1506
( )
, .
III , . 1542 , 2 , 30000 . , , , . , 1549 . : . , . , - . , 2 1552 47 , . 1623 . , .
1613
()
, . , 1628-1631 . . , . .
1652
XII ( )
(1730-40).
1693
, , I. "" I . , . : I . XVIII , . , I " , , , , ... , , , , ".
1693
1730, I.
1726
, , . . (1776-1789). , .
1727
, (1759). , " ". 65 , - ; , . , , , . . 1772 .
1739
1745
1767
-, . , , . 1800 . . , . . , , . , . . , , . , , . 3 . . 1812 . : . , , . 1820 . , . 1- .
1770
. . . - ( " ", 1793-94). 90- . . . . , - " ". 1798 . " "; 2- (1800) . 18 ., . , , (" ", ""), (", "), (""). . , , ( ", ", 1802-16); - . . : " " (1822) . "" (1850) . . 1843 -. 23 1850 .
1772
. , . , . ( , .). , , , . , , . : (1808), (1822), (1829). . , .
1784
, , , (1818). . . . 1802 . , 1802-1804 . ø . 1810-1824 . - . , . . , . . , . . . . 1825 . . - I . ( ..., . 1-2, 1841-1842). 1827-1845 . .
1794
(). . . 1814 . , 1843-1845 1847 . ( ). , ( ), . , . , . . ( ""), "12 ".
1799
1803
. . , - . , . , , , , , . 1807 , . , , - , , , . , , , . , , . , 1829 , , , . . , , - , , -, - . 1833 "", . , . . , , , , " ", 1838 . , 1839 20 . , , , . , , . " " . . "" "", - "". , , . " ", 1838 , 1816 . , . , , , , , . . , , . 1839 , , , . 1840 " ", . . . 1844 . , . , , , -, , , . . . : - . , - , , . , . , 14 1844 . , . , , , . , , 15 1846 . 1847 - - - , , . , , .
1809
. 1850 , 16 . , 60- XIX . 1862 9 . 32 .
1817
, .
1821
, - ( 1864). (1845). . . . 1846-1855 . , 1856-1887 . - , 1864-1878 . - - , 1872-1875 . . - ( 1877). - , . , . . . (1893) . .
1821
1823
( )
. . 20 . . .
1826
, , . 1847 . , . .
1836
, . ( 1878). , . , (. , . ), , . . , . , , , , . , , . . .
1845
( )
, , " "" ( .), " : ", "", "- - ", " , ", " ".
1847
. , 1876 , . .
1852
, . . (1882). 1887 - . - , . , , . , , .
1856
1859
. , . 1884 . 188688 , 188991 . 1891 . -; 18921902 , 190210 . 1910 -, . ˸ , . , ˸ , . - , , , . . , , . . ˸ (Studies in General Physiology, 1905), (The Mechanistic Conception of Life, 1912), (Artificial Parthenogenesis and Fertilization, 1913), , (Forced Movements, Tropisms and Animal Conduct, 1918), (Regeneration, 1924). ˸ (Journal of General Physiology).
1859
- I
(1885-1911).
1859
, .
1860
, .
1864
. .
1866
( )
, (1898), (1906), . . . . 1890 . , , , . 1900 . . , ( ). .
1867
-, , . . . . . .
1867
. (1890), 1903 . , 1914-1937 . . . - , (, -, , , , .), - . , . I .
1868
- . , . , - , , . . : , , . - , .
1871
.
1872
, , .
1873
, . 1917-1942 . - . , . , . , , , .
1876
, , , (19181932)
1879
- (1905). 1907 . , - ( 1910) (1918-1923) ; 1923-1929 . - - ( ). ("") " " "" , "", "", "". "" , , , "", . : " " , , ("") , - . , - , , . " " (1927) , "" ( ). 30- . , , (. , . .). " " . ( 1959). ; .
1879
( ", ")
1879
.
1880
, (1960), (1934 ).
1880
- ( -)
, , -. 1902-1904 . , 1903 . -. 1905-1907 . . 1907 . . 1914 . . . , , ; - . 1917 . , (). 1- (). , , . (1901) - - . 1913-1916 . . (1917). . - 20- 30- ., , . . (1929) , 1907-1913 . , .
1880
, . 190102 , 190205 , 1905 . 191326 . 1926 . 1934 , 1938 . . . . ( ). ( ..) . , , . .
1881
, . 1904 1957 . 951 , 1918-1949 .
1882
. .
1882
. 1903 3- . 1913 , 1- . . 1918 . " ". 1926 . 1929 -. , , . 3 1932, , . , , . , 30 1933 . " ". 30 1934 , , , .
1882
(; )
, . . 1903-07 , 1905-07 . 1907 . 1910. 1918 . 1905-07 - ( " ", 1905; " ", 1905-06). , ("", 1909), ("", 1908; "", 1909). . , ( " ", 1925; "", 1920; " ", 1921; "", 1936). "" (1932) , "1831 " (1936). " " (1946), " " (1949. 1952) , -, , . 1957 " " " ".
1883
. . 1901, . .. 1906 . (1910). ( - ) , (" "-" ", 1910-11, , -). 1910- . , 1910- 1930- . - , . "" " " . 27 1966 .
1884
, , (1952).
1884
. . (1908), 1927 , - . 1914-18 . - , . , , - "" . 16 1942 .
1884
. (1947). (1904-1948), . . . X. . - . 12- .
1888
, . . . 1936 . . .
1888
, . . . - . (1940). 1914-17 . . 1910 . . 1932 . . . - (). . . "" . (1940, . - , ; . . "" . , . , . , 1943), " " ("") , "-" , "" (. . - ), ., . .
1889
( )
. 1945 . ; . 1915 " " (Sonetos de la muerte) . "" (Desolacion, 1922), , -. . . , . . (19331935) - (1946), .
. . , -, 10 1957 .
1890
. 10- . 1907 . . . - , . 1910 . . : , ( 1912), , (1915), (1919), (1924), (1927), (1935), , ( 1944), (1954) .
1891
( )
, (1924). 1925 . - , 1932 . . (, ), 1947 . - . . " , , ". , . (1933) (1933-1947) ( 1939 . "Bulletin of the history of medicine"), (1943-1947) "American Review of Soviet medicine".
1891
- , 1932 .
1893
, 19531961 .
1893
.
1893
. 1918 . - , 1920-1936 . - . 1931-1936 . . 1937 . . 1942-1952 . - - (). . , . , : , , , .
1893
( - )
, , . (1944). 1913-16 . , . . . 1912 ( - " -" -). 1918 " " . 1919 , 1920 - . 1922-25 "", 1928- 1938 1943-48 , , . 1926-28, 1938-41 1948-56- . ( 1948- . ). - . : ("" -), ("-" -), , ("", ""), (" "), , (""," "). : "" (1929), " " (1927); "" (1931), "" (1934), " " (1937); " " (1939) "" (1937) , "" ( , 1947), "" - (1955) . , , . - ("" .). : (1926-27), (1933-38) . . (1924). 2 , .
1894
()
, (1947 .). , , : (1928), . (1934 1958-65).
1894
; . 1913 . . 1916 . , 1917 . - . 1919 . . - . (1922). 1925 . . . ( . . ). : - . . (1927), . . , . (1932, ), ( . . , 1937) (1937) 1918 (1939, . . ). 1936 . л.
1894
, ; .
1894
, 20-30- . (1924) . .
1894
( )
, ( 1943). . (1917). 1917-1919 . , 1920-1961 . . . (1932) , - . ( ).
1896
1897
, - , ,
1898
-
, 1924 , 1936 8 .
1899
, - (1943), (1955). 1939. (1918-22); 1925 ( 1936). 1939 . : " " (1939, . 1956), " XVIII - XIX " (1941), " " (1961, 1963), " " (1966). , 3 . , .
1899
. . . . . ( 1920), - 1929 . 1947 . - ( ). , . . . , . - . 3 , 2 . 1- (1947).
1899
. 1928 . -. . (1930), (1939). (1947), (1948), (1940, ), (1945, ), (1957, . ), (1957, . ) . .
1899
-, ( 1940). - ( ). 1924-1925 . -- (), 1925 . (). 1925-1930 . -- ( ), 1930-1968 . ( 1937 . ). . . - (1935). 1 (1939). , - - . (1948). , , , , (1955). (. 1-2, 1944) 5- (1970-1977). ( 1933).