1900
() ( - ).
1- . . II 1942 , 1943 - - . 1947-48 - - . , . 1922 2- , 1945 , 1947 . 1942, . - , . 1945 750 . . 1959-65 .
1900
Ѹ
, . , . . 6 1970 .
1901
1901
. 1920- . . 1923 . . , , . (1944) 16 1943 . (1945). 1950 . , 1958 . . ., , , , . : . (1971), . (1974), (1976), (1982).
1901
1901
, , XIX ., (1947), (1947), (1972). (1922). 1947-1970 . - , 1947-1961 . - . 1965 . - -, 1970 . - . - , - XVIII-XIX ., . Me (1963).
1902
, - (1953 .), (1982 .). 1925 . (1925-28 .), (1926-1941 .), (1933-41 .), - . . . (1945-48 .); 1935 . 1928 . . , , . , , - ; (1933-36 .) , . . , . - . (1946,. 1951 .).
1903
(George Orwell, ; - , Erik Blair)
. (). , , . . , 1917 1921 . 19221927 . 1927, , . . , , (Down and Out in Paris and London, 1933). (Burmese Days, 1934) . , (Keep the Aspidistra Flying, 1936) , (A Clergyman's Daughter, 1935) . 1936 . - (The Road to Wigan Pier, 1937), , , . , , (The Art of Donald McGill) (Boys' Weeklies). , , . , , , , . 1937 . , . (Homage to Catalonia, 1939) . . (Coming Up for Air, 1940) . , , , . , , (Shooting an Elephant; . 1989) (Politics and the English Language), , . , , . 1945 (Animal Farm) , , . 1984 (1984), , . 21 1950 .
1903
.
1904
- (1959), - (1943), (17.07.1938 17.09.1957), (1959). 1938. . 1925. (1930). 1931-65 -. 1932 . 21 1935 14 575 , 17 1936 - 11 458 500 , . 1936 : - - ; - - ; - - ; - - - . : 27-28 1938 - - 24 36 ; 28 1939 - - . () 22 56 . 22 . 1941- 1945 -, - . 1965 --. (1960). 5 , 3 , 1- 2- , 4 . (), " ". 1961 -, , 1968 . 7 1985 . , .
1905
( )
, (1962), (1966; - 1953). 1940. (1931). 1926. - " " (1930), " " (1931), "" (1931). - - , . " " (1932) - , "1914" (1935) . ... - , , 30- . ("", " ", "", ""). , , ( " ", 1935, " ", 1937, " ", 1940). . , - "" (1943), " " (1943), " , !", " ", "-", " " . " ", "" ( 1945), "" (1946), " ", " ", "" , . "", " ", " ", " " . (1947). , , - " " (1946), " " (1950; , 1951), " " (1954). " " (1957; ., 1957) , , . , , , ( " ", 1959; " ...", 1961; , 1962; " ", 1967; " ", 1969). " " (1956) - . " " (1960) , . - , , , . - " " " ". ., ., ., ., ., ., . . 4-8- . 20-26- . 1945-48 . "". 1948-67 . 1967 . 3 , 2 , . 24 1980 .
1905
. 1927 . . 1928-1934 . . 1935 . 1935-1936 . -, 1936-1942 . - , 1942-1946 . - , 1946-1973 . - ( 1957 . - ). , . 1931 . , , . -, . 1938 . , . . (1965-1968, 1971-1972).
1906
, - (1952). (1948). , .
1907
. (1949). . 1921 -- (). 1923 - . . ().' 1927 (" " . ), - (" " 3. ). . , : (" " ), ("" ), ("" ). - (. . , 1931). , : (""), (" "), (" "), (" " -) .
1907
, , , . . . . . , ; - , .
1907
-, (1949). , . 1937-1941 . , 1941-1949 . . 1949 . 1949-1968 . - . . , .. "" , . ( . -) (1950) . (1963).
1907
, . . . , . 80- . . , , , . , . . , . , , 1919 . , (-), . , . , , , , , . ., ., .. 1921 , , , . , , . , . , , . 1923 . 1925 , . . , , . , , . , 1925 , , 1928 . , 1929, , . - . , , I . , ( ). 1936 , , , ... 1937 , (1932) (1934) . 1939 , , , , . . , . . 1940 ... . 1940 , , . . . . . , . , . . , . 1941 . . 16 1941 , , , , . , . - . 1941 , , . , . 3 1942 0220 1942 1943 16- . . . . . 1943 . , . 3 , , , . 13 1943 . . . , , . 1944 . , , , , . , . , , . 1945 , , . , , . , 1945, , , . ( ), () 1946 . 1946 .. . , , . . 1947 . , , . 1950 .. 26 1951 .., . 22 ... . . , .., , , , , . 1962 . . , . 5 1966 ; . 9 .. , . .. . 1971 . . 1974 . (1977) . 5 1979 , , , , , , . . 6 1982 . 10 1984 - . , . , , , , , . . 29 1986 . . . . . , 1987 , - . .. . 1988 , . 27 1989 . . 1 . 1989 . , . ( , 1927 ) ( , 37, 1928 ) . 1931 - . . - . , . 3 1932 ( ) . . 1933 . .., , , ., , ., ., . . (, , ). , - , . 1939 . . 27 1940 C , , , , , , , , . 1941 , , , . , . , , , , . . . , . , , , , ..., ... 1943 ( ..., ... .). , 1945 , . , , . , . () 1946 . . , , , . , . (1949 ) , -. . 1950 (, , -). .22 ... ... . , . , , , ... , . . 1958 , , , , ..., -... . . . .. , .., , , , , . 1962 , 55 . 60- : 1966 - , 1969 . . 19661967 . (1966 1967 ). , , .. , 1922 , . 5 1966 ; . .. . 1974 . (1977) . , . : 1980 (. ), 1982 (. ), 1983 ([[. ). (, , ) , . , 1987 (. ) (. ). - . , , . 1989 (, . ) .
1908
, . . . . 1946 ., 3- - , . . , .
1908
(Willard van Orman Quine)
. , , . ( ). - , . , . . 1932, , ... 1936 , 19481978 . , ( ?). , - , . , , : , , , , . , , , , . , , (, ). . , (.. ). . , .. , , . , . (Mathematical Logic, 1940); (From a Logical Point of View, 1953); (Word and Object, 1960); (Ontological Relativity and Other Essays, 1969); (Philosophy of Logic, 1970); (The Roots of Reference, 1974); : (The Time of My Life: An Autobiography, 1985). (. , ) 25 2000 .
1909
, ( 1974). - (1931). (1930-1931), (1939-1949), . 1950 . ( 1960-1953 . 1972 . ). (1969) . , . . , , , , , . . , , .
1909
. 1927 . -. . . ( ) (1928), (1930), , (1932). 30- . : (1932), (1933), (1934), (1935), (1940) ., , , , .
1909
, (1963), (1953). 1938 . " ". " " (1945), - "" (1951; , 1952). " " (1959), "" (1961), " " (1963),
1909
( )
. 22 , . . , 26 , . , (. ) 25 , 85- 25 1994 . -, , , 40- . , 1948 . , . , -, .
1910
( , , ). . . 19381944 , . 11 1963 .
1910
. (1950). 1935 . . . . (1942, 1948 1949) : , , л.
1911
, (1961). 1951. (1937). 1950-59 . 1959 . : , , ; (1950), (1952), (1956) (1961) . 1942-45 - . 1977 .
1911
. -. . () . . - ( ). 1929 4 . , . 1934 - . , , , , . 1938 , . , . . . (Max Bergmann), XX . . 1945 , . . , . , 124 . 1954 . . , . , , , . , 1948 . , , . , , . , , . , 1958 , . , . , . , . 1960 . . , . 1954. 1972 . .. , , , . . , . , Journal of Biological Chemistry, 1958 1961 , 1962 , 1964 1968 , 1968 1971 . 19681969 , . 1969 . , , -, . 2 1980 - 68
1911
, (1974 .). (1929-33 .) (1936-43 .). , : " " (1946, ), ". " (1950), " " (1953- , ), " " (1960, . ), " " (1974).
1912
, , , . . 1941 . 1945-1954 - , "". 1954 - , 1961 1978 - . .. - , 300 , , , , 30 , , . , - , 1958-1969 ( 12 ). .. , " ". .. , .. , .. , .. , .. .. , " ". .. " " (, 1998). .
1913
ϸ
˸-, (1944), . 1943 . 826 , . 1944 . 109 . , .
1913
"". . 15 . 1930 - "". . 1931 1937 "", (- ) . .. , .. . 1937 . .. ( - ) . , . . 1944 .. .. . , 1949 . 1951 . 10 . 1961 , , . - (), (, "", "", ). 1962 1986 .. , 1994 . .. (1966, 1983), (1978) (1973) , , - .
1913
. . " " (1939, 1947) , " ". 40-50- . , ( " ", 1946; " ", 1948; "... ", 1956). " " (1960) . - - " " (1963) " " (1966), . .
1914
- .
1915
. , , 30- ( 1935 ). 1936 - .. ( - ).
1916
. (1946), - (1959). 1958 . . .
1916
..
- CCC
1917
˸-, (1945), . 1943 . 43 ., . 105 , . 1960 . .
1917
, " ". .. (), , . .. . 1957 . 1966 . -6 -10 5 1968 .. . . 1960 . " ". . 1997 . . " ".
1917
. 1953 . -7 7; , ("" "-"). "" -2, -15 (1963-1969). 1971 . -31, .
1919
, (1959). 1946-1951 . . 1936 . " " (1945), " , " (1946) . " " (1958), " " (1964), " " (1969, , 1970). " " (1959), " " (1964) " " (1971, . . , 1971), . (1960), ( . ) . . , . , .. .
1921
˸-, (1945), . 1942 . 206 , . . 1944 . 118 , . 1957 . . .
1921
, , . . 1940 . .. . . , . , , . , . ..
1921
1922
. 1952 . ( . . ). . - (1953, ). (1954, . ), . , VIII - (1954).
1922
. - . . 1943 . 1940 . 1942 - . 6- . , . .. , . 250 , 4 . . " " 4 1944 . " " 23 1945. .. 1949 ... . 12 1950 . . .
1922
305- 83- 46- 2- , , . . . ()/ 1943 . . . 1940 . 1941 . 1943 , 1944 - . 305- .. , 3 1944 , (). 9 1944 .., , . 20 1945 " ". 1946 .. - , . , . , , 2 1- , , . 2006 .
1923
, " ", " ", "", "", " ", "", " ".
1923
. . 1939-1945 . , . 1952 . " ", . : "" (1958), " " (1959), " " (1959), " " (1963). 1964 . : " " (1965), " " (1966), "" (1969), "" (1970), " " (1972) . , . .
1923
,
1924
- (1967-1969).