Àíãëèéñêèå ãëàãîëû. |

English Verbs.
Ãëàãîëèì èñòèíó î ãëàãîëå.
Ãëàãîë, íàâåðíîå, ñàìàÿ ñëîæíàÿ ÷àñòü ðå÷è â àíãëèéñêîì ÿçûêå — òàê ñ÷èòàþò ìíîãèå. È, âîîáùå, ïîðîé íåïîíÿòíî: îòêóäà ó àíãëè÷àí áåðåòñÿ ôàíòàçèÿ âûäóìàòü áóäóùåå â ïðîøåäøåì âðåìÿ?
Íî, áåç ãëàãîëà — íèêóäà! Äà è åñëè õîðîøî ïðèãëÿäåòüñÿ, òî íå òàêîé óæ îí è ñòðàøíûé.
Ãëàãîë — ýòî ÷àñòü ðå÷è, êîòîðàÿ îáîçíà÷àåò äåéñòâèå èëè ñîñòîÿíèå ëèöà èëè ïðåäìåòà. È îòâå÷àåò íà âåñüìà ôèëîñîôñêèé âîïðîñ: "÷òî äåëàòü?" "÷òî äåëàë?" èëè "÷òî áóäåò äåëàòü?".
 àíãëèéñêîì ÿçûêå ðàçëè÷àþò 2 âèäà ãëàãîëîâ.
1. Ãëàãîëû äåéñòâèÿ (action verbs), êîòîðûå â ñâîþ î÷åðåäü ïîäðàçäåëÿþòñÿ íà ïåðåõîäíûå (transitive verbs):
ïîäíèìàòü — raise; punish — íàêàçûâàòü (êîãî-ë., ÷òî-ë.)
è íåïåðåõîäíûå (intransitive verbs):
walk — ãóëÿòü, sleep — ñïàòü
Ïåðåõîäíûå ãëàãîëû õàðàêòåðèçóþòñÿ íàëè÷èåì ïðÿìîãî äîïîëíåíèÿ (direct object) — îáúåêòà, íà êîòîðûé íàïðàâëåíî (ïåðåõîäèò) äåéñòâèå ãëàãîëà, ó íåïåðåõîäíûõ òàêîãî îáúåêòà ìîæåò íå áûòü.
2. Ãëàãîëû-ñâÿçêè (linking verbs), êîòîðûå ñêîðåé ïåðåäàþò ñîñòîÿíèå, ÷åì âûðàæàþò êàêîå-òî äåéñòâèå:
to be — áûòü
to become — ñòàíîâèòüñÿ
to seem — êàçàòüñÿ è äð.
Ðàçëè÷íûå ôîðìû ãëàãîëà ìîãóò îáðàçîâûâàòüñÿ îò ñëîâàðíîé ôîðìû (áàçîâîé) — ýòî òà ôîðìà, êîòîðàÿ óêàçûâàåòñÿ â ñëîâàðå:
respect — óâàæàòü
perceive — âîñïðèíèìàòü
Ñóùåñòâóåò òàêæå íåîïðåäåëåííàÿ ôîðìà ãëàãîëà
èëè èíôèíèòèâ (îíà ñîâïàäàåò ñî ñëîâàðíîé ôîðìîé, íî óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ ñ ÷àñòèöåé to). Ãëàãîë â èíôèíèòèâå îòâå÷àåò íà âîïðîñû: ÷òî äåëàòü? ÷òî ñäåëàòü?
to respect
to perceive
Èñïîëüçóåòñÿ íåîïðåäåëåííàÿ ôîðìà â ñëó÷àÿõ, êîãäà ãëàãîë âûðàæàåò ñàìîñòîÿòåëüíóþ ñèíòàêñè÷åñêóþ åäèíèöó, îòëè÷íóþ îò ñêàçóåìîãî. Íàïðèìåð:
His main job is to respond to customer requests. — Åãî îñíîâíàÿ ðàáîòà — îòâå÷àòü íà çàïðîñû êëèåíòîâ.
 ðóññêîì ÿçûêå ãëàãîëû èìåþò ñïåöèôè÷åñêèé ïðèçíàê: îíè âñå çàêàí÷èâàþòñÿ íà -òü. Ãëàãîëû àíãëèéñêîãî ÿçûêà íå èìåþò òàêîãî ñïåöèôè÷åñêîãî ïðèçíàêà, ïîýòîìó èõ ìîæíî ñïóòàòü ñ äðóãèìè ÷àñòÿìè ðå÷è:
to work — ðàáîòàòü; work — ðàáîòà
to water — ïîëèâàòü; water — âîäà.
Äëÿ òîãî ÷òîáû îïðåäåëèòü ãëàãîë â ïðåäëîæåíèè íåîáõîäèìî ïðåäåëüíî âíèìàòåëüíî ñîïîñòàâèòü âñå ïðèçíàêè. Ýòî ìîæåò áûòü ïîðÿäîê ñëîâ â ïðåäëîæåíèè è íàëè÷èå äðóãèõ, òàê ñêàçàòü, áîëåå ÿâíûõ ãëàãîëîâ:
He never saw her cry. — Îí íèêîãäà íå âèäåë, ÷òîáû îíà ïëàêàëà.
Ñðàâíèòå:
Her cry was loud and lingering, it has blown up the sky as a shell. — Åå êðèê áûë ãðîìêèì è ïðîòÿæíûì, îí âçîðâàë íåáî êàê ñíàðÿä.
×àñòèöà to ñ íåîïðåäåëåííîé ôîðìîé òàêæå ïîìîãàåò "óâèäåòü" èëè "óñëûøàòü" ãëàãîë:
There are several ways to define the verb in a sentence. — Åñòü íåñêîëüêî ñïîñîáîâ îïðåäåëèòü ãëàãîë â ïðåäëîæåíèè.
Åñòü è äðóãèå ïðèçíàêè, íî î èõ ìû êîñíåìñÿ â ðàçäåëå î âðåìåíàõ ãëàãîëà.
Ñëîâàðíàÿ ôîðìà ìîæåò èìåòü ñëåäóþùèå âàðèàíòû îêîí÷àíèé:
-s: give — äàâàòü; he gives — îí äàåò
-ing: do — äåëàòü; doing – äåëàþ, äåëàåøü, äåëàåò, äåëàþò
-ed: produce — ïðîèçâîäèòü; produced — ïðîèçâ¸ë, ïðîèçâåëà, ïðîèçâåëî, ïðîèçâåëè
Îêîí÷àíèå -s èñïîëüçóåòñÿ äëÿ îáðàçîâàíèÿ ôîðìû òðåòüåãî ëèöà åäèíñòâåííîãî ÷èñëà íàñòîÿùåãî âðåìåíè (êàê-òî ìíîãî âñåãî). Åùå ðàç: òðåòüå ëèöî åäèíñòâåííîå ÷èñëî — ýòî: he, she, it èëè îí, îíà, îíî (ÎÎÎ — äðóãèìè ñëîâàìè).
Îêîí÷àíèå -ed èñïîëüçóåòñÿ äëÿ îáðàçîâàíèÿ ôîðìû ïðîñòîãî ïðîøåäøåãî âðåìåíè. Íàïðèìåð:
They gathered for the feast — îíè ñîáðàëèñü íà ïèð. Îêîí÷àíèÿ -ing è -ed òàêæå èñïîëüçóþòñÿ äëÿ îáðàçîâàíèÿ ïðè÷àñòèé íàñòîÿùåãî è ïðîøåäøåãî âðåìåíè (íî îá ýòîì ïîãîâîðèì â ðàçäåëå î ïðè÷àñòèÿõ).
Îñîáåííîñòüþ àíãëèéñêîãî ãëàãîëà ÿâëÿåòñÿ òî, ÷òî, â îòëè÷èå îò ðóññêîãî, çäåñü îòñóòñòâóåò âûðàæåííîå ïîíÿòèå âîçâðàòíîãî ãëàãîëà. Íàïðèìåð, â ðóññêîì ÿçûêå ìû ãîâîðèì: ìûòü åñëè íàäî ïîìûòü êîãî-òî (èëè ÷òî-òî), èëè ìûòüñÿ, åñëè íàäî ïîìûòüñÿ ñàìîìó.  àíãëèéñêîì ýòîãî íåò, òåì íå ìåíåå, åñòü íåñêîëüêî ñïîñîáîâ âûðàçèòü âîçâðàòíîå äåéñòâèå:
Èñïîëüçîâàíèå âîçâðàòíûõ ìåñòîèìåíèé: yourself, himself è äð.:
She wrapped herself with a long robe. — Îíà çàâåðíóëàñü â äëèííûé õàëàò.
Èñïîëüçîâàíèå ãëàãîëà â íåïåðåõîäíîì çíà÷åíèè:
The robber voluntary surrenders to the authorities. — Ãðàáèòåëü ñäàåòñÿ âëàñòÿì äîáðîâîëüíî.
Èñïîëüçîâàíèå ïåðåõîäíîãî ãëàãîëà ñòðàäàòåëüíîãî çàëîãà:
Our ship is located in the main port now. — Íàø êîðàáëü ñåé÷àñ íàõîäèòñÿ â ãëàâíîì ïîðòó.
Quelle der Zitate: https://audio-class.ru/
| Ðóáðèêè: | Àíãëèéñêèé |
| Êîììåíòèðîâàòü | « Ïðåä. çàïèñü — Ê äíåâíèêó — Ñëåä. çàïèñü » | Ñòðàíèöû: [1] [Íîâûå] |