.
. . / .. , , , , . .: , 2006 2007, . .: .
: 32.515 2007 .
424.
-23:
() , : - -, , ; , .
1. .., , . 셻,
www.trinitas.ru, 27.04.2007 .
(1918 1994), , , , 1949 . , 10 , .
, , , , , , , , ().
(. 1967), , , -, , , , ().
(1903 1979), , ( 1937 ., ), , ( , --; , , , , , ) ().
(1908 2007), -, , , , ().
(1911 1991), , , , ().
(1885 1966), , , , ().
(1915 1999), , ( 1954), , , - , , ().
ϸ
(1884 1969), , (1945), ̸ (1909), ().
ϸ
(. 1946), , ().
(1795 1862), -, , , , , , , (.. .) ().
(. 1953), , ().
(. 1943), , , .
(. 1927), , , , , 30 , , , 6 () ().
(. 1943), ; (), () ().
(1908 1981), , , (1968), (1950 1973), : - , , , , , , , , ().
(1908 2001), 20- , , , , , . .. , ; , , л, .; ; 1952-54 . , 40 , , - () ().
(1820 1879), , , .
(1927 2003), , , , . , : , , ; ().
, (, - , [21] , ). , , [30].
( )
( 60 . ) - , : , , . [3].
, . (, , , ..). . - - : ( - /) - ( , ). ( ) [20, 30].
( [18]) ( [18, 19, 30]) ( [22]), . , , , , , [23].
99.981 ..: 9.967.486;
59.981 ..: 5.967.486;
31.181 ..: 3.097.486;
29.981 ..: 2.967.486;
23.001 ..: 2.267.496;
22.981 ..: 2.267.486;
22.001 ..: 2.167.496;
19.980 ..: 1.967.492, 1.967.488, 1.967.486;
18.001 ..: 1.767.496;
17.980 ..: 1.767.492;
17.900 ..: 1.757.486;
16.501 ..: 1.617.496;
16.001 ..: 1.567.496;
15.000 ..: 1.467.486;
14.675 ..: 1.436.981;
14.301 ..: 1.397.496;
13.981 ..: 1.367.507;
13.601 ..: 1.327.496;
11.981 ..: 1.167.496;
10.980 ..: 1.067.490;
9.981 ..: 967.507, 967.492;
7.360 ..: 703.486;
7.281 ..: 697.496;
6.980 ..: 667.492, 667.487;
6.520 ..: 619.486;
5.501 ..: 467.492;
4.675 ..: 467.486;
4.580 ..: 425.486;
3.980 ..: 367.486;
3.810 ..: 348.486;
2.980 ..: 267.486;
2.600 ..: 227.486;
2.278 ..: 247.486;
2.140 ..: 183.492;
2.010 ..: 170.486;
1.981 ..: 167.516;
1.980 ..: 167.486;
1.881 ..: 157.492;
1.580 ..: 127.492, 127.486;
1.501 ..: 119.492;
1.320 ..: 99.486;
1.280 ..: 97.486;
1.230 ..: 92.492;
1.080 ..: 77.486;
1.030 ..: 72.486;
1.000 ..: 69.486;
980 ..: 67.486;
780 ..: 47.492;
680 ..: 37.487, 37.486;
530 ..: 22.492, 22.486;
521 ..: 21.496;
481 ..: 17.552, 17.472;
430 ..: 12.472;
401 ..: 9.492;
397 ..: 9.102;
380 ..: 7.492, 7.487, 7.486;
351 ..: 4.492;
340 ..: 3.472;
331 ..: 2.492;
320 ..: 1.472;
300 ..: 508;
282 ..: 2.335;
281 ..: 2.508;
257 ..: 4.848;
251 ..: 5.474;
250 ..: 5.508;
232 ..: 7.389;
231 ..: 7.486;
230 ..: 7.508, 7.514;
210 ..: 9.508;
200 ..: 10.508;
180 ..: 12.508;
179 ..: 12.608;
161 ..: 14.476;
160 ..: 14.514, 14.508;
151 ..: 15.508;
141 ..: 16.508, 16.498;
130 ..: 17.508;
121 ..: 18.508;
115 ..: 19.008;
111 ..: 19.498;
110 ..: 19.508;
101 ..: 20.485, 20.488, 20.498;
100 ..: 20.508, 20.528;
99 ..: 20.668;
96 ..: 21.144;
95 ..: 21.081;
90 ..: 21.508, 21.514;
88 ..: 21.708;
85 ..: 22.008, 22.048;
80 ..: 22.508, 22.514;
75 ..: 23.078;
70 ..: 23.508, 23.598;
65 ..: 24.008;
60 ..: 24.508;
53 ..: 25.258;
52 ..: 25.408, 25.324;
51 ..: 25.498;
50 ..: 25.508;
49 ..: 25.668;
48 ..: 25.758;
47 ..: 25.898;
45 ..: 26.008;
43 ..: 26.258;
42 ..: 26.358;
41 ..: 26.408, 26.498;
40 ..: 26.508;
38 ..: 26.758;
37 ..: 26.818, 26.888;
36 ..: 26.943;
35 ..: 27.008;
34 ..: 27.158;
33 ..: 27.298;
32 ..: 27308, 27.358;
31 ..: 27.408, 27.498;
30 ..: 27.508, 27.515, 27.528, 27.608;
29 ..: 27.658;
28 ..: 27.758, 27.788;
27 ..: 27.893;
26 ..: 27.908, 27.917, 27.958, 27.998;
25 ..: 28.008;
24 ..: 28.108, 28.113, 28.168;
23 ..: 28.208;
21 ..: 28.408;
20 ..: 28.508;
19 ..: 28.608;
18 ..: 28.708;
17 ..: 28.808, 28.818;
16 ..: 28.908, 28.958, 28.996;
15 ..: 29.008;
14 ..: 29.108, 29.133;
13 ..: 29.108, 29.208, 29.258;
11 ..: 29.408, 29.458
10 ..: 29.508;
9 ..: 29.608;
8 ..: 29.708;
7 ..: 29.808, 29.853;
6 ..: 29.908, 29.995;
5 ..: 30.008, 30.028, 30.048, 30.077;
4 ..: 30.108, 30.178, 30.180, 30.188;
3 ..: 30.208, 30.258, 30.292;
2 ..: 30.308, 30.358;
1 ..: 30.408, 30.414, 30.450, 30.458, 30.507;
1 : 30.518, 30.538, 30.558, 30.568, 30.578, 30.608;
2 : 30.658, 30.674, 30.708;
3 : 30.803, 30.808;
4 : 30.833, 30.858, 30.876;
5 : 30.910, 30.914, 30.918, 30.937, 30.958, 30.961, 30.997;
6 : 31.044, 31.055, 31.058, 31.062, 31.073, 31.076, 31.089;
7 : 31.135, 31.148, 31.156, 31.158, 31.183, 31.185, 31.186, 31.187, 31.188;
8 : 31.308, 31.233, 31.243, 31.273, 31.282, 31.304;
9 : 31.318, 31.323, 31.334, 31.408, 31.347, 31.358, 31.368, 31.370, 31.372, 31.374, 31.375, 31.377, 31.392, 31.393, 31.408;
10 : 31.411, 31.415, 31.419, 31.420, 31.435, 31.443, 31.457, 31.458, 31.469, 31.471, 31.488; 31.496, 31.497, 31.498, 31.508;
11 : 31.528, 31.532, 31.558, 31.574, 31.583, 31.608;
12 : 31.658, 31.670, 31.685, 31.708;
13 : 31.723, 31.735, 31.749, 31.758, 31.762, 31.808;
14 : 31.816, 31.908;
15 : 31.910;
16 : 32.059;
17 : 32.156, 32.158;
18 : 32.264, 32.268, 32.303;
19 : 32.358, 32.398, 32.408, 32.458;
-9.967.486 (9.998.004 ..) : :
- 5 (10 7 .) [1].
[1. .., ( ), . ., 1996]
-5.967.486 (5.998.004 ..) :
5 (6 4,7 .) [1].
[1. .., ( ), . ., 1996]
-3.097.486 (3.128.004 ..) , ( 2,63 0,5 .) [1].
[1. .., ( ), . ., 1996]
-2. 967.486 (2.998.004 ..) : :
, , , ( , , 2,63 0,5 .) I/II (3 2,6 .) [1].
[1. .., ( ), . ., 1996]
-2. 967.486 (2.998.004 ..) : :
, 1 3 . .., , , . , : ( ) [1] , . . [2, . 51]. . . , , , . , : , , , , [3] [1].
[1. .., , , , 8, -, 2004;
2. ., . : . ., 1984;
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-2.267.496 (2.300.010 ..) : (, ) [1; 2, . 115 125].
[1. .., ( ), . ., 1996;
2. .., .. // . , 1982. 6]
-2.267.486 (2.298.004 ..) : ( /, 2,3 2 .) [1].
[1. .., ( ), . ., 1996]
-2.267.486 (2.298.004 ..) : (, ; 1,9 0,4 .) [1].
[1. .., ( ), . ., 1996]
-2.167.496 (2.200.010 ..) : (-) [1].
[1. .., ( ), . ., 1996]
-1.967.492 (1.998.000 ..) : , :
2 . . Homo ( , ), , H. ergaster, . , , [1].
[1. .., ( ) // . . , 2000]
-1.967.488 (1.997.996 ..) : :
, , 1,5 2 . .. [1, . 15 16, 31, 45, 50] [2].
[1. .., . . 1500000 70 . , 1985;
2. .., , , , 8, -, 2004]
-1.967.486 (1.997.994 ..) : -:
1983-1984 . , 1-2 . , ( , ).
[ . . . : . , 1967. 472 .,
. . . . ( ). . . .. . I. , 1988,
.. . : , 1992.]
-1.767.496 (1.800.010 ..) :
( 1,8 1,6 .) [1].
[1. .., ( ), . ., 1996]
-1.767.492 (1.798.000 ..) : Homo erectus :
1,8 1,6 . Homo erectus (, Homo ergaster), , - . , [1].
[1. .., ( ) // . . , 2000]
-1.767.492 (1.798.000 ..) : () 1,8 . [1].
[1. .., ( ) // . . , 2000]
-1.757.486 (1.790.000 ..) : ;
( II/III, 1,79 1,6 .) [1].
[1. .., ( ), . ., 1996]
-1.617.496 (1.650.010 ..) :
, , (, , , 1,651,25 .) [1].
[1. .., ( ), . ., 1996]
-1.567.496 (1.600.010 ..) : ( 1) [1].
[1. .., ( ), . ., 1996]
-1.567.496 (1.600.010 ..) : ( III) [].
[1. .., ( ), . ., 1996]
-1.467.486 (1.500.000 ..) : [1; 2, . 199].
[1. .., ( ), . ., 1996;
2. .., .., : . ., 1993]
-1.436.981 (1467489 ..) : . :
. , - - . 1,5 . 300 . ... . , , , Homo sapiens neandertalensis [1]. - [2, 3, 4].
[1. .., .., .. ., . . : - - , 2003;
2. .., ( - ): . . .: , - , 1988;
3. ., : . , , - .: 2001;
4. .., , - .: 2006 2007]
-1.397.496 (1.430.010 ..) : ( ):
(1,43 1,36 .), [1].
[1. .., ( ), . ., 1996]
-1.367.507 (1.398.015 ..) : :
1980- . (. , Chesowanja) , 1,4 . .., (1.000 1.500) , . , 400 , [1, . 62; 2, . 5; 3] , Homo [4].
[1. .., .., . , 1985;
2. .., / .. ;
3. Gowlett J.A. J., Harris J. W.K., Walton D., Wood B.A., Early archaeological sites, hominids remains and traces of fire from Chesowanja, Kenya // Nature. 1981. Nr. 294;
4. .., , , , 8, -, 2004]
-1.327.496 (1.360.010 ..) : ( ) [1].
[1. .., ( ), . ., 1996]
-1.167.496 (1.198.004 ..) : :
, , , [1, . 190 223, 344 345]. , , , . II , ( II, , . 1,2 ., 2 ) [2].
[1. .., .., . ., 1981;
2. .., ( ), . ., 1996]
-1.067.490 (1.097.998 ..) : :
. Homo erectus 1 1,1 . [1]. 1980- . . , I, , [2]. , , [3].
[1. ., // . 2002. 7;
2. Perles C., Prehistoire du feu. Paris, 1977;
3. .., , , , 8, -, 2004]
-967.507 (998.015 ..) : , , :
, - ( ) 1 . . ., , , , . , [1, . 177 182; 2, . 103, 105; 3, . 31 32] [4].
[1. ., . ., 1987;
2. .., .., . , 1990;
3. .., . . 1500000 70 . , 1985;
4. .., , , , 8, -, 2004]
-697.496 (728.004 ..) : / (0,736 0,718 .) [1].
[1. .., ( ), . ., 1996]
-697.496 (728.004 ..) : () :
, , , 0,73 . [1].
[1. .., ( ), . ., 1996]
-697.496 (728.004 ..) : :
730000 [1].
[1. .., ( ), . ., 1996]
-697.496 (728.004 ..) : :
. .. [1, 2], , , (. ) (.. ). (, + , .., . ) ( + ). - , 0,73 . , , , [3, . 190 223] [4].
[1. Marshack A., The roots of civilization. N.Y., 1972;
2. .., . , 1974;
3. .., .., . ., 1981;
4. .., ( ), . ., 1996]
-967.492 (998.000 ..) : :
0,8-1 . (, ) [1].
[ .., ( ) // . . , 2000]
-667.492 (698.000 ..) : :
0,7-0,3 . (H. heidelbergensis) [1].
[1. .., ( ) // . . , 2000]
-667.487 (697.995 ..) : :
, , . , 700 . .. [1, v. 68. nr 2, pt. 2; 2, p. 205] [3].
[1. Howell F.C., Observations on the earlier phases of the European lower paleolithic // American Anthropologist. 1966;
2. Coles J.M., Higgs E.S., The archaeology of early man. L., 1969;
3. .., , , , 8, -, 2004]
-619.486 (652.000 ..) : / (, 0,654 .) [1].
[1. .., ( ), . ., 1996]
-467.492 (500.000 ..) : :
(Vertesszolos) (500 400 . ..) 50 (). ( ). , , , - ( ). : ; ; .
[1. .., , , 1968, 1;
2. .., // , , 30 ., 1969 1978;
3. .., , ., 1965;
4. . . ., ., 1966]
-467.486 (497.994 ..) : :
. . 500-400 . .
[ . . . : . , 1967. 472 ., . 9.]
-425.486 (458.000 ..) : :
, 20- . 20 . , .-. ( 45 .-. ). , ( 1040 3), . , ( .) . - ; 400 . [5, 6].
, , , , [1, . 30], , [2, . 39, 53 64]. , [3, . 224 254]. , , ( I I/II, 459000, 460000) [4].
, [7, . 51 52].
[1. .., . ., 1961;
2. .., : . 2 . ., 1983;
3. .., .., . ., 1981;
4. .., ( ), . ., 1996;
5. .., , ., 1965;
6. .., , , : , ., 1966 (. . , . 92);
7. ., : - . ., 1986]
-367.486 (398.000 ..) : 0,3 0,4 . , [1].
[1. .., ( ) // . . , 2000]
-367.486 (398.000 ..) : ; , , :
; () . , . 400 100 . . , , , , , , , . , , () (--); , (), (). , , , [1, 2].
[1. .., , 3 ., ., 1953;
2. Leroi-Gourhan A., La Prehistoire, P., 1966]
-367.486 (398.000 ..) : :
, : (
http://www.dazzle.ru/spec/bogi-3.shtml#1) III, ( ) , [1, . 67 68]. , , I [2]. , (I, II, III, IV, V) . . I III . . , , . : , , , [3].
[1. . ., 1984;
2. , . . : , 2002;
3. .., I (-), ". ", ., 1959, . 91, . 2]
-367.486 (397.994 ..) : :
. 500-400 . .
[ . . . : . , 1967. 472 ., . 9.]
-348.486 (381.000 ..) : :
, . , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . [. 162, 164, 170]. ( ) , , (, , , II, 383000 362000) [2].
[1. .., .., . ., 1981;
2. .., ( ), . ., 1996]
-267.486 (297.994 ..) : .
[ . . . : . , 1967. 472 ., . 9.]
-247.486 (277.994 ..) : :
280 200 . .
[ . . . : . , 1967. 472 ., . 9.]
-227.486 (260.000 ..) : :
(, , ..). , [1, . 210 211], . . , (, , , , III/6, [], , 262000 204000), [2].
[1. .., . ., 1989;
2. .., ( ), . ., 1996]
-183.492 (214000 ..) : :
22.1 (171 43 . .. (-737)) . , , , Homo sapiens neandertalensis [1].
[1. .., .., .. ., . . : - - , 2003]
-170.486 (200.994 ..) : .
[ . . . : . , 1967. 472 ., . 9.]
-167.516 (198.024 ..) : :
, , 200 . , , , . , . [1, pp. 636 639] , , . , . . , - - . , . . , [2].
[1. La prehistoire francaise. Paris, 1976, t. 1;
2. , . . : , 2002]
-167.486 (198.000 ..) : :
, , , .. 200000 [1].
[1. .., ( ), . ., 1996]
-167.486 (197.994 ..) : :
280 200 . .
[ . . . : . , 1967. 472 ., . 9.]
-157.492 (188.000 ..) : :
() . (5 . ) , 180 190 . . , . [1].
[1. .., . , , .-., 2007]
-127.492 (158.000 ..) : 168:
. , 168. 80 ( ) 160 ( ) [1].
[1. .., ( ), Organizmica, 3, 2007]
-127.486 (157.994 ..) : .
[ . . . : . , 1967. 472 ., . 9.]
-127.486 (157.994 ..) : :
(160 130 . ) .
[ . . . : . , 1967. 472 ., . 9.]
-119.492 (150.000 ..) : :
() , , . () , , , . . 13715 . [1].
[1. .., . , , .-., 2007]
-99.486 (132.000 ..) : :
( ) , , /, 134000 110000 [1].
[1. .., ( ), . ., 1996]
-97.486 (127.994 ..) : :
(160 130 . ) .
[ . . . : . , 1967. 472 ., . 9.]
-97.486 (127.994 ..) : .
[ . . . : . , 1967. 472 ., . 9.]
-92.492 (123.000 ..) : ():
1921 . - ( ) : , , , . 28 , . , , 110 125 . , , .
, , ( ) .
- 1,78 . M+d . M+d . ( 90) , , , , (85,6). . ( ) -; 2,5d . , . , , . , , .
. IV . - .
( ) ; 38,3 41,8 - 46,1 .
H. ergaster, , , , 2 . . , , , [1].
[1. .., ( ) // . . , 2000]
-77.486 (108.000 ..) : :
, -, . , , / ( 6 , , , , , , /, 111000, ).
[1. .., ( ), . ., 1996]
-72.486 (103.000 ..) - :
(?, ' II, , , , IV A, , I , 105000 104000, ..) [1].
[1. .., ( ), . ., 1996]
-69.486 (100.000 ..) : :
, [1].
100 80- . .. 54 . . [2].
[1. .., . .: , 1981;
2. .., // , , 30 ., 1969 1978]
-67.486 (98.000 ..) : :
, , () () . ( 54 ), , . , - () . 53 33- . ..; , , 100 80- . .. (), , (, , , ..). . , . . [1, 2, 3].
[1. .., , 3 ., ., 1953;
2. .., Homo sapiens, ., 1968;
3. Bordes F., Le paleolithique dans le monde, P., 1968]
-67.486 (97.994 ..) : .
[ . . . : . , 1967. 472 ., . 9.]
-67.486 (97.994 ..) : :
(100 55 . ), ( ).
[ . . . : . , 1967. 472 ., . 9.]
-47.492 (78.000 ..) : R1a :
, R. I R () R1. , 168 ( ). 168 . 80 ( ) 160 ( )
, , , . , , . , (. .) (
http://www.dazzle.ru/spec/atpaleomono.shtml) , , , , , , , , . 40 % , , , , R1a (. .). [1].
[1. .., ( ), Organizmica, 3, 2007]
-47.492 (78.000 ..) : 168:
. , 168. 80 ( ) 160 ( ) [1].
[1. .., ( ), Organizmica, 3, 2007]
-37.486 (67.994 ..) : - :
- ( 70 11 . ). , , [1]. , , , [2].
[1. . ., 2000 2006;
2. .., , - .: , 1977]
-37.487 (67.995 ..) : :
2005 70 . [1].
[1. , , 30 2005]
-22.492 (53.000 ..) : Homo sapiens :
, . . . (1,5 2 ) . Homo sapiens , Homo sapiens [1, 2].
[1. .., , ., 1958;
2. .., , 3 ., ., 1953]
-22.492 (53.000 ..) : :
. - . [1, 2, 3].
[1. , . 1-14, , 1954 68;
2. , , 30 ., 1969 1978;
3. .., , 3 ., ., 1953]
-22.486 (52.994 ..) : :
(100 55 . ), ( ).
[ . . . : . , 1967. 472 ., . 9.]
-22.486 (52.994 ..) : .
[ . . . : . , 1967. 472 ., . 9.]
-21.496 (52.004 ..) : -:
, , I, . -, II, ( 2 1, II 2, 54000 51000), , 5 [1].
[1. .., ( ), . ., 1996]
-17.552 (48.060 ..) : :
, , , . , , , . . , , [1]. , . , . - , [2, . 150] [3].
(Drachenloch), , (). 2445 . - (, , 50 . ). . . , , , , , . , , , [4, 5, 6].
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, , 40 50 . , , , 15 17 . - , 40 50 . , , Homo sapiens [1].
[1. .., . , 8, 2003]
-17.472 (48.000 ..) : 10 [1].
[1. .., ( ), Organizmica, 3, 2007]
-12.472 (43.000 ..) : , :
13 15N , ( ) , . , , 45 000 [1] [2].
[1. Bocherns H., Billou D., Pathou-Matis M. et al., Palaeoenvironmental and paleodietary implications of isotopic biogeochemistry of late interglacial Neandertal and Mammal bones in Scladina Cave (Belgium) // J. Arch. Sci., 1999. v. 26, 599 607;
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-12.472 (43.000 ..) : 89:
. , 89 45 . [1].
[1. .., ( ), Organizmica, 3, 2007]
-9.492 (40.000 ..) : 43.000 :
.. [1] 15% 1000 , . : 40 . .. 91.000 . . , 47% , 43 40- . .. [2].
, 9, . 40 . [3].
[1. .., // , , 30 ., 1969 1978;
2. .., // . ., 2006 2007
3. .., ( ), Organizmica, 3, 2007]
-9.102 (39.610 ..) :
( , , , , , , 41500 100 14) [1].
[1. .., ( ), . ., 1996]
-7.492 (38.000 ..) : 100.000 :
, 0,8 . 100 . . 127 100 . 40 . 18 . [1].
[1. .., ( ) // . . , 2000]
-7.492 (38.000 ..) : :
40 35 . , , . () (). , [1].
[1. .., // , , 30 ., 1969 1978]
-7.492 (38.000 ..) : :
, ( ), . . , , .. . , -, . . , , ( .) ( .) [1, . ].
[1. , , 30 ., 1969 1978]
-7.492 (38.000 ..) :
( ), , . , (NGC 6960 NGC 6992), , 40 . [1, .. , . ].
[1. , 2007]
-7.492 (38.000 ..) :
(40 8 . ). , (, , ), , ;