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Ñðåäà, 10 Ìàÿ 2017 ã. 16:02 + â öèòàòíèê
Öèòàòà ñîîáùåíèÿ Olia2010 Âîïðîñèòåëüíûå ñëîâà â àíãëèéñêîì ÿçûêå: who, whom, whose

ÈÑÒÎ×ÍÈÊ

#Ñóòü ëþáîãî îáùåíèÿ – îáìåí èíôîðìàöèåé. Åñëè âû õîòèòå óçíàòü îò ñîáåñåäíèêà ÷òî-òî êîíêðåòíîå, òî âàì íåîáõîäèìî çàäàòü èíôîðìàöèîííûé âîïðîñ. ×òîáû ñîáåñåäíèê ïîíÿë, êàêóþ èìåííî èíôîðìàöèþ âû õîòèòå îò íåãî ïîëó÷èòü, âàæíóþ ðîëü èãðàåò ïðàâèëüíîå âîïðîñèòåëüíîå ñëîâî.  èíôîðìàöèîííîì âîïðîñå âîïðîñèòåëüíîå ñëîâî äîëæíî ñòîÿòü íà ïåðâîì ìåñòå.

Âñå âîïðîñèòåëüíûå ñëîâà, çà èñêëþ÷åíèåì ñëîâà How, íà÷èíàþòñÿ ñ áóêâ Wh, ïîýòîìó èíôîðìàöèîííûå âîïðîñû ÷àñòî íàçûâàþò Wh-Questions . Âîïðîñèòåëüíûå ñëîâà ìîãóò áûòü êàê îäíèì ñëîâîì, òàê è âûðàæàòüñÿ äâóìÿ ñëîâàìè, èëè æå öåëîé ôðàçîé. Íåêîòîðûå ñëîâà (what , how) îáðàçîâûâàþò ðÿä âîïðîñèòåëüíûõ ñî÷åòàíèé, íà êîòîðûå ìû òîæå îáðàòèì âíèìàíèå. 

Ìíîãèì ñëîæíî çàïîìíèòü ñðàçó âñå âîïðîñèòåëüíûå ñëîâà, ïîòîìó ÷òî íà ïåðâûé âçãëÿä îíè êàæóòñÿ î÷åíü ïîõîæèìè. Ê òîìó æå, áîëüøèíñòâî èç âîïðîñèòåëüíûõ ñëîâ èìåþò íþàíñû â óïîòðåáëåíèè, î êîòîðûõ ïðîñòî íåëüçÿ íå óïîìÿíóòü.

ß ðåøèëà çíàêîìèòü âàñ ñ âîïðîñèòåëüíûìè ñëîâàìè ïîñòåïåííî, äîçèðîâàííî, ïîòîìó ÷òî ïî ñåáå çíàþ, êàê ñëîæíî áûñòðî âîñïðèíèìàòü áîëüøîå êîëè÷åñòâî èíôîðìàöèè.  ñâîèõ îáúÿñíåíèÿõ ÿ íå áóäó îãðàíè÷èâàòüñÿ ïåðåâîäîì âîïðîñèòåëüíîãî ñëîâà è ïðèìåðàìè âîïðîñîâ ñ íèì, à ïîñòàðàþñü ðàññêàçàòü âàì êàê ìîæíî áîëüøå. Ñåãîäíÿ ðàññìîòðèì ñëîâà who , whom è whose.

Who? [huː] – Êòî? (Êîãî? Êîìó? Êåì?)

Ýòî ñëîâî èñïîëüçóåòñÿ òîëüêî â âîïðîñàõ î ÷åëîâåêå. Çàäàâàÿ âîïðîñ ñî ñëîâîì who, ìû õîòèì ïîëó÷èòü èìÿ ÷åëîâåêà â îòâåò, èëè èíôîðìàöèþ î òîì, êåì ýòîò ÷åëîâåê ÿâëÿåòñÿ:

Who is it? – Êòî ýòî?
Who will help you? – Êòî òåáå ïîìîæåò?
Who did you invite to the party? – Êîãî òû ïðèãëàñèë íà âå÷åðèíêó?
Who did they travel with? – Ñ êåì îíè ïóòåøåñòâîâàëè?

Âîïðîñû ñ who ìîãóò áûòü äâóõ âèäîâ: âîïðîñû ê ïîäëåæàùåìó è âîïðîñû ê äîïîëíåíèþ.  çàâèñèìîñòè îò òîãî, î ÷åì èìåííî ìû õîòèì ñïðîñèòü, áóäåò èçìåíÿòüñÿ ñòðóêòóðà âîïðîñà:

Who called you? – Êòî òåáå çâîíèë?
(âîïðîñ ê ïîäëåæàùåìó)
Who did you call? – Êîìó òû çâîíèë?
(âîïðîñ ê äîïîëíåíèþ)

Ðàçíèöó ìåæäó ýòèìè âîïðîñàìè ÿ î÷åíü ïîäðîáíî îáúÿñíÿëà â ñòàòüå Subject Questions and Object Questions. Åñëè âàì ñëîæíî óëîâèòü ðàçíèöó ìåæäó ýòèìè òèïàìè âîïðîñîâ, òî î÷åíü ðåêîìåíäóþ îçíàêîìèòüñÿ è ðàçîáðàòüñÿ.

Whom [huːm] – Êîãî? Êåì? Êîìó?

Âîïðîñèòåëüíîå ñëîâî whom î÷åíü íàïîìèíàåò who , äàæå ïåðåâîäèòñÿ îäèíàêîâî, íî èñïîëüçóåòñÿ íå òàê ÷àñòî êàê who . Åñëè who ìîæåò çàäàâàòü âîïðîñû ê ïîäëåæàùåìó (Êòî?), òî âîïðîñû ñ whomïðåäïîëàãàþò âîïðîñ òîëüêî î äîïîëíåíèè: Êîãî? Êîìó? Åãî ðåäêî ìîæíî âñòðåòèòü â ñîâðåìåííîé ðàçãîâîðíîé ðå÷è, ýòî ñëîâî áîëåå òèïè÷íî äëÿ ôîðìàëüíîãî ñòèëÿ:

Whom did you meet yesterday? – Êîãî âû â÷åðà âñòðåòèëè?
Whom is she calling? – Êîìó îíà çâîíèò?

Whom ÷àñòî èñïîëüçóåòñÿ â âîïðîñàõ ñ ãëàãîëàìè, êîòîðûå òðåáóþò ïîñëå ñåáÿ ïðåäëîãà to, for, with è äðóãèõ. Íàïðèìåð: give, speak, talk, buy, send è ìíîãèìè äðóãèìè. Ïîýòîìó âîïðîñû ñ whom â íà÷àëå ìîãóò èìåòü ïðåäëîã â êîíöå:

Who(m) did you talk to? – Ñ êåì âû ãîâîðèëè?
Who(m) did he buy it for? – Êîìó/äëÿ êîãî îí ýòî êóïèë?
Who(m) did you send the letter to? – Êîìó âû îòïðàâèëè ïèñüìî?

Âî âñåõ ïðèìåðàõ, ïðèâåäåííûõ âûøå, ìîæíî çàìåíèòü who íà whom . Íî åñëè ó âàñ î÷åíü ôîðìàëüíûé òîí, òî ïðåäëîã ìîæåò èäòè â íà÷àëå ïðåäëîæåíèÿ, ïåðåä whom :

To whom did you talk to? – Ñ êåì âû ãîâîðèëè?
With whom did you meet? – Ñ êåì âû áóäåòå âñòðå÷àòüñÿ?

Whose? [hu:z] – ×åé?

Åñëè âàì íóæíî çàäàòü âîïðîñ î òîì, êîìó ÷òî-ëèáî ïðèíàäëåæèò, òî âàì ïîíàäîáèòñÿ âîïðîñèòåëüíîå ñëîâî whose (÷åé). ×àùå âñåãî whose èñïîëüçóåòñÿ ñ ñóùåñòâèòåëüíûì. Åñëè âîïðîñ î ïðåäìåòå (÷åé ïðåäìåò?), è èç ñèòóàöèè îáùåíèÿ ïîíÿòíî, î ÷åì êîíêðåòíî âîïðîñ (íàïðèìåð, âû óêàçûâàåòå íà ïðåäìåò), òî ñóùåñòâèòåëüíîå ìîæåò óïóñêàòüñÿ:

Whose (bag) is this? – ×üÿ ýòî êíèãà?
Whose (pencils) are those? – ×üè òî êàðàíäàøè?

 ðóññêîì ÿçûêå ìû îáû÷íî â ëþáîé òàêîé ñèòóàöèè ñïðàøèâàåì: ×üå ýòî?, à âîò â àíãëèéñêîì ÿçûêå, ÷òîáû òàê ñïðîñèòü è óêàçàòü íà ïðåäìåò, íóæíî ïîìíèòü îá óêàçàòåëüíûõ ìåñòîèìåíèÿõ. Ïîäðîáíåå î íèõ â ñòàòüå This, that, these, those.

Åñëè âû ñïðàøèâàåòå î ëþäÿõ, òî ñóùåñòâèòåëüíîå ïîñëå whose óáèðàòü íåëüçÿ:

Whose brother is he? – ×åé îí áðàò?
Whose children are they? – ×üè ýòî äåòè?

Ñóùåñòâèòåëüíîå, î êîòîðîì çàäàåòñÿ âîïðîñ, òàêæå ìîæåò «óõîäèòü» â êîíåö ïðåäëîæåíèÿ. Òîãäà âñïîìîãàòåëüíûé ãëàãîë ñëåäóåò ïðÿìî çà âîïðîñèòåëüíûì ñëîâîì whose :

Whose is this bag? – ×üÿ ýòî êíèãà?
Whose are those pencils? – ×üè òî êàðàíäàøè?
Whose are these children? – ×üè ýòî äåòè?

Òàê êàê âëàäåëüöû ÷åãî-ëèáî îáû÷íî ëþäè, òî â îòâåò ìû îæèäàåò óñëûøàòü èìÿ ÷åëîâåêà â ïðèòÿæàòåëüíîì ïàäåæå, èëè ïðèòÿæàòåëüíîå ìåñòîèìåíèå. Êàê îòâå÷àòü íà âîïðîñû ñ whose, ìû ïîäðîáíî ðàññìîòðåëè â ñòàòüÿõ ×åé? ×üÿ? ×üå? Ïðèòÿæàòåëüíûé ïàäåæ â àíãëèéñêîì ÿçûêå è My èëè mine?.

Whose ìîæåò òàêæå èñïîëüçîâàòüñÿ ñ ïðåäëîãàìè. Ïðåäëîã ìîæåò ñòîÿòü â ñàìîì íà÷àëå âîïðîñà (áîëåå ôîðìàëüíûé âàðèàíò) èëè â êîíöå (ìåíåå ôîðìàëüíûé âàðèàíò):

With whose plan do you agree? – Ñ ÷üèì ïëàíîì âû ñîãëàñíû?
In whose house did you stay? –  ÷üåì äîìå âû îñòàíàâëèâàëèñü?

È ïîñëåäíèé ìîìåíò. Ìîæíî ïåðåïóòàòü âîïðîñèòåëüíîå ñëîâî whose ñ ôîðìîé who’s , ïîòîìó ÷òî ïî çâó÷àíèþ îíè àáñîëþòíî îäèíàêîâû. Who’s ýòî ñîêðàùåíèå îò who is èëè who has, ïîýòîìó ïîñëå íåãî íåò âñïîìîãàòåëüíîãî ãëàãîëà (îí ñîêðàùåí), à ïîñëå whose èäåò îáû÷íûé, íåñîêðàùåííûé âñïîìîãàòåëüíûé ãëàãîë:

Who’s this? – Êòî ýòî?
Who’s got a pen? – Ó êîãî åñòü ðó÷êà?
Who’s done that? – Êòî ýòî ñäåëàë?
Whose is this? – ×üå ýòî?

 ñëåäóþùåé ñòàòüå, ïîñâÿùåííîé âîïðîñàì, ÿ ðàññêàæó âàì î âîïðîñèòåëüíûõ ñëîâàõ what è which . È ïîñëåäóþùàÿ ñòàòüÿ áóäåò ïîñâÿùåíà âîïðîñèòåëüíûì ñëîâàì where, when, how, why.

Ñåðèÿ ñîîáùåíèé "Àíãëèéñêèé ÿçûê":
×àñòü 1 - Cóïåðñòèõ äëÿ çàïîìèíàíèÿ íåïðàâèëüíûõ ãëàãîëîâ_àíãëèéñêèé
×àñòü 2 - Êóõîííûå ïðåäìåòû íà àíãëèéñêîì ÿçûêå
...
×àñòü 15 - ðàçäàòî÷íûå êàðòî÷êè_àíãë.
×àñòü 16 - 8 ëó÷øèõ îíëàéí ñëîâàðåé äëÿ èçó÷åíèÿ àíãëèéñêîãî
×àñòü 17 - Âîïðîñèòåëüíûå ñëîâà â àíãëèéñêîì ÿçûêå: who, whom, whose
×àñòü 18 - Àíãëèéñêèé ñóïåðòðåíàæåð Ãëàãîë to be
×àñòü 19 - Êàê íàó÷èòü ðåáåíêà ÷èòàòü ïî-àíãëèéñêè?
Ðóáðèêè:  Àíãëèéñêèé ÿçûê

 

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