Ó×ÈÌ ÀÍÃËÈÉÑÊÈÉ: Âðåìåíà ãëàãîëîâ
Ïîæàëóé, ñàìîå ñëîæíîå ïðè èçó÷åíèè ëþáîãî èíîñòðàííîãî ÿçûêà - ýòî "óëîæèòü" ïðàâèëüíî è íàó÷èòüñÿ èñïîëüçîâàòü âðåìåíà ãëàãîëîâ. ß ïðåäëàãàþ ñâîþ øïàðãàëî÷êó, ÷òî î÷åíü ìíå ïîìîãëà íà ïåðâûõ øàãàõ èçó÷åíèÿ àíãëèéñêîãî - ýòî ïðèìåíåíèå âðåì¸í íà ïðèìåðå ñêëîíåíèÿ ãëàãîëà - "ãóëÿòü" - "walking",
à òàêæå ïðîñëóøàòü òðè 45-ìèíóòíûõ óðîêà íà òåìó ÂÐÅÌÅÍÍÛÕ ÔÎÐÌ ãëàãîëîâ â àíãëèéñêîì. 1 -Òåîðèÿ, 2,3 - Ïðàêòèêà - â ñòèëå ðàññóæäåíèÿ ïî-ðóññêè âåäóùèå - Àíäðåé Ãóëÿåâ, Äìèòðèé Ëîìîòü.
Èòàê, øïàðãàëî÷êà Ñèñòåìà àíãëèéñêèõ âðåìåí:
. íåîïðåäåëåííûå (Indefinite), ò.å. íåèçâåñòíî, ãóëÿåøü òû èëè íåò,
. äëèòåëüíûå (Continuous), ò.å. òû äàâíî óæå è ïðîäîëæàåøü,
. çàâåðøåííûå (Perfect), ò.å. òû ëèáî âûøåë ïîãóëÿòü, ëèáî óæå âåðíóëñÿ.
1.1. Present Indefinite (íàñòîÿùåå íåîïðåäåëåííîå), ñì. âûøå.
I walk every day. - ß ãóëÿþ êàæäûé äåíü. Âìåñòî everyday ìîæíî óïîòðåáëÿòü
âûðàæåíèÿ: usually, seldom, often, from time to time
1.2. Present Continuous (íàñòîÿùååäëèòåëüíîå):
I am walking now. – ß ãóëÿþ ñåé÷àñ.
Äëÿ ýìôàòè÷åñêîãî óñèëåíèÿ ìîæíî óïîòðåáëÿòü íàðå÷èÿ:
He is constantly working! – Îí ïîñòîÿííî ðàáîòàåò!
1.3. Present Perfect (íàñòîÿùåå çàâåðøåííîå):
Ihavealreadywalkedtoday. - ß óæå íàãóëÿëñÿ ñåãîäíÿ. (íà ïðåäëîæåíèå ïîéòè ïîãóëÿòü)
1.4. Present Perfect Continuous (íàñòîÿùåå çàâåðøåííî-ïðîäîëæåííîå):
I have been drawing since childhood. I have been waiting for you for 2 hours.
2.1. Past Indefinite (ïðîøåäøåå íåîïðåäåëåííîå):
I walked (went out) yesterday. - ß ãóëÿë â÷åðà. íå ïóòàòü ñî âðåìåíåì 1.3., òîëüêî ÷òî.
I took it easy when my husband came (ÿ ðàññëàáèëàñü òîëüêî êîãäà ìîé ìóæ ïðèø¸ë)
2.2. Past Continuous (ïðîøåäøåå äëèòåëüíîå):
×àñòî óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ, êàê ïðèäàòî÷íîå ïðåäëîæåíèå ê ãëàâíîìó âî âðåìåíè 2.1
- Unfortunately, I was walking (was taking easy) at the moment my husband came.
Ê íåñ÷àñòüþ ÿ ãóëÿëà (ðàññëàáëÿëàñü, âàëÿëà äóðàêà áåçäåëüíè÷àëà)
2.3. Past Perfect (ïðîøåäøåå çàâåðøåííîå):
- I had already walked (come back from my walk) when my wife came.
- ß óæå íàãóëÿëñÿ, êîãäà âîøëà æåíà.
3.2.4. Past Perfect Continuous (ïðîøåäøåå çàâåðøåííî-ïðîäîëæåííîå):
- I had been traveling for about a month when I meet him.
- ß ïóòåøåñòâîâàëà óæå îêîëî ìåñÿöà, êîãäà âñòðåòèëà (ìýò) åãî.
3.1. Future Indefinite (áóäóùååíåîïðåäåëåííîå):
I will walkingtomorrow . - ß ïîéäó ãóëÿòü çàâòðà.
Ïðèìå÷àíèå: ïðè îòñóòñòâèè ïîäõîäÿùåãî âðåìåíè è óñëîâèé óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ
- If I walk tomorrow my legs will be sick the day after tomorrow.
3.3.2. Future Continuous (áóäóùååäëèòåëüíîå):
I will be walking tomorrow at 5. - ßáóäóíàïðîãóëêåçàâòðàâ5.
Ïðèìå÷àíèå: Ïðè ãîðÿ÷åì æåëàíèè 3.1. ìîæíî óïîòðåáëÿòü âðåìÿ 3.2. :
- Soon! Soon I will be traveling!
3.3.3. Future Perfect (áóäóùåå çàâåðøåííîå):
Óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ ïðè ïëàíèðîâàíèè ñîñòîÿíèÿ îïüÿíåíèÿ
- Tomorrow by 5 o’clock I will have walked.
- Çàâòðà ê ïÿòè ÿ áóäó íàãóëÿâøèñü.
3.3.4. Future Perfect Continuous (áóäóùåå çàâåðøåííî-äëèòåëüíîå):
- By tomorrow morning I will have been traveling for a week.
- Ê çàâòðàøíåìó óòðó ÿ áóäó ïóòåøåñòâîâàòü íåäåëþ.
Óðîê 1: ðàññêàçûâàåòñÿ ñêîëüêî âðåì¸í íà ñàìîì äåëå â àíãëèéñêîì, çà÷åì îíè íóæíû, êàê îíè ïðèìåíÿþòñÿ, è êàê âûáèðàòü íóæíûé âàðèàíò â çàâèñèìîñòè îò ñèòóàöèè.
http://dontspeak.podster.ru/3
 ïîäêàñòå:
— Ñêîëüêî æå âðåì¸í â àíãëèéñêîì íà ñàìîì äåëå?
— Ïî÷åìó ðóññêèé ÿçûê îáõîäèòñÿ áåç «êó÷è âðåì¸í», à àíãëèéñêèé — íåò.
— ×òî òàêîå âðåìÿ, à ÷òî òàêîå âðåìåííàÿ ôîðìà, è â ÷¸ì ðàçíèöà.
— Êàê ïðàâèëüíî âûáèðàòü, êàêîå âðåìÿ è âðåìåííóþ ôîðìó íóæíî èñïîëüçîâàòü â òîé èëè èíîé ñèòóàöèè.
Óðîê 2:
Âû óçíàåòå, êàê çâó÷èò è ïèøåòñÿ êàæäàÿ èç íèõ â ïðåäëîæåíèÿõ âñåõ òèïîâ â íàñòîÿùåì âðåìåíè. Ìû âñïîìíèì ïðî òåõíèêó «7 íîò», è ðàçëîæèì ïî íîòàì ñêàçóåìîå äëÿ êàæäîé èç âðåìåííûõ ôîðì:
http://dontspeak.podster.ru/4
 ïîäêàñòå:
— Ñêàçóåìûå äëÿ âñåõ âðåìåííûõ ôîðì íà àíãëèéñêîì ÿçûêå.
— Êàêàÿ ÷àñòü ñêàçóåìîãî ìîæåò ìåíÿòüñÿ, à êàêàÿ — íåò?
— Ãëàãîë «Do» â present simple — êîãäà îí åñòü, êîãäà åãî íåò è ïî÷åìó?
Ïîÿñíåíèÿ ê ýòîìó óðîêó: Simple | Ñontinuous |Perfect |Perfect Continuous
Ïðîñòûå âðåìåíà (Simple Tenses)
Îçíà÷àþò ñîñòîÿíèå, ïîâòîðåíèå, ïîñëåäîâàòåëüíîñòü è ÷àñòî èäóò ñ ÷àñòîòíûìè íàðå÷èÿìè (never, seldom, sometimes, often, as a rule / usually/normally/typically/commonly, always) è â óñëîâíûõ ïðèäàòî÷íûõ.
Present Simple(Indefinite) (íàñòîÿùåå ïðîñòîå) äëÿ îáû÷íûõ äåéñòâèé/ñîñòîÿíèé.
I often hear English words on TV.
ß ÷àñòî ñëûøó àíãëèéñêèå ñëîâà ïî ÒÂ
Past Simple(Indefinite) (ïðîøåäøåå ïðîñòîå) äëÿ ïðîøëûõ äåéñòâèé/ñîñòîÿíèé.
It happened when I was 10.
Ýòî ñëó÷èëîñü, êîãäà ìíå áûëî 10.
Future Simple(Indefinite) (áóäóùåå ïðîñòîå) äëÿ îæèäàåìûõ äåéñòâèé/ñîñòîÿíèé.
After the 2nd right turn you’ll see your destination
Çà âòîðûì ïîâîðîòîì íàïðàâî ïðèä¸òå ïî íàçíà÷åíèþ.
Äëèòåëüíûå âðåìåíà
Îçíà÷àþò ïðîöåññ è ÷àñòî èäóò ñ âðåìåííûìè íàðå÷èÿìè ((right) now / at the moment / nowadays) è ñîþçàìè (as, while).
Present Continuous(Progressive) (íàñòîÿùåå äëèòåëüíîå) äëÿ òåêóùèõ äåéñòâèé/ñîñòîÿíèé.
What are you talking about?
×òî òû íåñ¸øü?
Past Continuous(Progressive) (ïðîøåäøåå äëèòåëüíîå) äëÿ ïðîòåêàâøèõ äåéñòâèé/ñîñòîÿíèé.
The sun was shining.
Ñèÿëî ñîëíöå
Future Continuous(Progressive) (áóäóùåå äëèòåëüíîå) äëÿ îæèäàåìî ïðîòåêàþùèõ äåéñòâèé/ñîñòîÿíèé.
She’ll be asking for more and more…
Îíà áóäåò ïðîñèòü âñ¸ áîëüøå è áîëüøå…
Ñîâåðø¸ííûå âðåìåíà
Îçíà÷àþò ðåçóëüòàò è ÷àñòî èäóò ñ íàðå÷èÿìè âðîäå just, yet, already è âî âðåìåííûõ ïðèäàòî÷íûõ (when, after, before, no sooner).
Present Perfect (íàñòîÿùåå ñîâåðø¸ííîå) äëÿ ñâåæèõ äåéñòâèé/ñîñòîÿíèé.
Look what you’ve done!
Ïîñìîòðè, ÷òî òû íàäåëàë!
Past Perfect (ïðîøåäøåå ñîâåðø¸ííîå) äëÿ ïðåäïðîøåäøèõ äåéñòâèé/ñîñòîÿíèé.
He thought the party had started.
Îí äóìàë, ÷òî âå÷åðèíêà óæå íà÷àëàñü
Future Perfect (áóäóùåå ñîâåðø¸ííîå) äëÿ ïðåäáóäóùèõ äåéñòâèé/ñîñòîÿíèé.
Will you have done the work by lunch?
Ê îáåäó çàêîí÷èøü ðàáîòó?
Ñîâåðø¸ííî-äëèòåëüíûå âðåìåíà
Îçíà÷àþò ðåçóëüòàòèâíûé ïðîöåññ è ÷àñòî èäóò ñ íàðå÷èÿìè âðîäå lately / of late / recently è âðåìåííûìè ïðåäëîãàìè by, since, for, during.
Present Perfect Continuous (íàñòîÿùåå ñîâåðø¸ííî-äëèòåëüíîå) äëÿ ðåçóëüòàòèâíî ïðîòåêàþøèõ äåéñòâèé/ñîñòîÿíèé.
We’ve been waiting here for a whole hour.
Ìû çäåñü óæå ÷àñ òîð÷èì!
Past Perfect Continuous (ïðîøåäøåå ñîâåðø¸ííî-äëèòåëüíîå) äëÿ ðåçóëüòàòèâíî ïðîòåêàâøèõ äåéñòâèé/ñîñòîÿíèé.
I’d been watching him from my car before he disappeared.
ß íàáëþäàë çà íèì èç ìàøèíû, ïîêà îí íå èñ÷åç
Future Perfect Continuous (áóäóùåå ñîâåðø¸ííî-äëèòåëüíîå) äëÿ îæèäàåìûõ ðåçóëüòàòèâíûõ ïðîöåññîâ.
By 2020 the family will have been living there for 50 years.
Ê 2020 ã. ýòà ñåìüÿ áóäåò ïðîæèâàòü òàì óæå 50 ëåò
Íåêîòîðûå ãðàììàòèñòû âûäåëÿþò òàêæå ïðîøåäøå-áóäóùèå ãëàãîëüíûå âðåìåíà. Õîòÿ îñòàëüíûå îòíîñÿò ýòè ñëó÷àè ê ñîñëàãàòåëüíîìó íàêëîíåíèþ.
Ïðîøåäøå-áóäóùèå âðåìåíà
Îçíà÷àþò áóäóùåå â ïðîøåäøåì è ÷àñòî èäóò â ïðèäàòî÷íûõ êîñâåííîé ðå÷è.
Past Future Simple (ïðîøåäøå-áóäóùåå ïðîñòîå) äëÿ îáû÷íûõ äåéñòâèé/ñîñòîÿíèé ñ òî÷êè çðåíèÿ ïðîøëîãî.
We knew we would manage somehow.
Ìû çíàëè, ÷òî ñïðàâèìñÿ òàê èëè èíà÷å
Past Future Continuous (ïðîøåäøå-áóäóùåå äëèòåëüíîå) äëÿ îæèäàåìûõ â ïðîøëîì ïðîöåññîâ.
They hoped they’d be living together.
Îíè íàäåÿëèñü, ÷òî áóäóò æèòü âìåñòå
Past Future Perfect (ïðîøåäøå-áóäóùåå ñîâåðø¸ííîå) äëÿ îæèäàåìûõ â ïðîøëîì ðåçóëüòàòîâ.
He promised the project would have been finished by the next day.
Îí îáåùàë, ÷òî ïðîåêò áóäåò çàâåø¸í ê ñëåäóþùåìó äíþ
Past Future Perfect Continuous (ïðîøåäøå-áóäóùåå ñîâåðø¸ííî-äëèòåëüíîå) äëÿ îæèäàåìûõ â ïðîøëîì ðåçóëüòàòèâíûõ ïðîöåññîâ.
I hoped the movie wouldn’t have been going on long when I came.
ß íàäåÿëñÿ, ÷òî ôèëüì íå áóäåò èäòè äîëãî, êîãäà ïðèäó.
Óðîê 3 : äîñòàòî÷íî âîîðóæèòüñÿ ïàðîé ïðîñòûõ ïðàâèë, è áóäóùåå ñ ïðîøëûì ìîæíî ñ÷èòàòü îñâîåííûìè! Ïîìèìî îñíîâíûõ ôîðì, â àíãëèéñêîì åñòü ñïåöèàëüíûå êîíñòðóêöèè, ñ ïîìîùüþ êîòîðûõ îïèñûâàþò ïðîøëîå è áóäóùåå, è ñ íèìè âû òîæå ïîçíàêîìèòåñü â ýòîì ïîäêàñòå.
http://dontspeak.podster.ru/5
— Îäíî ïðàâèëî, çíàÿ êîòîðîå, ìîæíî ïîëó÷èòü áóäóùåå âðåìÿ äëÿ ëþáîé èç âðåìåííûõ ôîðì.
— Îäíî ïðàâèëî, ïî êîòîðîìó ôîðìû íàñòîÿùåãî âðåìåíè ïðåîáðàçóþòñÿ â ôîðìû ïðîøåäøåãî.
— Êàêèå ÷àñòè ñêàçóåìîãî ìîãóò ìåíÿòüñÿ îò ïîäëåæàùåãî ê ïîäëåæàùåìó, êàêèå — íåò, è îò ÷åãî ýòî çàâèñèò.
Ñåðèÿ ñîîáùåíèé "èíîñòðàííûå ÿçûêè":
×àñòü 1 - Àíãëèéñêèé äëÿ Íà÷èíàþùèõ ïî Äðàãóíêèíó.
×àñòü 2 - Àíãëèéñêèé ÿçûê :Ýòî äîëæåí çíàòü êàæäûé
×àñòü 3 - Î÷åíü ïîëåçíûå ññûëêè äëÿ èçó÷åíèÿ àíãëèéñêîãî
×àñòü 4 - Ó×ÈÌ ÀÍÃËÈÉÑÊÈÉ: Âðåìåíà ãëàãîëîâ
×àñòü 5 - Ìèíè-ñëîâàðü ñàìûõ ðàñïðîñòðàí¸ííûõ ôðàçîâûõ ãëàãîëîâ.
×àñòü 6 - Ñõåìû äëÿ çàïîìèíàíèÿ
...
×àñòü 8 - 15 çàõâàòûâàþùèõ àóäèîêíèã äëÿ òåõ, êòî õî÷åò èçó÷àòü àíãëèéñêèé
×àñòü 9 - Êëàä äëÿ òåõ, êòî ó÷èò àíãëèéñêèé
×àñòü 10 - íåìåöêèé