1396
III ,
(1419-67), , .
1526
(1553-86), .
1527
II,
(1564-76), (1562-75) (1562-72).
1640
,
(1669-73).
1720
',
, (1771-74).
1768
(1768 - 7.03.1803),
, . , , , . , . , 1801. 1803 . I, . . - , ( . ) , .
1799
, . , , , , . , , , , , , , " ". , , , , , , , 4 . , " ", - , - . , , - , , , .
1800
¸
. , . (1828) , . (1827), (1828) , (1829) , (18561858), (1862). , , , , . (1852) - .
1803
(John ERICSSON),
.
1813
,
(" ").
1816
,
, .
1828
, , "-" (1867-1870).
1830
, , " ", " ".
1831
, .
1833
,
, .
1837
,
, .
1848
, " ", " -", "".
1851
(Emilio DE MARCHI)(31.07.1851 6.02.1901),
, , - . . 1898 . " ". " ", " " (1878). , " " (1890), , , , .
1852
(Giacinto GALLINA)(1852 - 1897),
. . 1872 " " . - " " (1875). , 1888 . ( ""). "" (1891) " " (1892). - - .
1859
(Theobald SMITH)(31.07.1859 - 10.12.1934),
. .
1860
(Anton Freiherr von EISELSBERG)(31.07.1860 - 25.10.1939),
. .
1867
- (1867 - 18.04.1936),
, .
1880
,
.
1883
.
1884
- (1940), - . 1- , 2- . - 1919, , , ( 1919), ( 1919) - . 1920 , . 1922-24 , 1924-26 - 1926-27 - . 1927 . 1940-47 . 1947 . , 2 , 1- .
1884
ø
. . 1920-30 2- ʸ, 1930-37 - - . 1931-32 ; 1934-35 . 30- . , . 2- , - , 1944 , . . 20 1944 2 1945.
1886
, , .
1890
(1890 - 1968),
, . " " ", ". ".
1896
() ,
.
1898
.. ,
, "" .
1898
,
("", " ").
1900
. 1938 .
1901
. 1921, " ", 1929 . , . -, . 1951 , . . 1963, 1968 .
1906
(1906 - 17.08.1978),
. , . . , , : " . , ?"
1906
, . " ", "", "", "", " ", '", " ", " ", " ", " ", " ", " ", " "
1907
,
, , (1941, 1947). .. .
1908
..
-. . ; .
1910
,
.
1911
,
, (1965-76).
1912
(Milton FRIEDMAN),
. . . .
1913
˸-, . . 1941 . 248 , . 28 1941 . He-111. 30 Ju-88. . . . .
1913
,
, - 1977-83.
1914
( )
-, , . , , 27 , , , , . , , , , , . 68 . " ". , , , . , , . , , , , . . . , , , . , . , , 30 . - , 75 . 1958, 44 . , . , . . , , , - . , . 15 1973 " ", . 1975 , . . . , , , , , . , . 1982 " " , . . , . " ", - . ...
1914
,
. , . , , . , 14 .
1914
.
.
1914
- (1959), (1.05.1957), . . 30- - , . 1941 . 1942 . (126). 195.. - - 23. "" (-4, 27.12.1953). -4, 3, -6. , . -4 , . 26 1964 . .. -6 340,15 / 100 , . 26 1965. .
1915
,
.
1919
( )
, , - (" ", " "), " ", " ", " ", " ", " ".
1920
, , 1- ... " " 1988 .
1921
(" ", " ", " ", " ", " ").
1921
,
(" ", ", ", " ").
1923
, - , , .
1926
. - , ( ) 26 1984 .
1927
,
.
1927
Peter Nichols,
.
1928
, " ", 20 " " .
1929
,
.
1929
,
.
1929
,
.
1929
Lynne Reid Banks,
.
1930
.
1930
(" ", "", " , !").
1931
,
.
1936
, " ", " ", "", " ", " ".
1936
,
.
1937
(" ", " ", " ", " ").
1937
-. . 1959 - , . 1976 - -. 17 1982 -134 .
1938
,
, . (. ), . - (1998), (2001).
1939
,
.
1940
,
.
1943
,
.
1943
..
, . .. . .. , , , .
1944
,
.
1944
(Geraldine Chaplin),
, . . " ", . , . "" -.
1944
,
, .
1945
,
.
1945
,
.
1946
, - , , (1991).
1949
,
.
1950
,
.
1950
,
.
1951
- (Evonne Cawley),
, 70-. , .
1951
,
- "".
1952
,
("" , , ), 1977 , . , 19- ( 27-).
1954
, " ", .
1954
,
.
1955
,
"" "", "".
1956
,
.
1957
()
. (1980) 4400 .
1958
,
"R.E.M".
1959
-, . 1980 . , -. 1985 ... 1982 - ., . . .. . 17 1987 -15. .. - 1- , : , 1987 : , . "" , . , . - , - , . , . " " " " - -21, , "-". -. - "" ( " " - , , ), - ( , . . - " ". . - " " -. . . -15 . , , - - " ". , : , , , "" -18 -134. , . ... ... , - : - . ... - . ? - , . - . - , , . : - ... - ... - ... - . , - , . , , , , , . - . . . "" ( - ): , , , . , , , . . : , . - . - , : - , . . , , - . . - . , : . . , , . , , . , , " , ", , - "". , , , , . : - ? - , . - . - ""- . , , , "" . . - , ! - . - , - . . , . , , - . , - ... , , . , - . - - , , . : - ? - , , . , - ... , -, . , , " ": - - , . - . "" " " - . - , - , - , , , , . "": , , , " ", . - : , , . , ... " " - - , , -. - , , , , , - : - ... ...
1960
.
1962
, .
1962
. , , - . , , . Struttin Street Stuff, , , - " ". - Bad, , . , " ". : " ", " ", - " ". , : "", . " " " 57", , , , .
1964
( ),
-.
1965
.
, .
1966
,
.
1966
.
1971
CALOGERO
, , , . , . 15 Charts, -. 1988 , , . 1989 1997 Charts 5 . 90 CALOGERO , Au milieu des autres, 2000 . . , Calogero, -. 2004 3, .
1972
, "" ( , .), " ", " ", ": ".
1973
,
"".
1975
,
, "-".
1976
,
, "" ().
1976
( ; )
, " ", " ", "", " ".