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Table of contents.
I. Introduction.Phobias.Causes.
II. The anatomic side of phobias.
III. Clinical phobias.
IV. Physical symptoms.
V. Phobias in children.
VI. Types of phobias.
VII. Conclusion. The ways of deciding the problem.
VIII. Statistic.
IX. Literature.
I.Introduction. Phobias.Causes.
Our world is becoming more and more nervous,and our lifestyle is so hard and fast today. So that’s why people have less and less communication with each other, they feel loneliness,uncertainty,they can’t find theirselves,and all it gives birth to different fears. Some people are able to control it,but there are a lot of people,who lives,depending from their fears. All this people have the same disease. The name of it is phobia.
Phobias (in the clinical meaning of the term) are the most common form of anxiety disorders. An Russian study by the National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) found that between 8.7% and 18.1% of Russian suffer from phobias.Broken down by age and gender, the study found that phobias were the most common mental illness among women in all age groups and the second most common illness among men older than 25.
It is generally accepted that phobias arise from a combination of external events and internal predispositions. In a famous experiment, Martin Seligman used classical conditioning to establish phobias of snakes and flowers. The results of the experiment showed that it took far fewer shocks to create an adverse response to a picture of a snake than to a picture of a flower, leading to the conclusion that certain objects may have a genetic predisposition to being associated with fear Many specific phobias can be traced back to a specific triggering event, usually a traumatic experience at an early age. Social phobias and agoraphobia have more complex causes that are not entirely known at this time. It is believed that heredity, genetics, and brain chemistry combine with life-experiences to play a major role in the development of anxiety disorders and phobiasor iroticle panic attacks.
Phobias are more often than not linked to the amygdala(The amygdalae,latin, also corpus amygdaloideum, singular amygdala, amygdale, 'almond', 'tonsil', listed in the Gray's Anatomy as the nucleus amygdale are almond-shaped groups of neurons located deep within the medial temporal lobes of the brain in complex vertebrates, including humans.Shown in research to perform a primary role in the processing and memory of emotional reactions, the amygdalae are considered part of the limbic system, an area of the brain located behind the pituitary gland in the limbic system. The amygdala secretes hormones that control fear and aggression, and aids in the interpretation of this emotion in the facial expressions of others. When the fear or aggression response is initiated, the amygdala releases hormones into the body to put the human body into an "alert" state, in which they are ready to move, run, fight, etc. Studies have shown a difference between the response cycles of those facing an object of a phobia and those facing a dangerous object that does not trigger phobia-like responses. In one case, patients with arachnophobia were shown pictures of a spider (the object of fear) and a snake (a control picture, intended to induce the normal response). When flashed up, the arachnophobe responded with brief fear to the snake, but the amygdala quickly shut down when the logical areas of higher thought analyzed the threat and ruled it out as unimportant. However, when shown the spider, the arachnophobe's amygdala reacted, and then did not stop secreting 'alarm' hormones, even after they had rationalized the situation they were in. For this reason, a phobia is generally classified as a panic disorder by most psychologists, since it involves an unnatural or illogical functioning of the brain.
Most psychologists and psychiatrists classify most phobias into three categories:
Social phobia, also known as social anxiety disorder - fears involving other people or social situations such as performance anxiety or fears of embarrassment by scrutiny of others, such as eating in public. Social phobia may be further subdivided into
o generalized social phobia, and
o 
specific social phobia, which are cases of anxiety triggered only in specific situations. The symptoms may extend to psychosomatic manifestation of physical problems. For example, sufferers of paruresis find it difficult or impossible to urinate in reduced levels of privacy. That goes beyond mere preference. If the condition triggers, the person physically cannot empty their bladder.
According to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition (DSM-IV), social phobia, specific phobia, and agoraphobia are sub-groups of anxiety disorder.
Many of the specific phobias, such as fear of dogs, heights, spiders and so forth, are extensions of fears that a lot of people have. People with these phobias specifically avoid the entity they fear.
Phobias vary in severity among individuals. Some individuals can simply avoid the subject of their fear and suffer only relatively mild anxiety over that fear. Others suffer fully-fledged panic attacks with all the associated disabling symptoms. Most individuals understand that they are suffering from an irrational fear, but are powerless to override their initial panic reaction.
Social phobia (DSM-IV 300.23), also known as social anxiety disorder (DSM-IV 300.23) is a diagnosis within psychiatry and other mental health professions referring to excessive social anxiety (anxiety in social situations)causing abnormally considerable distress and impaired ability to function in at least some areas of daily life. The diagnosis can be of a specific disorder (when only some particular situations are feared) or a generalized disorder. Generalized social anxiety disorder typically involves a persistent, intense, and chronic fear of being judged by others and of potentially being embarrassed or humiliated by their own actions. These fears can be triggered by perceived or actual scrutiny by others. While the fear of social interaction may be recognized by the person as excessive or unreasonable, considerable difficulty can be encountered overcoming it. Approximately 13.3 percent of the general population may meet criteria for social anxiety disorder at some point in their lifetime, according to the highest survey estimate, with the male to female ratio being 1:1.5
IV.Physical symptoms.
Physical symptoms often accompanying social anxiety disorder include excessive blushing, sweating (hyperhidrosis), trembling, palpitations, nausea, and stammering. Panic attacks may also occur under intense fear and discomfort. An early diagnosis may help in minimizing the symptoms and the development of additional problems such as depression. Some sufferers may use alcohol or other drugs to reduce fears and inhibitions at social events. It is very common for sufferers of social phobia to self-medicate in this fashion, especially if they are undiagnosed and/or untreated. This sort of self-medicating behavior is usually always counter productive to the sufferer, as many illicit drugs and alcohol are depressants and only make the problem worse. Specific prescription medications have a far better success rate at treating social phobia than self-medication.
A person with the disorder may be treated with psychotherapy, medication, or both. Research has shown cognitive behavior therapy, whether individually or in a group, to be effective in treating social phobia. The cognitive and behavioral components seek to change thought patterns and physical reactions to anxious situations. Prescribed medications includes two classes of antidepressants: selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) and serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs). Attention given to social anxiety disorder has significantly increased in since 1999 with the approval and marketing of drugs for its treatment.
Mental health professionals often distinguish between generalized social phobia and specific social phobia. People with generalized social phobia have great distress in a wide range of social situations. Those with specific social phobia may experience anxiety only in a few situations. The most common symptoms of specific social phobia are glossophobia, the fear of public speaking and the fear of performance, known as stage fright. Other examples of specific social phobia include fears of writing or eating in public, using public restrooms (paruresis), attending social gatherings, and dealing with authorities.
Specific social phobia may be classified into performance fears and interaction fears, i.e., fears of acting in social setting and interacting with other people, respectively.
A specific phobia is a generic term for any kind of anxiety disorder that amounts to an unreasonable or irrational fear related to exposure to specific objects or situations. As a result, the affected persons tend to actively avoid direct contact with the objects or situations, and in severe cases any mention or depiction of them.
The fear or anxiety may be triggered both by the presence and the anticipation of the specific object or situation. A person who encounters that of which they are phobic will often show signs of fear or express discomfort. In some cases it can result in a panic attack. In most cases of adults, this kind of phobia is consciously recognized by the person; still, anxiety and avoidance are difficult to control and may significantly impair person's functioning and even physical health.
Agoraphobia is an anxiety disorder, often precipitated by the fear of having a panic attack in a setting from which there is no easy means of escape. As a result, sufferers of agoraphobia may avoid public and/or unfamiliar places. In severe cases, the sufferer may become confined to their home, experiencing difficulty traveling from this "safe place.
Severe fears are present in about 10-15% of children and specific phobias are found in about 5% of children. Children with specific phobias experience an intense fear of an object or situation that does not go away easily and continues for an extended period of time. Children often have specific phobias of the dark, varieties of insects, spiders, bees, heights, water, choking, snakes, dogs, birds, and other animals. For many children, these fears and phobias interfere with their participation in and enjoyment of various activities. It may also interfere with their education, family life, or their social life. However, effective treatment is available for children who experience phobias.
VI.Types of phobias.
Testophobia.Test anxiety is a psychological condition in which a person experiences distress before, during, or after an exam or other assessment to such an extent that this anxiety causes poor performance or interferes with normal learning.
Blood phobia (also, AE: Hemophobia, BE: Haemophobia) is the extreme and irrational fear of blood. Acute cases of this fear can cause physical reactions that are uncommon in most other fears, specifically vasovagal syncope (fainting). Similar reactions can also occur with trypanophobia and traumatophobia. For this reason, these three phobias are categorized as "blood-injection-injury phobia" by the DSM-IV. Some early texts refer to this category as "blood-injury-illness phobia."
Glossophobia or speech anxiety is the fear of public speaking. The word glossophobia comes from the Greek γλῶσσα glōssa, meaning tongue, and φόβος phobos, fear or dread.Glossophobia may be a symptom of stage fright.
Necrophobia or thanatophobia is the fear of death or dead things (e.g., corpses) as well as things associated with death (e.g., coffins). Necrophobia is derived from Greek nekros for "corpse" and -phob- for "fear". Thanatophobia is derived from Thanatos (θάνατος: "death"), the personification of death.
Arachnophobia (from Greek arachne (αράχνη), "spider" and phobia (φοβία), "fear" ) is a specific phobia, an abnormal fear of spiders. It is among the most common of all phobias. The reactions of arachnophobics often seem irrational to others (and sometimes to the sufferers themselves). People with arachnophobia tend to feel uneasy in any area they believe could harbor spiders or that has visible signs of their presence, such as webs. If arachnophobics see a spider they may not enter the general vicinity until they have overcome the panic attack that is often associated with their phobia. In some cases, even a picture or a realistic drawing of a spider can also evoke fear. They may feel humiliated if such episodes happen in the presence of peers or family members.
Zoophobia or animal phobia may have one of two closely related meanings: a generic term for the class of specific phobias to particular animals or an irrational fear or even simply dislike of any non-human animals.Examples of specific zoophobias would be entomophobias, such as a fear of spiders (arachnophobia), snakes (ophidiophobia) or bees (apiphobia). See the article at -phobia for the list of various phobias. Sigmund Freud mentioned that an animal phobia is one of the most frequent psychoneurotic diseases among children.Zoophobia should not be confused with sensible fear of dangerous or threatening animals, such as the fear of wild bears or venomous snakes.
The fear of being touched (also known as aphephobia, haphephobia, haphophobia, hapnophobia, haptephobia, and haptophobia[citation needed]) is a rare specific phobia that involves the fear of touching or of being touched. It is an acute exaggeration of the normal tendencies to protect one's personal space, expressed as a fear of contamination or of the invasion, and extending even to people whom its sufferers know well.
Mysophobia is a term used to describe a pathological fear of contact with dirt, to avoid contamination and germs. Someone who has such a fear is often referred to as a "mysophobe." The term was introduced by William A. Hammond in 1879,when describing a case of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) exhibited in repeatedly washing one's hands.This phobia is sometimes referred to as germophobia (or germaphobia), a combination of germ and phobia to mean fear of germs, as well as bacillophobia and bacteriophobia.Mysophobia has long been related to OCD or washing one's hands. However, Harry Stack Sullivan, an American psychologist and psychoanalyst, notes that while fear of dirt underlies the compulsion of a person with this kind of OCD, his or her mental state is not about germs; instead, this person feels the hands must be washed.Several well-known individuals have suffered from this disorder, including Howie Mandel, Cameron Diaz, Howard Hughes and Nikola Tesla.The television series Monk revolves around a police detective with several psychological disorders including a severe case of Mysophobia.
VII.Conclusion.
So,during the work under this project,I’ve understood, that phobias are a great problem of modern society.Inspite of maybe some people think that it’s such a stupid thing,it’s a terrible disease of XXI century. In my opinion, government should pay more attention for people,who has phobias, organize different rehabilitation centers, where they could try to defeat their.disease.and back to a normal life after it
But,sure, people must be more polite to persons,who have phobias, and don’t make them be shy their problem, and help them to defeat it.
VIII.Statistic.
1000 students of the ages 14-18 were asked about their phobias.
The results are so interesting.
IX.Literature.
1. M.H. Fillimonov “Phobias.”
2. www.fear.com
Summary.
I have carried out my project work with the aim to investigate phobias as a great disease of a modern society.
Firs of all, I had consulted with my teacher of biology and started my work. During the work,I had been using electronic libraries, because it’s easier and more comfortable,then ordinary one.
I analyzed different types of phobias, their anatomic and psychological sides and had very interesting results.
I’ve discovered that:
1)-Nowdays there are more than 140 types of phobias. The most widespread are claustrophobia, blood phobia and necrophobia.
2)-Most psychologists and psychiatrists classify most phobias into three categories:
-generalized social phobia, and specific social phobia(s
are cases of anxiety triggered only in specific )
- Specific phobias(fear of a single specific panic trigger such as spiders, snakes, dogs, elevators, water, flying, catching a specific illness, etc.
-Agoraphobia (- a generalized fear of leaving home or a small familiar 'safe' area, and of possible panic attacks that might follow).
3) Physical symptoms often accompanying social anxiety disorder include excessive blushing, sweating (hyperhidrosis), trembling, palpitations, nausea, and stammering. Panic attacks may also occur under intense fear and discomfort. An early diagnosis may help in minimizing the symptoms and the development of additional problems such as depression
4) Severe fears are present in about 10-15% of children and specific phobias are found in about 5% of children. Children with specific phobias experience an intense fear of an object or situation that does not go away easily and continues for an extended period of time.
So I made a conclusion that phobias are a great problem of modern society.Inspite of maybe some people think that it’s such a stupid thing,it’s a terrible disease of XXI century. In my opinion, government should pay more attention for people,who has phobias, organize different rehabilitation centers, where they could try to defeat their disease and back to a normal life after it.
But,sure, people must be more polite to persons,who have phobias, and don’t make them be shy their problem, and help them to defeat it.
This project work may be used as an additional material in biology classes.
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