_
	
   
 ,       :     ,       ..
         : , , , ,   .
 -    , ,    0,7112. ,  ,   ,  , ,    . 
      . , , ""     (  ,    ,   )  
        ,  (, ).  ""        -    (  , )  "", " ",    ,           .       . ,        (" "; - , - , -  ...),   (" "; -- , --  ...),      ,   .  ,    ,   ,    . 
 
     ,      - "" (c 17-  -       " ", "", ""),   ,         (1/2 )   (1/4 ). 
,  ,  ,     ()  -  ' '.   ,   ,    " ",    ,         . 
 -     = 71 .     . 
 () -    . 
  ( - "";  17-    - "" ) -        ( )  = 17,78 cm.
  -        (22-23 .).
      ("  ",   - '     ') -        = 27-31  
      : [    ( 1 3/4 ).      (4 ).       ( 1)k
 -    (   - '''').  ,   ,          .      ,  .      11 .   XV .  : "  7   50" (  750 ).      1   1000 .       500 ,    - 213,36 X 500 = 1066,8 . 
""      . 
        ,   ,   .  1649    " "  1  . ,  XVIII        " "  500  (" ").
  -   ,   .   1000  (2,16 )      ,       ,    ,    -       . 
500-    ,         .  ,    ,    .  XVIII .     ,     XIX .   "",  500 .
 -        .    (, , )    . " " -         . "   " -  :             .   : "      " (  - , )
       1017.            () -      .          ,       : "  6576 (1068 .)  6 ,    ... 10000  4000 ".           151,4 .            .       "",        . 
    ,    10     ,       . :  - 284,8 ,   - 258,4 ,  - 244,0 ,  - 230,4 ,  - 217,6 ,  - 197,4 ,  - 186,4 ,  - 176,0 ,  - 159,7 ,  - 150,8 ,  - 142,4       - 134,5  (   ),    - , .
  -          - 1,76. 
  ( "") - 2,48.
      . 
        (   - "           ").     ,   ,   38  47 .  16-       19    . 
 -    ,    11 .     10.25-10.5  (   46-47 )        ,   ,                -     (XVII).         .    , ,  -         .     - ,   ,      "",            30  60  (      ,   )
 = 1/6  ( ) 
  1/16 , 1/4 .    - 4,44.  ""    "".   XVII .     -   .
           (    ):  ,    15  ,   ,    2  15 , .. 209 .
       :
1 -  " *** , *** "
2 -  " *** , *** "
 18  - " *** , *** " 
     - " *** " 
  - " *** " 
  (    "" 1835 .     ):
1  = 500  = 50  = 10  = 1,0668  
1  = 3  = 7  = 48  = 2,1336  
  = 2,48 . 
  = 1,76 . 
1  = 4  () = 16  = 28  = 71,12  
(      )
1  = 44  (    38  47 cm)
1  = 1/7  = 12  = 30,479  
1  (,         , , , , ) = 4  = 17,78 cm ( 19  -   ..)
         "", ..  .       (c 17-  ""   " ")
 "" - ""
  = 1/2  = 22-23  -        ( ) . 
"  "             = 27 - 31 . 
1  = 4  (  - 1,1 ) = 1/4  = 1/16  = 4,445 
-    ,     (  ). 
1  ~ 2 .
  (  XVIII ):
1  = 10  = 2,54  
    - '' ''.           ,     . 
1  = 10  = 1/10  = 2,54  (: ""  - d=7.62 .) 
 -   ,  2,54 . 
1   = 2,134 
1  = 0,2540 
1   (1/15   ) = 7  = 7,42 
(   "" -  ()) 
1   (1    ) = 1,852 
1   = 1,609 
1  = 91,44 
   XVII          .  [ k   -  (1668 .) : "...   , ,  ,  ,      (10,5 )   ,  ,  ,       ."    ""        ,    .     ,     .        ,       -    ,    ()    .     .
   XVIII   ,             ,     : ,   ,    .      .          (, -  20- ,   ).          .        4, 8, 16, 32  64 . 
          100 . 
  ,    ,     . 
 1835 .      : 
 = 7  
 = 28  
    ( ),       : , , ,    .  
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