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- . . . . , " -" -. . " ", 25 (""). 78 . 1 940 . : - -, , 1293 . . . (1876), , 1953. : .., , 2, , 1956; - ., , 2, , 1961; Jabbur J. S., Umar Ibn Abi Rabi'ah His age, life and works, v. 12, Beirut, 19331935.

Manuel_I_Comnenus (458x700, 470Kb)
1118
I ( - Μανουήλ Α' Κομνηνός)
, , . , . . , . , . , , . , - . , o Megas ( - ὁ Μέγας ), . , , . . . , , , .
BN_MS_FR_2628_Folio134_Comnenus (700x635, 344Kb)
II I ( Historia Old French Continuation, , XIII , ).
II , I. , , 1142 , 1143 II , . , , . 8 1143 II , . , , . : (), , . . . 1143 II (.).. - . , 2 200 ( 200 ) . , , 395 . I (527565) : , . VII : , , . , . XI , . , . , - , . , . 1144 , , . , II 1137 . , . : , . - . , , . , . 1146 , . , I . , , . , , . : , , VII, .
Arrivée_des_croisés_à_Constantinople (700x562, 371Kb)
.
, . 1147 , III VII. , , . , . . : , . , : . 1147 , , . , , . , , . , , , . , , . III : ( ), II. 1152 III , . 1156 : . ( ) , . , . , , . , . . 11581159 , II . , 500 . , . , , . . , . , . . . , , , ( III ). , , , , , . , . , , . , , . 12 1159 . , , . , - 6000 , . , , , . , , . . 1147 II, , (, ), , . , , 1148 III , . 1149 , II 40 . . , . 1154 , I. , , . 10 , , 1155 . , , , . , : , , III . , - , . , , , . , , , , , ( 2000 ) . , , , . , , . IV , . , . 5000 . , . . - , , . . . , , . , . , . , . ; 1158 . , , 1156 164 ( ) .
Pope_Hadrian_IV (692x700, 318Kb)
IV, I
, , . 1155 , . IV, , , , . . . , , . , . ( 1167 1169 ) III, , , . , . . , , - . , ( 2 160 000 30 000 ) . . . , . , , . 29 1176 . , , ; , , . 12 1171 , (20 000 ), . 120 , - 150 . 1175 , . 1177 . , .
III_Bela (567x700, 243Kb)
III, .
, II 100 . 1129 . 1149 II II . (11501152) . . 11511153 11631168 , , 1167 , 15 000 . , , . , 1168 . , . III, III, , (.). , . , . . 1169 , , 1172 . , . III : , . , , . 1140- : , II, ; - (symmachos), , () (hypospondos). - . : , . 11641165 , . , , (1165). , . . , 1166 . , . , .
Maria_Comnena_and_Amalric_I_of_Jerusalem (700x612, 294Kb)
1167 ( Historia, 12951300 , Bibliothèque Municipale)
I , . 1165 ( 1161 ). 2 . 1168 , : , . 1169 20 , 150 60 , , . , , , . , . : , VII . , . 27 1169 , . : - - , . . , , - . , . , , . , , , . , . 1171 , . , . 1177 150 , , .
Crusades_surprised_by_turks (552x700, 273Kb)
, .
11581161 , 1162 . , , . - II - : , ׸ . , , . . 1176 . , . , . , 35 000 , , II , 16 . , , (). , . . , . , , . - 17 1176 -, . , , . . : . , 1162 . , . , , 105 . , . , . . , : , , , , . . , . .
Hyperryron-Manuel_I-sb1965 (700x345, 281Kb)
I , .
, . , . , , . , . 1143 , , , , . , 1155 1170 . . . , . , , , . , , . , 1158 , , . , .
Johnchrysostom (589x700, 847Kb)
, ( ), 11561157 - .
. 11561157 , , (.e. ). 1157 , , , . 10 : , , . , , , , , . , , , . 2 1166 . . . 1180 , , . 112- : , , , , , , . , . . , . , . . I 1180 . II , . . .
Manuel1_Marie (495x700, 567Kb)
I ( , ).
..., , , , , , , , , . , : . , , , . , . , , .
Golden_robes (415x700, 405Kb)
, .
. , , , . , , . , , , . , , . , . . , 1 1164 , . , . , ( ). , . , : , . . 1146 , III. 1159 , : (11521182), ; (11541158). , , 1161 . : , 1180 . : : ( 1160-), . , 11831184 . , 1191 . . , : , , 1184 1185 . : , . 1150 1170 . ; , , 1155 . . . 24 1180 , 37 , . . , , XII . , , . , . , , . , , . , , . , III . , . , , . , , , , , , . , , , 11551156, 1169 1176 . , , , . , . , ׸ . , ; , 1167 . . , , , XII . , , , . , 500 000 1 000 000 , . , . 20 000 . , . , , . , , , . , , . , , , . , . . , . , , . , . : , . . , - , . . 1160- , , . : , , , A. . . , , . , . , , , , , , . , . , , . . , . , . , , 1180 . , , . , . , . ... , , , , , . XVIII . . , , , . , , . , , - , . , , . , . XIX . . , , . , - . .. , , , . . .. , . , . , . , . , . , . I : . ; . . : . // . -: , 1859; , , . William of Tyre, Historia Rerum In Partibus Transmarinis Gestarum (A History of Deeds Done Beyond the Sea), translated by E. A. Babock and A. C. Krey (Columbia University Press, 1943). See the original text in the Latin library. : .. , ; : ѣ , // . 1971. 32. 85103; .. I // . : , 2000. 2. ISBN 978-5-403-01726-8; .. // . : , 1997. 558 ISBN 5-87305-002-3; .. : ( ) // . 1964. 25. 5398; . // . : , 1986. 176 ; . // . 15 . -: , 1996. 9. 704 . ISBN 5-89329-006;. . . : , 2010. 542 ISBN 9-78-517-050648; . . : -, 1998. ISBN 5-86-218273-X; .. // . 3. : , 1967. ISBN 978-5-403-01726-8; .. 1187 // . 1957. 12. 5874; .. VI. // . 5 : , , 2005. 5. 558 . ISBN 5-271-03856-4; Angold, Michael. The Byzantine Empire, 10251204. Longman, 1997. ISBN 0-582-29468-1; Birkenmeier John W. The Campaigns of Manuel I Komnenos // The Development of the Komnenian Army: 10811180. Brill Academic Publishers, 2002. ISBN 90-04-11710-5; Brand, Charles M. (1989). The Turkish Element in Byzantium, Eleventh-Twelfth Centuries. Dumbarton Oaks Papers (Dumbarton Oaks, Trustees for Harvard University) 43: 12. DOI:10.2307/1291603; "Byzantium", Papyros-Larousse-Britannica (Volume XIII), 2006, ISBN 960-8322-84-7; Day, Gerald. W. (June 1977). Manuel and the Genoese: A Reappraisal of Byzantine Commercial Policy in the Late Twelfth Century. The Journal of Economic History (Dumbarton Oaks, Trustees for Harvard University) 37 (2): 289301. DOI:10.2307/1291170; Duggan Anne J. The Pope and the Princes // Adrian IV, the English Pope, 11541159: Studies and Texts edited by Brenda Bolton and Anne J. Duggan. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd., 2003. ISBN 0-7546-0708-9; Garland Lynda, Stone Andrew Bertha-Irene of Sulzbach, first wife of Manuel I Comnenus. Online Encyclopedia of Roman Emperors; Gibbon Edward. XLVIII-The Decline and Fall // The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire (Volume III). Penguin Classics, 1995. ISBN 0-14-043395-3; Harris, Jonathan. Byzantium and the Crusades. Hambledon and London, 2003. ISBN 1-85285-298-4; Každan Alexander P. Popular and Aristrocratic Popular Trends // Change in Byzantine Culture in the Eleventh and Twelfth Centuries. University of California Press, 1990. ISBN 0-520-06962-5; Madden Thomas F. The Decline of the Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem and the Third Crusade // The New Concise History of the Crusades. Rowman & Littlefield, 2005. ISBN 0-7425-3822-2; Magdalino Paul. The Medieval Empire (7801204) // The Oxford History of Byzantium By Cyril A. Mango. Oxford University Press, 2002. ISBN 0-19-814098-3; Magdalino Paul. The Empire of Manuel I Komnenos, 11431180. Cambridge University Press, 2002. ISBN 0-521-52653-1; Mayer Hans, Eberhard. The Latin East, 10981205 // The New Cambridge Medieval History edited by Rosamond McKitterick, Timothy Reuter, Michael K. Jones, Christopher Allmand, David Abulafia, Jonathan Riley-Smith, Paul Fouracre, David Luscombe. Cambridge University Press, 2005. ISBN 0-521-41411-3; Read Piers Paul. The Templars (translated in Greek by G. Kousounelou). Enalios, 2003English edition 1999. ISBN 960-536-143-4; Rogers Randal. The Capture of the Palestinian Coast // Latin Siege Warfare in the Twelfth Century. Oxford University Press, 1997. ISBN 0-19-820689-5; Treadgold Warren. A History of the Byzantine State and Society. Stanford University Press, 1997. ISBN 0-8047-2630-2; Sedlar Jean W. Foreign Affairs // East Central Europe in the Middle Ages, 10001500. University of Washington Press, 1994. ISBN 0-295-97290-4; Stone, Andrew Manuel I Comnenus (A.D. 11431180). Online Encyclopedia of Roman Emperors; Zeitler, Barbara Cross-cultural Interpretations of Imagery in the Middle Ages. Find Articles; Varzos, K. The Genealogy of the Komnenian Dynasty. Center of Byzantine Researches, 1984.

Yesün_TemürPortrait1293 (514x700, 314Kb)
1293
- ( - ө өө; - 也孫鐵木兒; - Taidingdi)
( , ), . 4 1323 15 1328 . - 1293 . , (12631302), 1292 (jinwang, 晉王). , , - . , ( ). 1302 - . , , - , . 1323 , , -, , . 4 1323 . , -, . . , , , , . - , , - . , . - . , . , , . - , , , . 1326 , - -, , . , . , , , , , . . , - . - 15 1328 . -.

Wen_Zhengming (665x700, 272Kb)
1470
( - 文徵明)
, . . , ( , ). , . 28 1559 . : Clunas C. Elegant Debts: The Social Art of Wen Zhengming, 14701559. London: Reaktion Books, 2004

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