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Ñîçäàí: 13.02.2010
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×òî çíà÷èò ñëîâî «Like»

Ñðåäà, 28 ßíâàðÿ 2015 ã. 20:16 + â öèòàòíèê

Åñëè âû èçó÷àåòå àíãëèéñêèé, òî âîçìîæíî, óæå çíàåòå, ÷òî îçíà÷àåò ñëîâîlike, íî åñëè âû íå æèëè â Ñîåäèíåííûõ Øòàòàõ, âàì ìîæåò áûòü íåçíàêîìî íåñêîëüêî íåôîðìàëüíûõ ñèòóàöèé èñïîëüçîâàíèÿ ýòîãî ñëîâà. È äàæå åñëè âû íåïëîõî ãîâîðèòå ïî-àíãëèéñêè, èíôîðìàöèÿ î íåôîðìàëüíîì ïðèìåíåíèè ýòîãî ñëîâà áóäåò âàì ïîëåçíà.

Ôîðìàëüíîå èñïîëüçîâàíèå

Îïèñàíèå ïðåäïî÷òåíèé

Like — ãëàãîë, êîòîðûé èñïîëüçóåòñÿ äëÿ îïèñàíèÿ ïðåäïî÷òåíèé.
I like learning English on Italki. Ìíå íðàâèòñÿ ó÷èòü àíãëèéñêèé íà ñàéòå italki.
I like hamburgers more that hot dogs. ß ëþáëþ ãàìáóðãåðû áîëüøå õîò-äîãîâ.

Äëÿ ñðàâíåíèÿ

Like ìîæåò èñïîëüçîâàòüñÿ äëÿ ñðàâíåíèÿ äâóõ âåùåé.

That man looks like Tom Cruise. Ýòîò ìóæ÷èíà âûãëÿäèò êàê Òîì Êðóç.
One of these things is not like the other. Îäíà âåùü íå âûãëÿäèò êàê äðóãàÿ.

Ñõîæå ïî çíà÷åíèþ ñ ‘such as’

Òàêèå òåõíîëîãèè êàê ñìàðòôîíû è ïëàíøåòû ìåíÿþò áèçíåñ. Technologieslike smart phones and tablets are changing business.

Òàêèå òåõíîëîãèè êàê ñìàðòôîíû è ïëàíøåòû ìåíÿþò áèçíåñ. Technologiessuch as smart phones and tablets are changing business.

Like â ýòîì ïðèìåðå èìååò ïî÷òè òî æå çíà÷åíèå, ÷òî è such as. Ãîâîðÿùèé èìååò â âèäó, ÷òî òåõíîëîãèè, êîòîðûå ìåíÿþò áèçíåñ, ìîãóò âêëþ÷àòü ñìàðòôîíû è ïëàíøåòû, íî îí ìîæåò òàêæå è ïðîñòî ðàññìàòðèâàòü è ïîõîæèå òåõíîëîãèè.  ïðåäëîæåíèè ñ such as òåõíîëîãèè, î êîòîðûõ ãîâîðèòñÿ êàê î ìåíÿþùèõ áèçíåñ, âêëþ÷àþò èìåííî ñìàðòôîíû è ïëàíøåòû.

Áëèçêî ïî çíà÷åíèþ ñ ‘as if’

Like çàìåíÿåò as if, ÷òîáû ñâÿçàòü äâà ïðîñòûõ ïðåäëîæåíèÿ â ñîñòàâå ñëîæíîãî.

Îíè òðàòÿò äåíüãè, êàê áóäòî òîëüêî ÷òî âûèãðàëè â ëîòåðåþ. They spend money like they’ve just won the lottery.

Îíè òðàòÿò äåíüãè, êàê áóäòî òîëüêî ÷òî âûèãðàëè â ëîòåðåþ. They spend money as if they’ve just won the lottery.

Çàìå÷àíèå: Äâà ïîñëåäíèõ èñïîëüçîâàíèÿ ïîêàæóòñÿ êîìó-òîíåôîðìàëüíûìè, íî îíè òàê ÷àñòî óïîòðåáëÿþòñÿ, ÷òî ñðåäíåñòàòèñòè÷åñêèé íîñèòåëü àíãëèéñêîãî ÿçûêà äàæå íå çíàåò ðàçëè÷èÿ.

Íåôîðìàëüíîå èñïîëüçîâàíèå

Îñòàíîâèñü è ïîäóìàé

Like ìîæåò èñïîëüçîâàòüñÿ â òåõ æå ñëó÷àÿõ, ÷òî è um, uh è well. Ýòî ïîçâîëÿåò âàì ñäåëàòü ïàóçó â ñåðåäèíå ïðåäëîæåíèÿ, ÷òîáû îïðåäåëèòüñÿ, ÷òî âû åù¸ õîòèòå ñêàçàòü.

×åëîâåê 1: Are you coming with us on Friday? Òû èäåøü ñ íàìè â ïÿòíèöó?
×åëîâåê 2: I… like…don’t know yet because I might have to stay late at the office. ß…õì…íå çíàþ, ïîòîìó ÷òî ìíå íóæíî çàäåðæàòüñÿ â îôèñå.

Ïðåäïîëîæèòü, ïðåóâåëè÷èòü

Like ìîæåò èñïîëüçîâàòüñÿ, ÷òîáû ðàññêàçàòü ñëóøàòåëÿì, ÷òî-òî, î ÷¸ì âû ñåé÷àñ ñêàæåòå, ïðèáëèçèòåëüíî èëè ïðåóâåëè÷åíî.

Why are still studying? We have like five minutes until the exam. Ïî÷åìó òû âñå åù¸ ó÷èøü? Ó íàñ ÷óòü ëè íå ïÿòü ìèíóò äî ýêçàìåíà.

Çäåñü ïÿòü ìèíóò — ýòî ïðåóìåíüøåíèå òîãî âðåìåíè, êîòîðîå îñòàëîñü äî ýêçàìåíà. Ïîäðàçóìåâàåòñÿ, ÷òî ãîâîðÿùèé ñ÷èòàåò áåñïîëåçíûì ó÷èòü, ïîòîìó ÷òî îñòàëîñü òàê ìàëî âðåìåíè.

×åëîâåê 1: Can you believe Sarah has a new boyfriend? Ìîæåøü ïîâåðèòü, ÷òî Ñàðû íîâûé ïàðåíü?
×åëîâåê 2: Yeah, she’s dated like thirty guys this year. Äà. Îíà âñòðå÷àëàñü÷óòü ëè íå ñ òðèäöàòüþ ïàðíÿìè â ýòîì ãîäó.

Ïðàâäà ìîæåò áûòü â òîì, ÷òî Ñàðà âñòðå÷àëàñü òîëüêî ñ ïÿòüþ ïàðíÿìè â ýòîì ãîäó. Òðèäöàòü — ïðåóâåëè÷åíèå.

Îïèñàíèå òîãî, ÷òî âû èëè êòî-òî åù¸ ñêàçàë èëè ïîäóìàë

Like ìîæåò èñïîëüçîâàòüñÿ, ÷òîáû îïèñàòü òî, ÷òî êòî-òî ñêàçàë ðàíåå.

 ýòîì ñëó÷àå ñëîâî ñêàçàë (said) çàìåíÿåòñÿ ôîðìîé ãëàãîëà áûòü (to be)ïåðåä ñëîâîì like.

They wanted me to drive all of them, and I said, «No way. My old car might actually fall apart if we go that far.» Îíè õîòåëè, ÷òîáû ÿ ïîâåç âñåõ, íî ÿ ñêàçàë: «Íè çà ÷òî. Ìîÿ ñòàðàÿ ìàøèíà ìîæåò ïðÿì òàêè ðàçâàëèòüñÿ ïî ÷àñòÿì, åñëè ìû ïîåäåì òàê äàëåêî».

They wanted me to drive all of them, and I’m like, «No way. My old car might actually fall apart if we go that far.» Îíè õîòåëè, ÷òîáû ÿ ïîâåç âñåõ, à ÿ òèïà: «Íè çà ÷òî. Ìîÿ ñòàðàÿ ìàøèíà ìîæåò ïðÿì òàêè ðàçâàëèòüñÿ ïî ÷àñòÿì, åñëè ìû ïîåäåì òàê äàëåêî».

Ïåðâîå ïðåäëîæåíèå, ïðèâåäåííîå âûøå, ìîæåò èìåòü òîëüêî îäíî çíà÷åíèå: áûëè ñêàçàíû èìåííî òå ñëîâà, êîòîðûå âû âèäèòå â êàâû÷êàõ. Âòîðîå ïðåäëîæåíèå ìîæåò èìåòü òî æå ñàìîå çíà÷åíèå, èëè îíî ìîæåò ïðåäñòàâëÿòü ïåðåñêàç.

Like ÷àñòî èñïîëüçóåòñÿ äëÿ îïèñàíèÿ ÷åãî-òî, î ÷¸ì âû äóìàåòå ñåé÷àñ, íî íå ñêàçàëè âñëóõ.

×åëîâåê 1: How was work? Êàê ïîðàáîòàë?
×åëîâåê 2: My boss said he wants me to finish the project by Friday, and I’m like, «is this guy crazy?» Ìîé íà÷àëüíèê ñêàçàë, ÷òî õî÷åò, ÷òîáû ÿ çàêîí÷èë ïðîåêò äî ïÿòíèöû. ß äóìàþ — «ñ óìà ñîø¸ë?».

 ýòîì ðàçãîâîðå ÷åëîâåê 2 ðàññêàçûâàåò ÷åëîâåêó 1, ÷òî îí äóìàë; îí íà ñàìîì äåëå íå ñêàçàë «ñ óìà ñîøåë?» ñâîåìó íà÷àëüíèêó.

Èíîãäà òðóäíî îïðåäåëèòü, êàêîå çíà÷åíèå (öèòàòà èëè ìûñëü) èìååò â âèäó ãîâîðÿùèé.

×åëîâåê 1: How was work? Êàê ïîðàáîòàë?
×åëîâåê 2: My boss said he wants me to finish the project by Friday, and I’m like, «are you crazy?» Ìîé íà÷àëüíèê ñêàçàë, ÷òî õî÷åò, ÷òîáû ÿ çàêîí÷èë ïðîåêò äî ïÿòíèöû. À ÿ òèïà: «ñ óìà ñîøåë?».

 ýòîì ñëó÷àå ÷åëîâåê 2 ìîã ëèáî îïèñàòü, ÷òî îí äóìàë èëè ÷òî îí ôàêòè÷åñêè ñêàçàë âñëóõ. Ñëóøàòåëü ìîæåò ïîïðîñèòü óòî÷íèòü. Íàïðèìåð: «Did you actually say that to your boss?» («Òû ïðÿìî òàê è ñêàçàë ñâîåìó íà÷àëüíèêó?»).

Âûðàæåíèå ýìîöèé

Like î÷åíü óäîáåí â ðàçãîâîðàõ, ãäå ãîâîðÿùèé âûðàæàåò ñèëüíûå ýìîöèè, è òîãäà èñïîëüçóåòñÿ, ÷òîáû îïðåäåëèòü ÷òî êòî-òî ãîâîðèë èëè äóìàë. ßçûê òåëà, âûðàæåíèå ëèöà è íåâåðáàëüíûå ãîëîñîâûå ñèãíàëû, êîòîðûå ïåðåäàþò ýìîöèè, ìîãóò ïîëíîñòüþ çàìåíèòü ñëîâà ïîñëå êîíñòðóêöèè «be+ like», ÷òîáû îïðåäåëèòü, êàê ãîâîðÿùèé ñåáÿ ÷óâñòâîâàë.

He was like, «don’t you know what you’re doing?» and I was like [shrugs shoulders]. Îí òèïà «òû ÷åãî, íå çíàåøü, ÷òî äåëàåøü?», à ÿ òèïà [ïîæàë ïëå÷àìè].

He was like, «the repair won’t be cheap», and I was like, [irritated sigh]. Îí òèïà«ðåìîíò áóäåò íåäåøåâûé», à ÿ òèïà [âçäîõíóë ñ ðàçäðàæåíèåì].

Êîãäà èñïîëüçîâàòü like íåôîðìàëüíî

Èìåéòå â âèäó, ÷òî èç-çà ÷ðåçìåðíîãî íåôîðìàëèçìà ýòî èñïîëüçîâàíèå like ÷àñòî âîñïðèíèìàþòñÿ íåãàòèâíî èëè ðàññìàòðèâàþòñÿ êàê ãðàììàòè÷åñêàÿ îøèáêà. Âîçìîæíîñòü åãî èñïîëüçîâàòü çàâèñèò îò âîçðàñòà ãîâîðÿùåãî è êîíòåêñòà.

Ìîæåò ïîêàçàòüñÿ è çâó÷àòü ñòðàííûì èñïîëüçîâàíèå like â íåôîðìàëüíîì ðàçãîâîðå, êîãäà âû ñîâñåì íåäàâíî èçó÷àåòå àíãëèéñêèé è íå ãîâîðèëè äîñòàòî÷íî äîëãîå âðåìÿ ñ íîñèòåëÿìè ÿçûêà. Åñòü õîðîøåå ïðàâèëî: åñëè âû ñîçíàòåëüíî ïûòàåòåñü âñòàâèòü ñëîâî èëè ôðàçó â ïðåäëîæåíèå, òî íå äåëàéòå ýòîãî. Êîãäà âû íàñòîëüêî õîðîøî áóäåòå çíàêîìû ñ íåôîðìàëüíûì àíãëèéñêèì, ÷òî áóäåòå èñïîëüçîâàòü ýòî ñëîâî íå çàäóìûâàÿñü, âàø àíãëèéñêèé áóäåò áîëüøå ïîõîæ íà ðå÷ü íîñèòåëÿ ÿçûêà.


 

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