THE LONG VOWEL MARKS- WAAW AL-MADD

• /Waaw al-Madd/ is the long vowel lengthening the sound of the /Đammah/ from 'u' into 'oo'. We have not covered the joining of letters yet, so just read the letter lengthening the sound, and we shall cover the way the letters change shape when joining in a later lesson In-Shā’-Allâh (God wiling).

SUKUUN AND SHADDAH

• In this lesson we will cover one more diacritical mark (i.e. a mark added to a letter to indicate a special pronunciation) in the Arabic language called the /Sukūn/ In-Shā’-Allâh (God wiling). The /Sukūn/ is in the shape of a circle and is written above a letter to show that there is no vowel on the letter. Hence, we emphasise the letter by stopping in our pronunciation of it. This will require us to join letters. Although we have not covered the rules relating to joining of letters (covered in a later lesson). We will use simple words to demonstrate the usage of the /Sukūn/.
• Please click on the words to hear how they are pronounced. This is a good opportunity for you to learn how to read basic Arabic words. Please don't worry if you find it difficult to read the words by putting the letters together. We will go over reading words in more detail later In-Shā’-Allâh (God wiling). At this stage focus on the principle of the /Sukūn/ and try your best to read the words.

Click on Letters to hear pronunciation

• We will now cover the /Shaddah/ In-Shā’-Allâh (God wiling). The /Shaddah/ is a diacritical mark written above a letter to show that the letter has been doubled and therefore increases in emphasis. Once again, please don't worry if you find joining the letters and vowel-marks or reading difficult. Try your best to join the sounds and letters at this stage and pay attention to the sound of the letter which has the /Shaddah/ on it. 

ARABIC ALPHABET- JOINED FORM

• The joining of the Arabic Alphabet can be a difficult subject to master. The reason for this is that the way a letter joins depends on:
  • The letter being used (e.g.: /Alif/, /Baa/ etc.) as different rules apply to different letters.
  • The position of the letter in the word (i.e. beginning, middle or end).
  • Unique letters - i.e. there are 6 letters which do not join to any other letter (but can be joined to) - this is covered below.
• As there are so many different scenarios to remember, it is easier to remember the patterns. The table below shows every scenario, i.e.: how each letter will be written in the beginning, middle and end of a word as well as an example of its joined form and the shape of the letter by itself (as we learnt earlier).
• The most common patterns you will find below are:
  • All letters are written in their full form if they occur at the end of a word, some may slightly change shape.
  • Most letters do join to other letters in front of them, however, there are  six letters which do not join to any letter after them, these letters are:

• There are groups of letters which have similar shapes in individual (i.e. as learnt earlier). These groups are also similar in joined form (e.g. /Bā’/, /Tā’/ and /Thā’/). The only difference in these letters is the number or positions of dots around the letter.

• Whilst it is important to make an effort to look at the forms above, it is sometimes easier to look for the patterns rather than each individual letter. For example, the following groups of letters are very similar in their joined forms, in most cases the only difference is the position or number of dots used in the letters:
  • /Bā’/, /Taa/ and /Thā’/
  • /Ĵīm/, /Ha/ and /Khâ’/
  • /Sīn/ and /Shīn/
  • /Ŝâd/ and /Đâd/
  • /Ŧâ’/ and /Dhâ’/
• Finally, to master the different forms of joining will take some time and it is important to practice writing whilst learning the Arabic language to become familiar with the script. This will come with practice In-Shā’-Allâh (God willing), so it is not necessary to have mastered all the letters joining forms before moving on. Please move on to the next lesson after you have familiarised yourself to a reasonable level of the joined forms above. In the next lesson we will use some examples to practice and familiarise ourselves with the joined form of letters In-Shā’-Allâh (God willing).

ARABIC READING PRACTICE 1

• In this lesson we will practice some examples that we covered earlier. Please read from right to left. The first column shows the letters individually. To hear the sound of each letter which forms the word, click on the letter. To hear the full word pronounced, click on the word in the column Final Form.
• Pay careful attention to how letters are joined. Remember letters can have different shapes depending on whether they are in the beginning, middle or end of a word.

• We will continue practicing joining letters and reading in the next lesson In-Shā’-Allâh (God willing).

ARABIC READING PRACTICE 2

• In this part we will continue practising joining letters and reading, In-Shā’-Allâh (God willing).

• In this lesson we have covered some very basic words in Arabic to practise joining the letters and the sounds that they make. In the next lesson we will practice some more words which will include long vowel-marks, /Sukūn/ and /Shaddah/ which we covered in earlier lessons In-Shā’-Allâh (God willing).

THE LONG VOWEL MARKS- YAA’ AL-MADD

• /Yaa al-Madd/ is the long vowel lengthening the sound of the /Kasrah/ from 'i' into 'ee'. We have not covered the joining of letters yet, so just read the letters lengthening the sound, and we shall cover the way the letters change shape when joining in a later lesson In-Shā’-Allâh (God wiling).

Click on Letters to hear pronunciation

SHORT VOWEL MARKS- KASRATAIN

• In this lesson we will cover the /Kasratain/ which makes the 'in' sound In-Shā’-Allâh (God willing). The /Kasratain/ is represented by two /Kasrah's/ below the letter. Please click on the letters to hear how they will sound with the /Kasratain/.

Click on Letters to hear pronunciation

SHORT VOWEL MARKS- DAMMA

• The /Đammah/ is the letter which is similar in shape to the Arabic character /wāw/ which we learnt earlier. It is placed above the letter. Please click on the letters to hear how they will sound with the /Đammah/.

Click on Letters to hear pronunciation

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Arabic Reading Course

SHORT VOWEL MARKS- KASRA

• The /Kasrah/ is the short diagonal stroke below the letters. Please click on the letters to hear how they will sound with the /Kasrah/.

Click on Letters to hear pronunciation

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Arabic Reading Course

SHORT VOWEL MARKS- FATĦAH  

• In the following 3 lessons, we will learn the Short vowel-marks pronunciation In-Shā’-Allâh (God willing). This lesson will also help us to revise the letters we have already learnt in the previous lessons.
• The /Fatħah/ is the short diagonal stroke above the letter. Please click on the letters to hear how they will sound with the /Fatħah/.

Click on Letters to hear pronunciation

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Arabic Reading Course

ARABIC SHORT VOWEL-MARKS OVERVIEW

• In Arabic, there are 3 short vowel-marks. We shall learn the long vowel-marks in a later lesson In-Shā’-Allâh (God willing). The short vowel-marks enable the letter to make a sound in a similar way to the English language. In the same way a word cannot be made in the English language without one of the 5 vowels (a, e, i, o or u), in Arabic one cannot make a word without a vowel being used.
• We will cover the 3 vowel-marks in Arabic below In-Shā’-Allâh (God willing). The vowel-marks are the marks below or above the letter /Dāl/ in the examples below. The letter / Dāl/ has been used to give you an idea of where the vowel is placed.

     The Single Vowel-Marks:

• The single vowel-marks are the basic vowel-marks which add a sound similar to that of a, i or u in the English language to the letter. Please click on the letters with the vowel-marks to hear the pronunciation.

Click on Letters to hear pronunciation

      The Double Vowel-Marks:

• The double vowel-marks signs are an extension of the single vowel-marks. The double vowel signs add the '-n' sound to the single vowel. Please see the letters below. The /Dāl/ has been used to enable us to see the position of the double vowel sign which is called /tanwīn/.  /Tanwīn/ refers to the double form of any vowel, the specific name of the double vowel sign e.g.: double /Fatħah/ (Fatħatān) is also given below as this is unique for each vowel. Click on the letters with the vowel-marks to hear the pronunciation.

Click on Letters to hear pronunciation

• In the next lesson we are going to practice each letter we have covered with each short vowel and long vowel, In-Shā’-Allâh (God willing).

http://www.madinaharabic.com/Arabic_Reading_Course/Lessons/L000_001.html

Arabic Language Course (100 Lessons)

Arabic Reading Course

ARABIC ALPHABET- NAMES

• In this lesson we will learn the Arabic Alphabet In-Shā’-Allâh (God Willing). The lesson is designed to teach the names of all the alphabets. Click on the letters to hear how the letter names are pronounced.

• Please note that some of these letters are very similar to English letter sounds e.g.: /Bā’/ is very close to the letter 'B' in the English language, this is a useful way to remember the sounds of the letters. However many letters have no equivalent sounds in English e.g.: /ξayn/, and some letters have subtle but important differences in pronunciation, e.g.: /Hā’/ which is pronounced with a lot more emphasis in the throat than the letter 'H' in English.
• In Arabic, it is preferred to use the 'tanween' ('un') to clarify the pronunciation - especially on the final letter of a word.  We have used the tanween in the sounds below.  For example - instead of /Bā’/ we have said 'Bā-un'.  The letter name is still /Bā’/ but we have used the 'un' to clarify the pronunciation.
• Finally, please note that the Arabic script is read from right to left. Please read the letters below starting from the right and reading each letter to the left.

Click on Letters to hear pronunciation

Lesson 24. The Arabian literature (prose).الدرس الاربعة والعشر

Урок 24. Арабская литература (проза).

الدرس الاربعة والعشرين:في الادب النثري العربي
Урок 24. Арабская литература (проза) .

الادب العربي هو ميدان مهم كتير في الخضارة العربية .

Арабская литература важная область в арабской культуре.

ممكن نقسم الادب العربي لقسمين:الادب القديم والادب الحديث.

Можно поделить арабскую литературу на две части :
литературу древнюю и литературу современную .

في الاول كانو العرب يحكو خكاياتهم بدون ما يكتبوها .

Вначале арабы рассказывали свои рассказы без того , чтоб записывать их.

ولاكن بعد بدايت الاسلام تطورت الحضارة العربية بتاسير الحضارة الفارسية والحضارة اليونانية القديمة .
Однако после начала ислама развивается арабская культура под влиянием персидской культуры и культуры древнегреческой.

وترجمو الادبا المسلمين ,الي كانو احيانن من العجم ,كتب ادب وابحاس علم كتيرة من هاديك اللغات العربية .
Мусульманские писатели переводили , которые часто были из чужих (персов), книги литературные и исследования научные многие из языков этих на арабский.

وخاصتن في القرن التاسع والعشر ازدهر الادب العربي
وانكتبت كتب كتيرة في علوم مختيلفة.

И особенно в девятом и десятом веках расцвела литература арабская и были написаны многие книги в разных науках.

اما الالادب زي ما بنعرفو اليوم ,
Относительно литературы , что мы знаем сегодня ,

فكان مالف من حكايات وقصص عن ناس مشهورين من المجتمع الاسلامي من جهة ,

Она состояла ( включала) из расказов о знаменитых людях из мусульманского общества с одной стороны ,

و نوادر و حكم من جهة تابية , و قصص شعبية (متل "الف ليلة وليلة ")جمعوها لكتاب كبير.

и анекдотов и высказываний мудрецов с другой стороны , и рассказы народные ( например " Тысяча и одна ночь" ) , собранные в большую книгу.

وكان بعض القصص امسال عن الحيونات.

И была часть из рассказов басни о животных.

اما ال ادب الحديس فتطور بتاسير الادب الغربي,

Относительно новейшей литературы -она развивалась под влиянием западной литературы,

يعني الاوروبي ,من القرن التاسع عشر .

или европейской с 19 века.

في اليوم فية في الادب العربي روايات طويلة وقصص قصيرة

Сегодня есть в арабской литературе романы длинные
и рассказы короткие,

ومقالات ادبية و مقالات نقدية ومسرحيات بيعرضوها على المسرح.

статьи литературные и статьи критические и постановки , что представляют их на сцене.

ومن اهم اللدبا العرب محمد تيمور,الي اختص في القصص القثيرة ,
И из важнейших арабских писателей : Мухаммед Тимур , который специализировался на коротких рассказах ,

و طة حسين ,الي كان اعما , وكتب مقالات كتيرة وبعض الروايات ,

И Та Хусейн , который был слепой , и писал статьи многие и несколько романов ,

واعمل كتير في ميدان الادب ,وتوفيق الحكيم ,

и сделал многое в области литературы , и Туфик Аль -Хаким ,

الي كتب كتب ومسرحيات كتيرة,

который написал много книг и пьес ,

بعضها بلغات الوسط, بين اللغة الفصخا واللغة العامية ,

часть из них на среднем языке -между языком возвышенным и народным ,

ونجيب محفوز الي بيكتب روايات وقصص كتيرة واخد جايزت نوبل لالادب قبل سنوات قليلة.

и Нажиб Махфуз , который пишет романы и рассказы многие и получил Нобелевскую премию в области литературы несколько лет назад.

وكل هدول الادبا من مصر.

И все эти писатели из Египта