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1993 |
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Dear friends! You have before you a book which has been compiled by Ukrainian children and adults who all their lives have been in love with the folk art of embroidery. We are from Kiev and our group is called "Spindle". Taking patterns from old objects, sometimes completely bygone and transferring them to our shirts, aprons and towels, we wanted to share these riches with all those who are interested in folk art. You will remark, no doubt, at the originality of the selection and particular order of patterns. They were compiled with an aim, above all, to show you the common root and relation of symbols from all over Ukraine and the united philosophy which is embodied in magical, protective designs. Symbols of water, the sun and earth predominate in the embroidery of the hutsul, slobozhan, volonyan, bukovinstsi, boyki and podolyan people (ethnic groups in Ukraine), because for our people, descended from earth, these concepts were sacred. So it is that through this simple but at the same time brilliant sign system of squares, crosses and "vuzhyky" (zig-zags) the Ukrainian man's outlook on such philosophical themes as the Universe, Life on Earth, Birth.Death and the comprehension of one's place and calling is revealed. We give a short explanation of the most important and common symbols, based on our interpretation and understanding of decoration which has developed as a result of painstaking research. In order to be able to read folk pattern symbols, then, it is not enough to be able to embroider or paint "Pysanky" (Easter-Eggs). For this a knowledge of history, philosophy, folklore and ethnography is required. We hope this album will be of use not only to embroiderers, but also to teachers of folklore and above all to those interested in the ancient history of their native land. Perhaps it may encourage the formation of other embroidery groups. This is really a marvellous means of bringing adults and children together into a special atmosphere of family warmth and understanding. With respect to all for whom the idea of national "Rebirth" is important, "Spind!e"group |
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"Kalyna" ("Guelder-Rose") - a tree native to Ukraine. Since time immemorial it used to be associated with rebirth, the Universe and the fiery trinity of: the Sun, Moon and Stars. That is why it takes its name from the old name for the Sun - Kolo; whilst the berries of the "kalyna", in as much as they are red, have become the symbol of blood and immortality. That is why matrimonial towels, girls' and even boys' shirts proliforate with these mig shty clusters. A powerful, cosmically creative, Ukrainian chain: a drop of blood - woman - birth - Ukraine - Rebirth. |
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Young Hanusya Wanders round the humble garden. Grapes, Beautiful garden green. Wanders round the humble garden, Sowing herbal seed. Grapes, Beautiful garden green. |
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The symbolism of grapes expresses the joy and beauty of the creation of a family. A garden and grapes - these are the field of life on which man is the sower and woman is obliged to cultivate and weave the tree of their family. We can see the grape motif on the shirts of men and women in the Kiev and Poltava regions, whilst in the region of Chernihov grapes appear on family towels. |
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In bygone days poppy seed was blessed in Ukraine and sprinkled over people and livestock because it was believed that the poppy has magical powers which acted as protection against all evil. Moreover, people used to believe that a field after battle would be covered in poppies in the springtime. The delicate, shimmering flower is invested with the unspoilt memory of a generation, in families where someone had perished, girls used to embroider images of poppies on shirts with love and sorrow and would place on their heads wreaths made of seven poppies with the aim of preserving and continuing the family. |
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The secret of life is hidden within the lily flower. In legends the lily flower was a symbol of a maiden s charms, innocence and honour. The embroidered lily flower is an aid to working out the secret of these charms, it you look carefully at the contours of the geometrical pattern, the silhouette of two birds can be traced - a sign of love and couples. Besides the flower, an integral part of the decoration is a leaf and bud which comprise an inseparable trio representing birth, growth and the continuity of life. The lily decoration without doubt embodies a sign reminiscent of the cross. It is magical and thus for a couple acts as a blessing for starting a family. The cross, then, is an ancient symbol of united paternal and maternal, solar and water energies. Occasionally, dew-drops are embroidered above the flower, which also mean fertilization. But why is the lily in particular a female symbol? Because it itself is the essence of humid or moist energy. This is confirmed by the ancient name of the flower "krin". Compare this name with the word of the same root "krinitsya" (meaning "spring" or "well"). |
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Magnificent roses abounded on the shirts and towels of many regions in Ukraine. The image of the rose is considered not to be very old and some researchers believe that the depiction of this flower was borrowed and even thoughtlessly transferred from banal patterns used in factories. It is difficult to accept this as a fact. The rose is the favourite flower of Ukrainians. It used to be carefully trailed under the windows of homes - a flower associated with the Sun. In the pronunciation of the word "roza" you can find the ancient name for the Sun - Ra. Then again it may mean fiery blood, because the ancient name for blood was "ruda". Rose patterns were composed according to the rules of plant decoration which signified eternal solar activity continuously renewing itself. In the following design roses are arranged in a geometrical pattern system. These are not simply flowers - but star-flowers which embody people's idea of the Universe as a system. Undoubtedly you will notice that the stars are linked by chains which is testament to the inviolable law of a cosmic unity. |
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Patterns reminiscent of hop leav.es are related to youth symbology. These are widespread in Podolya and Volyn as well as in.central Ukraine. In meaning the "hop" is very close to symbology for grapes and water, because it is invested with the meaning of the development of youthful energy and love. It may be said that the hop design is a matrimonial symbol. A folk song says that "to climb" (or "twine" as in a plant) for a boy means to be ready for marriage, just as for a girl to get married is to "tie bunches". |
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The poetic images of folk songs and embroidery are very closely related, for what is pleasing and loved by nations always finds its expression through art. Everybody knows that in the orchards or gardens of every Ukrainian farm roses, irises, lovestock, mint, marigolds and calendula should grow. They are pleasant to the eye and heal our bodies and so appear in abundance on the white fields of towels and shirts. On this pase we painted marigolds which like glorious nature joyfully and beautifully intertwine and flow into each other. |
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Again let us sing our praises to the lire-giving Sun and sew for our daughters a shirt for joy and health. You see, the Sun and its embodiment - this simple strawberry, have the same strength. On this page patterns have been selected for all the parts of a shirt. Let us not forget to embroider a pattern on the hem which will create a dynamic endless circular border. |
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"Berehynya" (protectress-goddess), who are you? People have made you such a memorable, multi-faceted, powerful, mysterious flower in which is contained the maternal strength of woman. You are Mother Nature herself carrying the essence of life and protection into the world, and through this - eternal renewal and harmony in life. Here you are charming flower-lady taking care of red, white and black seeds, seeds of the soul, blood and earth, ready at any instance to be scattered (to burst forth) into the cosmos to give birth to new life. Your branch-like hands are bound to the development of seeds on earth, and only you know the time of this magical process of reproduction. |
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"Berehynya" - a dear symbol for us, widespread thoughout Ukraine. It represents life-creating Mother-Nature and Maternal Woman who gives the world a son, as well as the Tree of Life, which has formed a precise system of the Universe from the darkness of the cosmos. Yet for all its greatness and might it has humbly taken root in the earthly chalice as a constant reminder that every living creature, however minute, is an indivisible and inseparable part of the universal system of existence. |
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The towels of Central Nad-Dnipryanshchyna particularly abound with bird symbology. Birds of different feathers resoundon them according to the occasion for which they have been embroidered. The nightingale and the cuckoo love girls' shirts and are unhappy if they are not embroidered in a pair, but all this is yet to come. For a nightingale twitters, calling out for its mate", whilst it is sung about the cuckoo: "Cuckoos cuckoo, cuckoo to Peter. Girls make merry, merry to autumn." These birds are frequently embroidered on the branch of a guelder-rose, symbolizing the continuation of a generation. Peacocks - are very respectable birds, for they always take their place on matrimonial towels and usually have the Lord's blessing above them - a crown or wreath. |
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A grey bird whilst flying Swept a yard with its wing, And awaited a crown In its purse to be thrown." |
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Let us not forget that the peacock is a firebird which carries within itself the solar energy of development or progress. That is why it is a bird of family happiness. No wonder girls of the Poltava region used to weave peacock feathers into their wedding wreaths. Wedding couples can be embodied by nightingales, doves or cockerals. A characteristic design on a wedding towel is an arrangement of birds facing each other. They either hold a guelder-rose berry in their beaks or sit at the foot of a tree, symbolizing a new family. Our nation looks upon the swallow with great affection - a true companion for any home. This little bird is concerned that a person will pick an auspicious time for creating a family and strengthening the household. Birds are symbols of human souls. On family towels, on which the spreading Tree of Life was embroidered with the triptychal, philosophical understanding of the past, present and future, birds of Fantasy were embroidered. They were arranged by the root, near the tree top and on either side of the tree as testament to family might and invincibility. |
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All Ukrainian embroidery is covered with sacred signs of Water and the Sun. The Sun is often depicted by a rosette or flower with eight petals, whilst the sign for Water brings to mind a coiled grass-snake. These are two elements which created earthly life and that is why they are to be interpreted as humid (or moist) maternal and fiery paternal energy. Symbols for the Earth and Sun united with Water to comprise the life-giving trinity, were incorporated in Ukrainian embroidery since time immemorial. They are signs of those forces without which life itself is not possible. The rhombus signs on the shoulders are symbols of fertile Mother-Earth, which are generously sown and warmed by the Sun allowing our life to grow in abundance. But the Earth itself is part of the Universe with its multitudinous star system and our young Sun which for our ancestors was the embodiment of sacred, cosmic fire. |
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Stars scattered on sleeves and arranged in order represent the idea of a structured Universe which in our time is not neither chaotic nor disordered, but ordered and harmonious, newly sown to carry new, new shoots of life into the distant world. |
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A starry sky. A starry shirt. A cosmic shirt of the Kiev region. Here he is, the Universe and Man in one. Order. This is found in the "Berehynki" which on the edge of the sleeves are like stars, but at the same time so terrestrial! Take a look for yourselves at the budding little hands. As soon as you put on this shirt you will feel: I am part of this miraculous world. So that you really are carried away by this shirt into the cosmic fields of our fatherland, you should sew six rows of stars on the shoulders and twelve on the sleeves. |
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A motif is embroidered on the shirt from Sumshchyna which people know as "the broken branch". It depicts the creation out of the cosmic chaos of our galaxy a complete life-giving system. It is shown through signs of propagation expressed as embroidered squares in which the Universe is contained through the memory of star-flowers. |
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grow as tall as a shoe. From a shoe to a man. And thus a girl has grown up. She has absorbed the strength and solar ability to create life, invested in her through God ana her parents. The time has come to continue the race. That is why seeds ready to sprout are spilling over from these flower-borders; and birds are sitting nearby on the shoulders with these seeds in their tails. There is a reason why the birds have three heads. This represents mother, father and daughter. All this fragile, terrestrial life carries a powerful World column covered in busy spiders which from the cosmic chaos have created order, ancient lilies, wedding signs and, of course, signs of birth. Moreover on the borders of the embroidered cosmos in three pairs are: man-fire and woman-water. Here you have the interpretation of the Volynyan shirt on which the whole philosophical, moral and ethical cosmos of a Ukrainian woman is laid. |
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The young podol girl loves life for she raises the oeauty of this leaf-flower to sublimation and sews what is dear and close to her on her shoulders. And then the sleeves. But won't this root dry up if the Earth is not laid down, and the Sun won't give heat, and the good force of the "berehynya" won't weave the "trailers" of our future? Everything that gives opportunities, warmth and protection is embroidered without fail. And further: rows on columns on which the whole white world is supported, making you sing out; "Harmony! Harmony! In the world all is joyful. On this Earth an evening bountiful." |
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We suggest you sew this floor-length shirt following our measurements. It will suit women who are size 46 to 50, in particular. The sleeves are adorned with various patterns traditional in character. Let us not forget the names for different parts of the shirt: the shoulders, sleeves, arm-holes, ( main-body and wrist-band or hem. It is a good idea to join the sleeves to the shoulders by gathering (so that you end up with a "puffed" effect) or with chernihivsky lace-work or thread-gathering. |
http://www.hllab.dp.ua/Store/texts/costumes/Znaki.htm?_utl_t=fb