1883
. (1907) . 1927 . 1931-34 . 2- 1939-1945 . 2- 1945 ( 1946) , . - (1951) 1954 1956 ( 1955 - - ) . 19 1956 . 1957-59 " - ".
1884
, , , . . (19021907), .. ( 1899) .. (19041906). .. (1910). ( 1909). 19031913 ; . . , , , , ( 1927 1961) -. 20 . ( , ), - , . , , . , , ( , , 1915, , ). , (, , 1909; , , 19251926; , ; -, , 1957, , ). ( , 19081909, , ; , 1927, ; ). ( , 1922) ( ., 1926). ( , .., ., .-) . ( , , , ) , 19301950- ; . (19311932; , 1980- ). 1919 - () . 1957 - . . 31 1969 .
1885
-
.
1886
( - -)
, , . . . 1904 . . . , , . 1906 . . . , . 1907 . . 1909 . , . . 1912 . . . 1914 . . . . 1- (1918-1920). . . , . . . 1920- 1930- . 1944 ., , . 1944 . . 1948 1952 . . 1952 . , , 1953 . . , . 1955 . 1983 . , 1987 . .
1886
, (1935), (1937), CCP (1944). . (1911). 1920-1931 . - (). 1931-1937 . - (). 1937-1946 . - CCP. 1946 . - , . . . . .
1887
- , (1940). . 1905. 1- 1914-18 "", 1915 . 1916 . , , . 1918 - . , . . , "" . 1920. . , -. 1935 ("") , 1938 . [ (1938), (1939), (1939) .]. - , , . 1944 . 1944 , .
1887
, (1941). (1909), - (1913). (1918), , . (1941) . , , . . . 12 1950 .
1888
. , , . .
1888
- ( - - ) , . ( , ). 19031908 . 1908 , . ( , 1907; , 1908; .). 1910 , ( ), 19151917 ( ). 1917 , , 1919 , ( - ). , (, 1910- , .., ) . 2 ( , , 1914, ) .. 1920- , ... (), , (, , -). .. (1923) (1924); , .. 1925 , . - , , ( , ), 1930- . , , ̸, . 1943 . 1944 .
1888
, , / " ", " ", " - ", " ", " ", " ".
1888
- , 1
1889
.
1889
( )
, 500 , 154 .
1890
. , . ("The Minnesota mechanical ability test, Minneapolis, 1930). ("Seven Psychologies", 1933).
1892
1892
. ( ). . 19151916 , . 1919 , 1921 . . 19231924, 19291930, 19311933 . , . , , 1934 1935, . 1937 , , . 1938 , 1941 . ., , , . .. , 23 1946 . 4 1946, , . - 15 1948 .
1893
, - (1940), (12.4.1942, ). 1920. 1918. 1918-20. (1923), , . 1937 , 1938 - . 1941-45 1941 316- - . - 1941 316- , , .19 1941 . , 2 . .
1893
( )
-
1894
. ( ). 1958 . 1958 . (1915). 1924-1925 . . -. 1926-1945 . , 1945-1956 . - . . , , , , , . . , , , . ., - . , , -, . 4 1974 .
1894
, - (1946). , , .
1895
, ( 1924) , . , 1917. 1924, , , . , . , , .
.
1895
. 15 ; . 1914. 1919-58 . . "" (1918) - . , , , , - " " (1921), " " (1926), " " (1932) . , . 1959 . "" (1958) . 2 , . 1984 .
1895
()
1896
. ( ). 1915-1919 . . . 1924 . . . 1925-1935 . , / "". 1936-1944 . / .
1896
, (1944, ; 1945, . ), - (1944). - , .
1896
, (1944), (1947), (1974). : (1932-1934), (1941-1945), .
1896
()
. 1928-31 . , . " " (1954), "", - " ".
1896
1897
-, (1945). 1963. 1922 . 1945-48 . ; 1948-52 " . " . 1952 . . . . " H3" . ( 1959).
1897
, XX . , 12 . " " (1929). : , , , . " , ", - . " ", , (. " ", 1931). , , . ., ., ., , . 3 1958 .
1897
, (1967). 1918 ., , . 1930 . , . (). 20- . , , . .: ( , 1927), (, 1937), ( , 1943), ( , 1947), ( , 1947), ( , 1959), ( , 1960), - (, 1961), - ( , 1963), ( , 1968) . 16 1972 .
1898
( - )
, (1970). . "" (1921) "- " (1928) , . - (1944) " " (1951), " " (1951), " " (1959) . " " (1966), " " (1970). (1950, 1952).
1898
, , . ظ.
1899
, , (1924, 1932, 1936), (1920, 1928).
1899
, , (1969), (1946). : (1924), (1926), (1933) . ( 1939).
1899
. (1956-1962 . ). 1962 . . : (1948); - , . . (1928); 2 , (1945) .; (1960); 6 (1934); ; .
1899
-
, , - , (1945). (1938, .) . (1920) . ( 1948). (1948).
1900
, (1991; 1943), (1969). , . (1942, 1950).
1900
. . 1922-1924 . (1927) . , 1932-1933 . (1950). 3 1981 .
1900
, -, . . , . , . . 1922 . . . 1925 , . , .
. , . 1933 1937 . . , , . . . , , , . . 1937 . . . 28 1941 , . 1941 . 1149- 56 . . , . 1942 , . , , . 1942 353- . 1 1943 , , 353- - . 1943 . , . . . 20 1945 , , - . , . . 1966 .
1900
( ).
1901
( - )
. 1918 , . 1918. " " (1921) . - 1923-24 . " " (1924) . , - " ", " " ( 1924), " " (1927), " " (1928-29). " " (1927), "" (1929), " " (1928) . - " " (1930--1931) . . "" (1930) . , , , . . 8 1931 .
1902
.. ( - )
. 20- ., ; . 2- , : (1948), (1950), . (1951), . , , , . . (1950, 1954 ).
1904
1904
, , (1991). . . . 2 (1950, 1960), (1937), . ( 1957), ( 1953-1965) .
1904
, ( 1967). (1926). 1926 . . 1929-1931 . . 1934 . , 1958 . - , . . .
1904
. (1968), . 1951-1953 . . 1953-1959 . . 1962 . .
1904
, , ( ).
1904
(1973-1978).
1905
, . . (1932), . ( 1939 . ), (1946-1948), ( 1948) , (1948). . . . . ( . ) . (1938) , .. . . (1963) .
1905
. 1927 . . 1931 . . . (1934, . ), (1936), (1937). 1938-1947 . , : (1939), "" (1940), (1946) . 1947 . ( ). - (1955), (1958); (1956). 1956 . . (1958, . ), 1966 . . , ? (1964), (1964). : . , . , . .
1906
.
1906
, . 1923 . , () , , , ( ). 1920-1930- . . 1929-1930 . . , 1930-1933 . , 1941-1943 . . , , , . . -, . . , . . -, . . , . . , . . , . . , . . , . 1926 . , , . 1949 . , 1954 . . : (, 1964, .), - (1966), (1975), . . (1978), . . , , (1981), (1988) .
1906
, , (19541963), (19551959). .
1907
- , -, (1946-1973), . 12.09.1976.
1907
(-)
, (1961). 1927 . - . 1928-1934 . (). 1935 . ( 1941-1943 . ). : ( . . ), (- . . ), , ( , . ), ( . . ), ( . . ; , 1951), ( ), ( . ), ( . . ), ( . . ), ( . . . . ) .
1907
, .
1908
, . , . (1942-1943) (1944-1947), -- (1940-1942) ( "-- . .."). ;
1908
(1941-1945). 28 1944 . 31- . . 1979 " ".
1908
, ( 1963). (1930). 1931-1965 . - , 1965 . - . - ( 1967). . , . (1975) . - , - .
1908
-, ( 1967). (1935). ( 1948 . - ). . . . . (, , .) . , -, .
1908
800 ( 1928).
1909
, - () 1943-1947 .
1909
. . 1936-40 . , . 1933 . 1940 - (), 1947 - . : ", !", " ", " , " , "" , " " , . , , , , . - : " ", "", " ", " ", " " . , .
1909
.
-, .
1909
. 1927 . : " " (1930), "" (1933), " " (1939), " " (1947), " " (1958). : " " ( . , 1951), " " (1952-1954), " " (1958). , .
1909
, " ".
1909
. . , . .
1909
.
1910
, (1971). 1929 . . (). : (- ), ( ), , , ( , , ), ( ), ( ), ( ), ( ), ( 14-69 . ), ( ) . (, 1940; , 1955; , 1958). (1951).
1910
-. "", , . 14 1982 .
1911
( - )
. . 30- . 2- . 1941 . ( . ) . : ( , 1944), (1943) , (1946) , (1947), (1951), (1957) .
1911
. . ( ) (), . 1930 . . , . , . . . 1932 . ( , . ). ( . . ; . ). 1944 ., , . (1950, IV ). 1959 . ( ). .
1911
, (1961). , (1964), ( . . , 1966), .
1911
1911
, - (1991; - 1964). . . . 1933 . 1946 . , 1965 . ( 1972 . ) . .
1911
. (1980). . 1932 . . . : ( , 1940), ( , 1955), ( , 1966), ( , 1967), - (-, 1968), ( , 1970), ( , 1971), - ( , 1981), ( , 1984). (1951) (1970).
1912
˸-, (1945), . 1941 . 284 (135 .) , . 322 . 1954 . .
1912
. . - 1940-41. " " (1929), " " (1935). " " (1944), "33 " (1945). 1946-49 : " " (1949), "" (1952), " 1929-1951" (1955). " " (1961) . " " (1958) , 1957.
1912
é
. 1930 - ( ). 1934 é - . " " 1937 . 1 1938 é - - . " " é 1941 . : . .. .. " " (1949 .), 1951 . ... 16 1942 20 1945 é - . 1945 é - . . 1948 .. . 1950 ( , , , - ). , é , ( ). . é . " "(. ..), (. .. ..). 1955 é , "" , ( .. ..) ( ) (1961 .). 15 1960 é - . 17 1966 . é , .., .., .. , - . .. .. " " (1965 ). é (1979 .). é , . . .. (1982 .) (1986 .). é , , , , , . é - . 350 15 ( é " " .11, .1, 159 192, 2004.). é 70 15 . - ( ). é . (1976 .), (1993 .), (), . é (1954 .), (1981 .), ( ) (1974 ., ), " " (1944 .), " 1941-1945 ." (1946 .), . .. (1974 .), " " " ".
1912
-, "", , , . 10 . (1977). (c ) . 1937 . 1939 . 1939 - . .. - ... ..-, , : 1944 .. . 1945 .. 1948 . 1954 , . , , .. , , , , , 1956 1959 . - .. 2- .. (1959 1992), ( ) . .. , , , , . , , , .. , , , , . , .. 400 , 30 . 45 54 . , , , , , , , , , . , , , .
1912
-, , , .
1929 . , . , , , 1943 . 226- , , , , . 1944 , 107- , - , , - . 27 1945 . 13 , 8 .
1912
( , , )
, . . 1933 . - , . , . , . , . , (1930-1935), 1934 . . . (), . : , , , , , . , ; , . 1937 . , . 1941 . -6, , . -6, . 1947-1949 . , ; . 1949 . . (1968). . 1965 . . , . . . 1988 . .
1912
, - (1964). (1964-1973). (1968-1972); - (1968-1970), (1970). 4 . -.
1912
, . 30- . , , . 1952-1956 . . . . 1956-1960 . . .
1913
˸-, (1944), . 1942 . 13 ., . . 1944 . 220 . . . . .
1913
˸-, (1944), . 1941 . 4 ., . 1944 . 260 . 1953 . .
1913
. .
1913
-
. (1935-1937). 1956 . . 1938 . " -" (1963), " " (1965), "" (1951), " " (1954), " " (1957). "" (1967), " " (1970). . . , . . , . . 1944-1971 . - .
1914
, , . . 1941 . , 1942 . . . . 1942-1947 . ( ). 1947-1949 . . 1951 . . 1954-1956 . , 1956-1958 . . . 1960-1968 . , : , , , , . 1968 . / . : (1942), (1949) . . . 1987 .
1914
, (1944). . . (1955), (1958), (1975); - (1972), .
1914
, (1970). 1932 . . . (-). : ("" ), (" " ), (" " ), ("" ), (" " ), (" " ), (" 1918 " ), (" " ) . , . (1967).
1914
-, , . . . . , 5- 19- - - . 1932 . .. . 188- . . 1936 - . -14 (-1) (1936), -15, -25 (1939), -16. . , , , . , , . . - . 1939 - . 1- . 24 1939 Ki-27 . 29 1939 68 , 8 (1 ) .
27 1939 ., , . . . , , . ., . .. , . .
1914
, . . , 1943 . 1958 . . .
1915
, (1951) (1966-1975) . , .
1915
, (1967). 1937-1941 . . 1963 . . 1938 . - (1941). 1941-1945 . - (1942), (1944). - ( , 1950, , 1955, , 1960), , . . . 1966 . . (1964, . ). (1955-1959).
1915
, , (1961), 1949 . - , 1950-1956 . - .