Times reporter discovered that a prominent member of the american Nazi Party had Jewish ancestry. 9. He told the reporter that revealing that fact would finish his “career”. 10. Nevertheless, the Times published the story, and the Nazi committed suicide. $VA00024,1,1,1,0,1 Which part of the text does each statement refer to? #1. A journalist is the “one whose business is to write for a public journal”. (..2.) #2. Journalism is no place for the shy person. (...9) #3. A journalist must be able to write in a simple and lucid way. (..10.) #4. Most sub-editors lead a hard life. (..7.) #5. Journalism can be not only exciting. (..3.) 1. What sort of people are journalists? What qualities and qualifications do they possess? 2. The Concise Oxford Dictionary describes a journalist as the “one whose business is to edit or write for a public journal”. 3. Journalism is a hard life. Journalism can be exciting, but it can be sometimes boring. 4. It can be frustrating, too. It can be demanding and so makes it difficult or impossible for you to do a lot of things that other people do in their spare time. 5. Journalism can separate you from your family for a great amount of your time; some journalists see their school-going children only at weekends. It can cut you off from a good deal of social life with your friends, and it can make it almost impossible for you to know when you will be free and what time you will call your own. 6. Despite this, those who are journalists can imagine a few ways of life that are more rewarding, despite the drawbacks and frustrations of their profession. 7. Most sub-editors, particularly night sub-editors, lead a hard life, shut off from personal contact with the outside world; but many of them have been reporters and have known the thrill of meeting important people and of writing a good story - the excitement of being a journalist. 8. To be a good journalist you must have a great deal of curiosity. You must like people and be interested in what they do; you must be able to get on easy and friendly terms with men and women of all sorts, no matter how much they may differ from each other or from you. 9. Journalism is no place for the shy person who finds it difficult to talk to strangers. 10. He must be able to write, not necessarily at the standard of great writers, but in a simple and lucid fashion and, above all, quickly and in short sentences which convey concisely what is meant. $VA00025,1,1,1,0,1 Which part of the text does each statement refer to? #1. The birth of the daily newspaper is fascinating. (...5) #2. A lot of editorial conferences will take place. (...8) #3. Reporters will cover big and small assignments within the next 24 hours. (...6) #4. Journalism is an exciting field. (.4..) #5. The reporter must have a good deal of self-reliance. (..3.) 1. A reporter is responsible to his chief of staff. He is told to refer matters which involve decisions to the chief of staff. 2. But his chief of staff is not with him (a reporter) when he is reporting the proceedings of Parliament or some meeting, riots with him when he is interviewing an important person, not with him when he is reporting an event involving loss of life, a bushfire or a flood. 3. There the reporter is on his own, with nobody to turn to for advice. There he has to make his own decisions and shoulder responsibility. He must have a good deal of self-reliance and push and energy and initiative. 4. When young men and women enter journalism they enter an exciting field. Other professions and jobs have their excitement, their fascination, their frustrations. I cannot imagine any more rewarding way of life than journalism. 5. I must admit I am in no position to speak of the advantages and disadvantages of other professions, since I have never worked outside journalism. After 34 years in journalism I am still fascinated by the birth of the daily newspaper. Every day is a new day. Yesterday’s news is history. 6. Reporters, sub-editors, copy-boys, even editors, again begin the complex process of producing a newspaper. Reporters will cover assignments big and small within the next 24 hours. News from all over the world will come into the office in a never-ending stream through teletype machines. 7. Sub-editors will assess the value of stories and send a copy to the composing room. 8. Many editorial conferences will be held. 9. To an outsider it is confusion but page-proofs begin to appear. 10. Soon the presses are rolling, and another paper is on the streets. Soon reporters, sub-editors, copy-boys and editors start work again, and yet another edition of a newspaper is being produced. $VA00026,1,1,1,0,1 Which part of the text does each statement refer to? #1. The requirements for the general assignment reporter have increased. (...2) #2. He must have a nose for the news. (..3.) #3. The photographer must have his camera prepared for action. (..8.) #4. The main function of the reviewer is to provide an information service. (..10.) #5. The job of the news photographer is very difficult. (.5..) 1. The general assignment reporter is the backbone of any newspaper’s staff. 2. The requirements for the general assignment reporter are higher today than ever before. 3. He must have a wide knowledge of world affairs and a nose for the news. 4. The leg man, the guy who races to the scene of the crime and phones in notes to a rewrite man is disappearing now. These days most papers insist on reporters who can write their own stories, even if a rewrite man has to fix them up later. 5. The news photographer has one of the most difficult jobs in journalism. 6. The reporter may observe an incident or a situation over a period of time. Even if it is only seconds: he then thinks over what he has seen, and writes his report. 7. The photographer must anticipate the key moment. 8. The photographer must have his camera poised to catch it. You cannot turn back time to recapture a missed moment. 9. The review of books, works of art, music, sport or politics for the press, and for the news media of the radio and television, has a number of functions to perform. The relative importance of these functions will always remain a matter of debate. There can perhaps be no final judgement on it. 10. We suggest that the main function of the reviewer is to keep the reading public informed about views, opinions, achievements and novelties in different spheres of life. He provides, in other words, an information service. $VA00027,1,1,1,0,1 Which part of the text does each statement refer to? ???????????????????????????????? #1. The police reporter gives tips to learn about murders that have been committed. (...) #2. The police reporter can’t be disregarded. (...1) #3. He gives tips to learn about homes that have been broken down. (..4.) #4. The police reporter is the first who gives tips to learn about missing persons. (.6..) #5. The reason for the man remaining at his post at the police headquarters is the importance of crime news. (..2.) 1. The police reporter is indispensable. 2. If for the financial reason a newspaper were compelled to fire all of its reporters but one, it would be the man at the police headquarters who would remain at his post. 3. This is so not because crime news is considered so overpoweringly important. 4. The police reporter usually is the first to turn in tips about accidents in addition to learning about homes that have been broken down. 5. He is also the first to turn in tips about accidents in addition to learning about checks that have been forged and murders that have been committed. 6. Besides, the police reporter usually is the first to turn in tips about accidents in addition to learning about attempted suicides, missing persons, rabid dogs, strikes and many other events about which newspapers carry stories. 7. Look professional. That usually means a jacket and a tie for men, a dress or suit for women. Wear solid colors; avoid stripes. If bright colors make your skin shine, add makeup. And don’t forget your hairspray. 8. If you have got bad hair, an ugly tie or a huge pimple on your nose, viewers will latch onto it and become distracted. That’s why you should try to eliminate all distracting flaws. 9. It’s the newscast producer’s job to decide how much air time each story deserves – and what format it should use. 10. For short, simple stories, an anchor simply reads the script; for longer, more complex topics, a reporter works with a producer, editor and photographer to produce a package. $VA00028,1,1,1,0,1 Which part of the text does each statement refer to? #1. The journalist must be a first-rate general reporter. (.5..) #2. The beginner must start with tackling the problem of languages. (..8.) #3. It is important for journalists to know several foreign languages. (...9) #4. To know a language means to be able to do different things. (..10.) #5. To cover the world’s news is the dream of many cub-reporters. (...2) 1. The life and work of the Foreign Correspondent have a strong appeal for most young men and women in journalism. 2. To cover the world’s news from China to Peru, from Kyiv to Cape Town, to send back dispatches under date-lines from “far-away places with strange-sounding names” is the secret dream of many cub-reporters. 3. The work of the foreign correspondent is something much wider than the mere reporting of events. 4. He must give his readers at home a complete background service explaining and interpreting the news, providing eye-witness descriptions of scenes and happenings, conjuring up the atmosphere in which events are taking place, mailing informative articles periodically which will make newspaper readers familiar with the background of affairs. 5. The journalist who wishes to make a success as an “ambassador of the Press” must be a first-rate general reporter. 6. He must have a nose for the news and a keenly developed sense of news values. 7. He must be a good listener and a good mixer. 8. The beginner in journalism who is determined to make a Foreign Correspondent his aim, must begin by tackling the problem of languages. 9. He should know at least two languages, apart from his own. 10. It must be remembered that to know a language means to be able to write the language fluently, take down speeches in shorthand, follow conversations through the distorting medium of the telephone, and the like. $VA00029,1,1,1,0,1 Which part of the text does each statement refer to? #1. “News is the unusual”. (..2.) #2. The editor’s interests correspond to those of readers. (..6.) #3. Human interest reports fall into the good news category. (...8) #4. The news does not always contain good things. (..3.) #5. “Good News” program failed in the ratings. (..10.) 1. News is something out-of-the-ordinary that will happen, that is happening, or that did happen just a minute ago and will interest people beyond those immediately involved. 2. As the editor of a West Coast daily said: “News is the unusual”. 3. Too often, perhaps, news is crime, sensationalism, the exposure of corruption. 4. The editor is not interested in the 50 houses in the neighbourhood that didn’t burn down yesterday. 5. The editor has to do his job. 6. He is interested in the houses that burnt because you – the reader, listener, and viewer – are interested. 7. All of us have probably said, at one time or another, “Why don’t they ever put anything good on the news?” 8. Of course, there are feature stories and human interest reports that fall into the good news category. 9. But ask yourself, “Would I watch the ten o’clock news if that was all they reported?” 10. Ask Ted Turner how interested people really are in good news. His cable superstition, TBS, offered a “Good News” program every evening in 1983. It failed in the ratings. $VA00030,1,1,1,0,1 Which part of the text does each statement refer to? #1. The producer decides what to do. (..9.) #2. Look may distract TV viewers. (...8) #3. TV reporting is different from other news media. (..2.) #4. Many skills are required from TV reporter. (..4.) #5. Local reporters often do live stand-ups. (.3..) 1. A successful television reporter needs to move swiftly from story to story, becoming an instant expert who’ll condense a confusing jumble of facts into 60 seconds of journalistic clarity. But that’s not all. 2. Reporting differs from all other news media. 3. You’ll talk into camera live without notes. Yes, anchors read from the script as they deliver news from the studio but the trend in local TV is for reporters to do live stand-ups from the news scenes as often a possible. 4. That requires grace under pressure, a rock-solid memory and fluid improvisational skills. Think it’s easy getting pounded by a hurricane as you describe the city’s evacuation plan. 5. Words are crucial, but images rule. TV viewers want to view TV. They want color, action, drama – not talking heads reciting lifeless facts. TV news isn’t just a newspaper with bonus video. To produce a successful newscast you need an entirely different mind-set, from news judgment to a storytelling techniques. 6. Print and radio reporters go solo to news events, but TV news relies on teamwork between you and your photographer. The stronger your visuals the better play your story will get. 7. Look professional. That usually means a jacket and a tie for men, a dress or suit for women. Wear solid colors; avoid stripes. If bright colors make your skin shine, add makeup. And don’t forget your hairspray. 8. If you have got bad hair, an ugly tie or a huge pimple on your nose, viewers will latch onto it and become distracted. That’s why you should try to eliminate all distracting flaws. 9. It’s the newscast producer’s job to decide how much air time each story deserves – and what format it should use. 10. For short, simple stories, an anchor simply reads the script; for longer, more complex topics, a reporter works with a producer, editor and photographer to produce a package. $VA00031,1,1,1,0,1 Which part of the text does each statement refer to: #1. The Theatre Royal in Drury Lane is the ancient one (1…) #2. King Charles II was the first king who visited The Theatre Royal in Drury Lane (…3) #3. The Baddeley Cake is given to all Company members on each Twelfth Night (7…) #4. R. Baddeley became one of the members of King’s Company (8…) #5. According to Baddeley’s testament treat is given to the Company every Twelfth Night (9…) 1. The Theatre Royal in Drury Lane is one of the oldest London theatres. 2. It was open on May 7, 1663. 3. King Charles II was present at the performance and he was the first British king who attended a public theatre. 4. Since that time the theatre is called Royal and the actors - the King's Company. 5. Drury Lane, as it is called sometimes, is a theatre of traditions. 6. One of them - dating back to 1795 - is kept each Twelfth Night, January 6th. 7. On this day the Baddeley cake is offered to every member of the Company with a glass of wine. 8. Robert Baddeley was a pastry cook who became an actor and joined the King's Company at the Theatre Royal. 9. After a successful stage career he left money in his will to give cake and wine for the Company every Twelfth Night. 10. After the evening performance the actresses and actors come off the stage in their costumes and make-up and go to the hall to eat the Baddeley cake. $VA00032,1,1,1,0,1 Which part of the text does each statement refer to: #1. One of the inhabitants of Stratford planned building a theatre for the town on the site he gifted. (2…) #2. Shakespeare festivals have been held since the opening of the theatre. (…4) #3. Building of the new theatre started in three years after the fire. (…8) #4. The modern theatre has different architecture from its predecessor. (9…) #5. The theatre owns a lot of equipment and facilities. (…10) 1. The season of Shakespeare's play, which is held annually at the Shakespeare Memorial Theatre, has become so established that it now carries the reputation of an English tradition. 2. In 1874, Charles Flower, a prominent resident of Stratford, began a scheme for building a theatre for the town, and he presented a two-acre site on the banks of the river for this purpose. 3. On April 23, Shakespeare's birthday, in 1879, the First Memorial Theatre was opened with a Shakespeare Festival. 4. Since that time, Festivals have been held for a few weeks every year. 5. In 1926, like two other famous theatres - Drury Lane and Covent Garden - Stratford's Theatre was burned to the ground. 6. But the fire did not stop the Shakespeare season. 7. For the next six years it was held at the local cinema, while the Chairman of the Board of Governors, then Sir Archibald Flower, began a world-wide campaign for funds to rebuild it. 8. In 1929, three years after the fire, the foundation stone of the new theatre was laid. 9. The present Shakespeare Memorial Theatre, which was opened in 1932 and was designed by Elizabeth Scott, does not attempt to imitate its Gothic predecessor. 10. The Theatre is now one of the most comfortable and best equipped in the world, completely self-contained, with its own wardrobes and workshops, library, picture gallery and restaurant. $VA00033,1,1,1,0,1 Which part of the text does each statement refer to: #1. Royal Academy of Arts is popular with the visitors. (…1) #2. Professional artists were invited to work in the Academy. (…3) #3. Academy admits one hundred students. (5…) #4. Students have the possibility to exhibit their works to leading teachers and art critics. (7…) #5. Works exhibited in the Academy are mostly sold. (…10) 1. Since 1869 Burlington House has been the home of the Royal Academy of Arts, whose exhibitions attract thousands of visitors every year. 2. The Royal Academy's services to the arts began over 200 years ago. 3. Its first President, Sir Joshua Reynolds, succeeded in creating in the Academy a body of highly skilled professional artists to foster the arts. 4. The Academy's purpose is the teaching of art to Britain's most talented students. 5. About one hundred attend the Academy. 6. Some 6500 artists and architects have been trained, free of charge, in the Schools of Painting and Drawing, Sculpture and Architecture. 7. The exhibitions of the student's work in June and November attract leading teachers and art critics. 8. The Summer Exhibition has been held since 1769. 9. It is the largest annual open art show in the world and the selection is made by 15 leading Royal Academicians who judge some 10 000 works. 10. The exhibition remains open for three and a half months and the majority of the works are for sale. $VA00034,1,1,1,0,1 Which part of the text does each statement refer to: #1. West End hosts most of the theatrical act