Ãðàììàòèêà àíãëèéñêîãî ÿçûêà.
Ïîðÿäîê ñëîâ â àíãëèéñêîì ïðåäëîæåíèè
http://www.homeenglish.ru/Grammar.htm
Âçÿòî ó
ÏëÞùÚ,
ÌÎÐÔÎËÎÃÈß
ÑÓÙÅÑÒÂÈÒÅËÜÍÎÅ
Êëàññèôèêàöèÿ ñóùåñòâèòåëüíûõ ×èñëî Ïàäåæ Ðîä Ôóíêöèè ñóùåñòâèòåëüíîãî â ïðåäëîæåíèè Îïðåäåëèòåëè ñóùåñòâèòåëüíîãî
ÀÐÒÈÊËÜ
Óïîòðåáëåíèå íåîïðåäåëåííîãî àðòèêëÿ Óïîòðåáëåíèå îïðåäåëåííîãî àðòèêëÿ Îòñóòñòâèå àðòèêëÿ (íóëåâîé àðòèêëü) Óïîòðåáëåíèå àðòèêëåé ñ èìåíàìè ñîáñòâåííûìè Óïîòðåáëåíèå àðòèêëÿ â íåêîòîðûõ ñî÷åòàíèÿõ è âûðàæåíèÿõ
ÏÐÈËÀÃÀÒÅËÜÍÎÅ
Ìåñòî ïðèëàãàòåëüíîãî â ïðåäëîæåíèè Ñòåïåíè ñðàâíåíèÿ ïðèëàãàòåëüíûõ Ñðàâíèòåëüíûå êîíñòðóêöèè ñ ïðèëàãàòåëüíûìè Ïåðåõîä ïðèëàãàòåëüíûõ â ñóùåñòâèòåëüíûå Îáðàçîâàíèå ïðèëàãàòåëüíûõ
×ÈÑËÈÒÅËÜÍÎÅ
Êîëè÷åñòâåííûå ÷èñëèòåëüíûå Ïîðÿäêîâûå ÷èñëèòåëüíûå
ÌÅÑÒÎÈÌÅÍÈÅ
Êëàññèôèêàöèÿ ìåñòîèìåíèé
Ëè÷íûå ìåñòîèìåíèÿ ( I, me, you, he, him, she, her, it, we, us, you, they, them)
Ïðèòÿæàòåëüíûå ìåñòîèìåíèÿ ( my, mine, your, yours, his, her, hers, its, our, ours, your, yours, their, theirs)
Âîçâðàòíî-óñèëèòåëüíûå ìåñòîèìåíèÿ ( myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself, oneself, ourselves è äð.)
Âçàèìíûå ìåñòîèìåíèÿ ( each other, one another)
Óêàçàòåëüíûå ìåñòîèìåíèÿ ( this, these, that, those, such, the same, it)
Âîïðîñèòåëüíûå ìåñòîèìåíèÿ ( who, whom, what, which, whose)
Îòíîñèòåëüíûå è ñîåäèíèòåëüíûå ìåñòîèìåíèÿ ( who, whom, what, which, whose, that)
Îòðèöàòåëüíûå ìåñòîèìåíèÿ ( no, none, neither, no one, nobody, nothing)
Íåîïðåäåëåííûå ìåñòîèìåíèÿ ( some, any, somebody, someone, something, anybody, anyone, anything, one)
Îáîáùàþùèå ìåñòîèìåíèÿ ( all, both, either, each, every, everybody, everyone, everything, other, another)
Êîëè÷åñòâåííûå ìåñòîèìåíèÿ ( many, much, few, little, a few, a little, several)
ÃËÀÃÎË
Îáùèå ñâåäåíèÿ, êëàññèôèêàöèÿ ãëàãîëîâ. Ïåðåõîäíûå è íåïåðåõîäíûå ãëàãîëû.
ËÈ×ÍÛÅ ÔÎÐÌÛ ÃËÀÃÎËÀ
ÄÅÉÑÒÂÈÒÅËÜÍÛÉ ÇÀËÎÃ
Ñâîäíàÿ òàáëèöà ñïðÿæåíèÿ ãëàãîëîâ.
Ôîðìû íàñòîÿùåãî âðåìåíè
The Present Indefinite (Simple) To be è to have (got) â âîïðîñèòåëüíîé è îòðèöàòåëüíîé ôîðìàõ The Present Continuous Îáîðîò to be going to Ãëàãîëû, íå èìåþùèå ôîðì Continuous The Present Perfect Îñîáåííîñòè óïîòðåáëåíèå Present Perfect è Past Indefinite The Present Perfect Continuous
Ôîðìû ïðîøåäøåãî âðåìåíè
The Past Indefinite (Simple) The Past Continuous The Past Perfect The Past Perfect Continuous
Ôîðìû áóäóùåãî âðåìåíè
The Future Indefinite (Simple) The Future Continuous The Future Perfect The Future Perfect Continuous The Future in the Past Ñîãëàñîâàíèå âðåìåí
ÑÒÐÀÄÀÒÅËÜÍÛÉ ÇÀËÎÃ
Ñâîäíàÿ òàáëèöà ñïðÿæåíèÿ ãëàãîëîâ
Ïðèìåðû îáðàçîâàíèÿ ôîðì Passive Òèïû ïàññèâíûõ êîíñòðóêöèé Óïîòðåáëåíèå Ñòðàäàòåëüíîãî çàëîãà Ïåðåâîä ãëàãîëîâ â ôîðìå Passive
ÍÀÊËÎÍÅÍÈÅ
Ïîâåëèòåëüíîå íàêëîíåíèå Ñîñëàãàòåëüíîå íàêëîíåíèå; îáðàçîâàíèå ôîðì ñîñëàãàòåëüíîãî íàêëîíåíèÿ Ïðèìåðû óïîòðåáëåíèÿ ôîðì ñîñëàãàòåëüíîãî íàêëîíåíèÿ Óñëîâíûå ïðåäëîæåíèÿ; òèïû óñëîâíûõ ïðåäëîæåíèé
ÌÎÄÀËÜÍÛÅ ÃËÀÃÎËÛ
Îáùèå ñâåäåíèÿ; âåñü ñïèñîê.
×èñòî ìîäàëüíûå ãëàãîëû: can, may, must, ought (to) Ýêâèâàëåíòû ãëàãîëîâ äîëæåíñòâîâàíèÿ: to have (to), to be (to) Ìíîãîôóíêöèîíàëüíûå ãëàãîëû â ðîëè ìîäàëüíûõ: shall, should, will, would, need, dare
Ïîíÿòèå î ôðàçîâûõ ãëàãîëàõ
ÍÅËÈ×ÍÛÅ ÔÎÐÌÛ ÃËÀÃÎËÀ
ÈÍÔÈÍÈÒÈÂ
Óïîòðåáëåíèå ïðîñòîãî èíôèíèòèâà Îáúåêòíûé èíôèíèòèâíûé îáîðîò Ñóáúåêòíûé èíôèíèòèâíûé îáîðîò Èíôèíèòèâíûé îáîðîò ñ ïðåäëîãîì for Ñëîæíûå ôîðìû èíôèíèòèâà
ÃÅÐÓÍÄÈÉ
Ôóíêöèè ãåðóíäèÿ â ïðåäëîæåíèè Ãåðóíäèàëüíûé îáîðîò Ñëîæíûå ôîðìû ãåðóíäèÿ
ÏÐÈ×ÀÑÒÈÅ
Present Participle Simple Present Participle Perfect Past Participle (Participle II) Îáúåêòíûé ïðè÷àñòíûé îáîðîò Ñóáúåêòíûé ïðè÷àñòíûé îáîðîò Íåçàâèñèìûé ïðè÷àñòíûé îáîðîò
ÍÀÐÅ×ÈÅ
Êëàññèôèêàöèÿ è óïîòðåáëåíèå íàðå÷èé Ôîðìû íàðå÷èé Îáðàçîâàíèå íàðå÷èé Ñòåïåíè ñðàâíåíèÿ íàðå÷èé
ÏÐÅÄËÎÃ
Îáùèå ñâåäåíèÿ
Ïðåäëîãè ìåñòà Ïðåäëîãè íàïðàâëåíèÿ Ïðåäëîãè âðåìåíè
ÑÎÞÇ
Ñî÷èíèòåëüíûå è ïîä÷èíèòåëüíûå ñîþçû, ñîþçíûå ñëîâà.
ÑÈÍÒÀÊÑÈÑ
ÏÐÎÑÒÎÅ ÏÐÅÄËÎÆÅÍÈÅ
ÏÎÂÅÑÒÂÎÂÀÒÅËÜÍÎÅ ÏÐÅÄËÎÆÅÍÈÅ
Ïðîñòîå ïîâåñòâîâàòåëüíîå ïðåäëîæåíèå
Ïðåäëîæåíèå ñ îáîðîòîì there is
×ëåíû ïðåäëîæåíèÿ
Ïîäëåæàùåå Ñêàçóåìîå Äîïîëíåíèå Îïðåäåëåíèå Îáñòîÿòåëüñòâà
ÂÎÏÐÎÑÈÒÅËÜÍÎÅ ÏÐÅÄËÎÆÅÍÈÅ (Êàê çàäàâàòü âîïðîñû.)
Îáùèå âîïðîñû Ñïåöèàëüíûå âîïðîñû
Ñïåöèàëüíûå âîïðîñû ê ïîäëåæàùåìó èëè åãî îïðåäåëåíèþ Àëüòåðíàòèâíûå âîïðîñû Ðàçäåëèòåëüíûå âîïðîñû
ÑËÎÆÍÎÅ ÏÐÅÄËÎÆÅÍÈÅ
Ñëîæíîñî÷èíåííîå ïðåäëîæåíèå Ñëîæíîïîä÷èíåííîå ïðåäëîæåíèå Ïðèäàòî÷íûå ïðåäëîæåíèÿ ïîäëåæàùèå Ïðèäàòî÷íûå ïðåäëîæåíèÿ ñêàçóåìûå Äîïîëíèòåëüíûå ïðèäàòî÷íûå ïðåäëîæåíèÿ Îïðåäåëèòåëüíûå ïðèäàòî÷íûå ïðåäëîæåíèÿ Îáñòîÿòåëüñòâåííûå ïðèäàòî÷íûå ïðåäëîæåíèÿ
"Âðåìåíà àíãëèéñêèõ ãëàãîëîâ" Çàáàâíîå è ïîëåçíîå ó÷åáíîå ïîñîáèå, ïîìîãàþùåå ðàçîáðàòüñÿ ñ âðåìåíàìè àíãëèéñêèõ ãëàãîëîâ. Ñèñòåìà àíãëèéñêèõ âðåìåí ñ òî÷êè çðåíèÿ óïîòðåáëåíèÿ ãëàãîëà "to vodka" 1.  àíãëèéñêîì ÿçûêå ñóùåñòâóþò ãëàãîëû: 1.1 Íåîïðåäåëåííûå (Indefinite), òî åñòü íåèçâåñòíî, ïüåøü òû èëè íåò 1.2 Äëèòåëüíûå (Continuous), òî åñòü òû äàâíî è ïðîäîëæàåøü. 1.3 Çàâåðøåííûå (Perfect), òî åñòü òû ëèáî óæå âûøåë èç çàïîÿ, ëèáî óæå îêîí÷àòåëüíî íàïèëñÿ è âûðóáèëñÿ. 2. Âî-âòîðûõ, ñóùåñòâóåò îáúåêòèâíîå: 2.1 Íàñòîÿùåå (Present) - âàøå îòíîøåíèå ê ñïèðòíîìó 2.2 Ïðîøëîå (Past) - òåìíîå èëè ñâåòëîå 2.3 Áóäóùåå (Future) - òî, ÷òî âàì ñâåòèò: öèððîç, áåëàÿ ãîðÿ÷êà è ò. ï. 3. Òåïåðü âñå ñìåøèâàåì. 3.1. Present 3.1.1. Present Indefinite (íàñòîÿùåå íåîïðåäåëåííîå). I vodka every day - ß ïüþ âîäêó êàæäûé äåíü. Âìåñòî every day ìîæíî óïîòðåáëÿòü âûðàæåíèÿ: usually, seldom, often, from time to time, from melkaya posuda, bolshimi giotkamy... 3.1.2. Present Continuous (íàñòîÿùåå äëèòåëüíîå) I am vodking now. - ß ïüþ âîäêó ñåé÷àñ Äëÿ ýìôàòè÷åñêîãî óñèëåíèÿ ñ ýòèì âðåìåíåì ìîæíî óïîòðåáëÿòü íàðå÷èÿ Íå is constantly vodking - Îí ïîñòîÿííî ïîääàòûé. 3.1.3. Present Perfect (íàñòîÿùåå çàâåðøåííîå) I have already vodked. - ß óæå íàæðàìøèñü ( îòâåò íà ïðåäëîæåíèå âûïèòü) 3.1.4. Present Perfect Continuous (íàñòîÿùåå çàâåðøåííî-ïðîäîëæåííîå) I have been vodking since childhood. ß ïüþ âîäêó ñ äåòñòâà (òèï inclusive). ß ïèë âîäêó ñ äåòñòâà íî óæå íå ïüþ (òèï exclusive). 3.2. Past 3.2.1 Past Indefinite (ïðîøåäøåå íåîïðåäåëåííîå) I vodked yesterday - ß íàïèëñÿ â÷åðà (Íå ïóòàòü ñî âðåìåíåì 3.1.3 - òàì òû íàïèëñÿ òîëüêî ÷òî) 3.2.2. Past Continuous (ïðîøåäøåå äëèòåëüíîå). ×àñòî óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ êàê ïðèäàòî÷íîå ïðåäëîæåíèå ê ãëàâíîìó âî âðåìåíè 3.2.1. Unfortunately, I was vodking at the moment my wife came. - Ê íåñ÷àñòüþ, ÿ ïèë âîäêó â òîò ìîìåíò, êîãäà ïðèøëà æåíà. 3.2.3 Past Perfect (ïðîøåäøåå çàâåðøåííîå). Òàêæå óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ êàê ïðèäàòî÷íîå. I had already vodked when my wife came. - ß óæå óïèëñÿ, êîãäà âîøëà æåíà. 3.2.4 Past Perfect Continuous (ïðîøåäøåå çàâåðøåííî-ïðîäîëæåííîå). I had been vodking for about a month when my wife came. ß ïèë âîäêó óæå îêîëî ìåñÿöà, êîãäà âîøëà ìîÿ æåíà. 3.3. Future 3.3.1 Future Indefinite (áóäóùåå íåîïðåäåëåííîå). I wiil vodka tomorrow. - ß áóäó ïèòü âîäêó çàâòðà. Ïðèìå÷àíèå:  ïðèäàòî÷íûõ ïðåäëîæåíèÿõ âðåìåíè è óñëîâèÿ (òî åñòü ïðè îòñóòñòâèè ïîäõîäÿùåãî âðåìåíè è óñëîâèé) âìåñòî âðåìåíè 3.3 1 óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ âðåìÿ 3.1.1: If I vodka tomorrow I will be sick the day after tomorrow. - Åñëè ÿ âûïüþ çàâòðà, ÿ áóäó áîëåòü ïîñëåçàâòðà. 3.3.2 Future Continuous (áóäóùåå äëèòåëüíîå). I will be vodking tomorrow at 5. - ß áóäó çàíèìàòüñÿ óïîòðåáëåíèåì ãîðÿ÷èòåëüíûõ íàïèòêîâ çàâòðà â ïÿòü. Ïðèìå÷àíèå: Ïðè ãîðÿ÷åì æåëàíèè îïîõìåëèòüñÿ âìåñòî âðåìåíè 3.3.1. ìîæíî óïîòðåáëÿòü âðåìÿ 3 3.2 Soon! Soon I will be vodking. - Ñêîðî! Ñêîðî ÿ áóäó ïèòü âîäêó! 3.3.3 Future Perfect (áóäóùåå çàâåðøåííîå) Óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ ïðè ïëàíèðîâàíèè ñîñòîÿíèÿ îïüÿíåíèÿ. Tomorrow by 5 o'clock I will have vodked. - Çàâòðà ê ïÿòè ÿ áóäó íàæðàìøèñü. 3.3.4 Future Perfect Continuous (áóäóùåå çàâåðøåííî-äëèòåëüíîå). By tomorrow morning I will have been vodking for a week. - Ê çàâòðàøíåìó óòðó ÿ áóäó ïèòü âîäêó íåäåëþ. 3.3.5 Future in the Past (áóäóùåå â ïðîøåäøåì). Would you vodka in the children garden? - Õîòåëè áû âû ïèòü áåëóþ â äåòñêîì ñàäó? Äíåâíèê LVN