3,4-dihydroxyphenylethylamine; an intermediate in tyrosine metabolism and precursor of norepinephrine and epinephrine; iaccounts for 90% of the catecholamines; its presence in the central nervous system and localization in the basal ganglia(caudate and lentiform nuclei) suggest that dopamine may have other functions.

Syn: 3-hydroxytyramine, decarboxylateddopa.EffectsDopamine has a variety of pharmacologic characteristics that make it useful in critically ill patients. In low doses , dopamine affects primarily the dopaminergic receptors. Activation of these receptors causes vasodilation ofthe renal and mesenteric vasculature and mild vasoconstriction of the peripheral bed, which thereby redirects blood flow tokidneys and bowel.

At these low doses, the net effect on the overall vascular resistance may be slight. As the dose rises, betal-receptor activity predominates and the inotropic effect on the myocardium leads to increasedcardiac output and blood pressure. Above 10 mg/(kg-min), alpha-receptor stimulation causes peripheral vasoconstriction,shifting of blood from extremities to organs, decreased kidney function, and hypertension.

At all doses, the diastolic bloodpressure can be expected to rise; since coronary perfusion is largely a result of the head of pressure at the coronary ostiacoronary blood flow should be increased..

Home : Dopamine

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Правительство США намерено взять под контроль американские ипотечные агентства Fannie Mae и Freddie Mac, которые испытывают трудности из-за ипотечного кризиса, сообщает AP.

Детали грядущей интервенции властей страны, которая обойдется налогоплательщикам в 25 миллиардов долларов, источники AP не сообщают. Предполагается, что в отставку уйдут гендиректор Fannie Mae Дэниел Мадд (Daniel Mudd) и гендиректор Freddie Mac Ричард Сайрон (Richard Syron).

В пятницу, 5 сентября, руководители Fannie Mae и Freddie Mac встречались с министром финансов США Генри Полсоном и главой Федеральной резервной системы США Бена Бернанке. На встрече им было объявлено о правительственном плане передать контроль над компаниями правительству.

Хотя обе компании ранее заявили, что у них достаточно средств, чтобы самостоятельно справится со своими финансовыми трудностями, инвесторы полагают, что собственных резервов у компаний уже недостаточно.

Летом 2008 года Конгресс США принял документ, который разрешает предоставление неограниченных займов Fannie и Freddie, а также покупку акций в компаниях, если это будет необходимо.

Fredie Mac и Fannie Mae выступают гарантами по ипотечным кредитам на сумму более пяти триллионов долларов, что составляет почти половину всего ипотечного рынка США. Таким образом, их банкротство может обернуться крахом для американской экономики.

Freddie Mac на пару с Fannie Mae с начала года уже понесло из-за ипотечного кризиса убытки в размере 11 миллиардов долларов. Летом 2008 года акции компаний на бирже существенно подешевели. В августе миллиардер Уоррен Баффет заявил, что стоимость американских ипотечных агентств Fannie Mae и Freddie Mac равна нулю.

AP отмечает, что Полсон провел последние недели в переговорах с иностранными правительствами, которые вложили сотни миллиардов долларов в долги Fannie и Freddie, заверяя инвесторов, что правительство США не допустит. В облигации Fannie Mae и Freddie Mac ранее была вложена и часть российских резервов.

Fannie Mae было создано в 1938 году годов и было акционировано в 1960-х. Freddie Mac было создано 1970-х годах, чтобы составить конкуренцию Fannie Mae. Обе компании относятся к "предприятиям с государственным спонсорством" (GSO). Они занимаются выкупом ипотечных закладных у банков за счет средств, привлекаемых с помощью выпуска долговых бумаг. Компании выкупали даже самые ненадежные кредиты, чтобы облегчить приобретение в собственность жилья для американцев со средним и низким доходом.

Ссылки по теме - Government may soon back troubled mortgage giants - AP, 06.09.2008- Ипотечное агентство Fannie Mae отправило в отставку ключевых топ-менеджеров - Lenta.ru, 28.08.2008- Уоррен Баффет предрек "конец игры" американским ипотечным агентствам - Lenta.ru, 22.08.2008

Сайты по теме - Fannie Mae

Правительство США возьмет под контроль Fannie Mae и Freddie Mac

Advertising agencies serve an important service in the world of advertising. An advertising agency is a service business that dedicates itself to creating, planning, and executing advertising campaigns and other types of promotion for its clients.

Am ad agency is completely independent from the client and provides the client with an outside point of view in order to better tailor the advertisements for their products or services. What the advertising agency's main goal is that it needs to increase the sales of the products or services of its clients by utilizing new ways to advertise their product or service.

Some ad agencies also handle branding strategies and sales promotions for clients, depending on how large the firm is..

The type of clients ad agencies handle range from non-profit organizations to corporations, an even sometimes government agencies. An advertising agency can be called on to create a single ad for an organization, or as most often the reason an ad agency is called upon, for advertising campaigns. An advertising campaign is an ongoing series of related ads.

These related ads can be for a brand new product or service, or can be a way to advertise a new image for the company..

Ad agencies come in all sizes. Depending on what the size of the agency is, depends on the type of clients they handle. Generally the larger the advertising agency, the bigger and more expensive clients they handle. Smaller agencies tend to handle their clients by utilizing freelance talent in order to create the campaigns for its clients..

Choosing an advertising agency is all about working with a company that shares your vision. The vision of your company is rooted in "branding" your products and services. The right advertising agency will take hold of your products and provide access to those products to the masses.

Advertising : Advertising agencies

Ford в 2008 г. планирует выпустить 1 тыс. автомобилей модели Ford Mondeo на заводе в г. Всеволожске (Ленинградская область). Об этом журналистам сегодня сообщил генеральный директор российского предприятия Тео Штрайт. По его словам, в текущем году на российском заводе также будет собрано 72 тыс. автомобилей Ford Focus.

Как сообщил на прошлой неделе вице-президент по производству Ford в Европе Джим Тетро, к лету 2009 г. территорию завода планируется расширить. К будущему году компания собирается вывести завод на общую мощность 125 тыс. автомобилей в год, при этом 100 тыс. из них придется на модель Ford Focus, а 25 тыс. – на модель Ford Mondeo. Выпуск последней должен начаться в сентябре 2008 г. Инвестиции в строительство и расширение завода к настоящему моменту составили 30 млн долл.

Отметим, объем продаж Ford в РФ в 2007 г. увеличился на 52%, составив 175 тыс. 793 автомобиля.

Ford Mondeo будет собираться во Всеволожске

Теперь выясним, как правильно расчесывать волосы. Причем расчесывать волосы нужно не только из эстетических соображений, это своеобразный массаж головы, при котором усиливается приток крови к коже, а следовательно, улучшается питание корней волос. При расчесывании волосы очищаются от пыли и грязи, сало равномерно распределяется по всей длине.

Аккуратно расчесывайте мокрые волосы, ведь они очень ломкие. Если у вас короткие волосы, расчесывать их следует от корней. Если длинные - начинать расчесывать следует с концов, постепенно поднимаясь к корням..

Волосы и стрижки : Принидлежности для ухода за волосами

There are lots of things which you can invest, and lots of things than you can invest in. When the investment subject is money, the choices and the processes can be overwhelming so it is wise to enlist the help of an investment advisor. To invest money is to commit funds or capital in order to build a financial gain.

The investment advisor's services mainly deal in two categories: finance advice, and asset management..

Financial advice is given not only in matters of investing, but also borrowing, retirement planning, insurance, and saving. In business, in particular, the transfer of risk from the business to another entity (the insurance company) is very essential to the security of the company. Without it, one error could wipe a company out.

The transfer of the risk in exchange for a fee is known as insurance. In retirement planning the investment advisor will recommend what percentage of income needs to be invested to reach the desired amount of funds by the target retirement date..

Asset management refers to the management of collective investments. The investors could be institutions or private investors. Some examples of institutions would be insurance companies, and corporations. Private investors work via investment contracts and, more commonly, via mutual funds. Services of the asset manager include financial analysis, asset selection, stock selection, implementation, and investment monitoring..

Depending on the nature of your relationship, you can enlist the counsel of an investment advisor for a fee based on the percentage of your assets being managed, or on an hourly flat fee basis. An investment advisor will help you to better understand your financial limits and expectations.

Investment : Investment advisors

(Казань, 16 июня, "Татар-информ", Сергей Семеркин). О ходе реализации единой информационной сети в системе здравоохранения Казани доложил сегодня на "деловом понедельнике" в мэрии города начальник Управления здравоохранения Рамиль Ахметов.

По его словам, за период 2006-2007 годы на 42 объектах детской сети создано более 700 автоматизированных рабочих мест, которые замкнуты в единую информационную сеть. В настоящее время продолжаются работы по внедрению системы во взрослых поликлиниках. Общей объем финансирования двух первых этапов составил более 68 млн. рублей.

В каждом лечебно-профилактическом учреждении процесс информатизации охватывает регистратуру, лабораторию, рабочее место врача и заканчивается медицинской статистической отчетностью, которую работникам поликлиник необходимо ежегодно предоставлять в управление здравоохранения Казани.

Рамиль Ахметов отметил, что уже в период апробации системы "Витакарта" наступило значительное сокращение времени проведения клинических анализов и сроков получения их результатов (с 5 минут до внедрения системы до 0,1 мин). После внедрения сократилась потеря лабораторных анализов с 10,8 процента (2004 год) до 0,5 процента (2007 год); срок получения информации в филиалах поликлиник о проведенных лабораторно-инструментальных исследованиях сократился с 2 дней до нескольких минут.

На 2008 год запланировано дооснащение автоматизированными рабочими местами взрослых поликлиник на сумму 46,5 млн. рублей. Данные средства будут выделены для завершения второго этапа и перехода на третьей этап - информатизация стационаров и станции скорой медицинской помощи.

Мэр Казани Ильсур Метшин подчеркнул, что за счет внедрения в городе витакарт услуги в сфере здравоохранения оказываются быстрее и качественнее, а сама система становится более прозрачной.

В 2008 году витакарты внедрят и во взрослых поликлиниках Казани

In the history of the United States, there were two banks known as the Bank of the United States. The First Bank of the United States was established in 1791 and stayed open through 1811. The Second Bank of the United States opened in 1816 and closed in 1841.

Apart from the historical banks of the United States, the New York Bank of the United States (1913-1930) can also be called the Bank of the United States, though is was a commercial bank and was never affiliated with the government..

The bank of the United States can also refer to the Federal Reserve, a system of banks that control access to currency. This is the closest entity that the United States has in having a Bank of the United States. The Federal Reserve System (also known as the Fed) is the central banking system in the United States.

It was created in 1913 by the Federal Reserve Act which gave the Fed a president-appointed Board of Governors, the Federal Open Market Committee, twelve regional Federal Reserve Banks, a number of private member banks, and various advisor councils. These systems all work together in order to serve the citizens of the United States as well as the federal government with banking accounts and access to money and other banking services.

The current Chairman of the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System is Ben Bernanke. The Federal Reserve is also an important body that controls interest rates across the country. Banks in the United States of America follow the leaders of economy in the Federal Reserve..

Banking : Bank of USA

If you want to become an insurance agent you are going to need to have an insurance license. There are many types of insurance licenses and depending on what state you are in you might have to take a test for each group of insurance you want to sell.

Some of the insurance licenses you might be interested in obtaining are those that allow you to sell life, health, accident, auto, or home owners insurance. For any of these you will need to either take a course or buy a book to study. You will then want to register with your states' testing division and set up a test date.

Once you pass your test you'll need to fill out the paperwork and pay the fees required by your state. After you receive your insurance licenses you will need to take classes on a regular basis to keep your license, how regularly depends on the state you are licensed in..

You also need to decide if you want a license to become a broker or an agent. An insurance broker is a person who intercedes between businesses and insurance companies. A broker usually works with many different insurance companies so you can quickly find the best policy for you. An insurance agent, on the other hand, is usually authorized by only one company and represents it alone.

That company may handle multiple types of insurance but the agent will not be searching to find the best price for you. Rather, he or she will be looking for the policy that is the best for you out of the policies offered by their company..

When obtaining your insurance licenses you will be faced with many decisions regarding the sector of insurance you will practice in. But, once the laws and regulations of insurance are learned, each sector is only a test away.

Insurance : Insurance licenses

Неличные формы глагола (инфинитив / Причастие / герундий), как и придаточные предложения, используются только для обозначения второстепенных / вспомогательных действий.

Существуют в языке как альтернативный во многих случаях вариант применению придаточных предложений, при этом имеют одно большое преимущество перед последними: сокращают предложение, избавляя от необходимости выстраивать длинные, громоздкие конструкции; т.е. при использовании неличных форм глагола для обозначения второстепенного действия предложение не становится сложноподчиненным, а остается простым..

Но одними неличными формами во всех ситуациях тоже не обойтись, поэтому идеальным вариантом обозначения второстепенных действий является комбинированное использование неличных форм глагола и придаточных предложений. При этом в каждом конкретном случае окончательный выбор остается за самим говорящим и зависит от его собственного уровня развития в языке..

Пример описания ситуации по-русски (в вариантах):

1. Выглянувшее из-за облаков солнце почему-то обрадовало меня.

2. Я почему-то обрадовался солнцу, выглянувшему из-за облаков.

3. Я почему-то обрадовался, когда увидел, что солнце выглянуло из-за облаков.

4. Я почему-то обрадовался солнцу, которое выглянуло из-за облаков.

5. Солнцу, выглянувшему из-за облаков, я почему-то обрадовался.

6. Солнце выглянуло из-за облаков, и я почему-то обрадовался.

Очень важный момент:

при использовании неличных форм глагола с отрицательной частицей not последняя ставится уже не после первого вспомогательного глагола, но впереди всей конструкции

not to be ~~~~ing;

not to have been ~~~~ed (3)

Изучение английского языка : Неличные формы глагола

Budgeting models are essentially a mathematical formula used to regulate the money in and money out for persons, businesses and communities. The basis for a budgeting model is to provide a specific guide of money earned versus money spent to the end result of a profit.

There are several types of budgeting models that can be utilized..

The participatory budgeting model is a model most commonly used in government. The participatory model is a process of democratic deliberation and decision-making. The people making the decisions are ordinary residents of the town or city and they use their vote to determine how to allocate funds that are part of a municipal or public budget.

There are several features to this model such as: implementation of local direct-impact community project, deliberate and vote on spending priorities, identification of spending priorities by community members, and election of budget delegates to represent different communities. This type of public budgeting model lets the people who live and work in the community decide how and where money in the local budget is allocated so that the projects and issues important to the citizens are addressed..

Some studies suggest that this budgeting model does not result in higher quality of life, increased satisfaction of basic needs, or greater government accountability, but this framework can be a base for a new type of public budgeting model called the performance based budgeting model.

The performance based budgeting models build upon the participatory budgeting model by using goals objectives, and mission statements to explain how and why the money is being spent. This puts the result of the spending as the bottom line to justify the choices of the government that is spending the money.

What performance based budgeting is concerned with is the result, the strategy, and the activity or outputs what is being done to achieve the final outcome. This framework for a budget makes community projects more feasible when the money is in the budget..

Budgeting and forecasting : Budgeting models

People from all walks of life dream of one day being their own boss. We've grown tired of the eight, ten, and twelve hour days of working hard, while often being treated badly in the process. Many people have original and innovative ideas that are practical enough to build upon, but what if you are stumped? What if you just know you need to make a change and you are ready to venture out but you can't come up with an idea to save you life? Why not benefit from someone else's idea? Look into the many available franchise opportunities..

Franchising is a way of obtaining permission from an already established and successful business, and selling that product or opening that establishment in the specific region in which you have been given permission. There is usually a contract and a pretty large price tag involved. You probably would make your money back relatively quickly, but you still have to have the up front money or financing available to you buy the franchise.

This is what deters a lot of would be entrepreneurs from becoming franchisees..

A very popular franchising opportunity is McDonalds, one of the first franchises ever to have emerged. HereТs a snapshot of what it takes to buy a McDonalds franchisee.

$45,000 initial fee paid to McDonalds. Equipment and pre-opening costs are roughly $700,000 to $1,504,000.00. $250,000.00 NON BORROWED down payment. PLUS service fees and rent. WOW! It sure is a lot of money but the risk is definitely low and the pay off outstanding. If you have the money and a good location, it is a good franchising opportunity..

McDonalds is one of the highest examples of franchising opportunities, so don't be scared off by the expensive nature. At the opposite end of the price spectrum is vending machines which are much more affordable to the average guy. There is a lot of information on the web about buying a franchise. Do some research and find the one that fits your budget and interests.

Aren't you tired of making someone else rich?.

Franchising : Franchising opportunities

Вывихи надколенника (luxatio patellae) наблюдаются в пределах 2% всех вывихов, чаще при внезапном сокращении четырехглавой мышцы бедра и согнутом колене и реже от непосредственного удара в надколенник.

В клинике приходится встречаться главным образом с вывихом в наружную сторону. Этому способствуют имеющиеся в норме genu valgum и меньшие размеры наружного мыщелка бедра. Особенностью вывиха надколенника является его склонность к рецидивам..

Диагностика проста: деформация сустава, нарушение разгибательной способности и, наконец, пальпаторно определяемый с наружной стороны сместившийся надколенник.

В первые часы после травмы вправление производится без большого труда. Рецидивные вывихи устраняются с трудом и только оперативно.

Лечение : Надколенник

As we saw, many heroin abusers take their drug of choice on less than a daily basis and are not literally physically dependent on it. However, most street opiate abusers would become addicted if given the opportunity. They simply cannot sustain the daily grind of raising the cash, locating the seller, dealing with the consequences, or running the risk of arrest that severaltimes-a-day use would entail.

At the same time, a high proportion of opiate users take their drug or drugs on a controlled basis. Until recently, it was not realized that controlled opiate use is possible; again, one was considered either an addict or an abstainer.

However, it is entirely possible that the occasional yet regular controlled user of narcotic drugs is more common than the addict. The term that is used in the world of narcotic drug use to describe this limited use is "chippying." "Chippying" means to fool around or play around with heroin, to use it once in a while or somewhat more often without getting hooked.

How common is opiate "chippying"?.

We all recognize that the controlled use of alcohol is not only possible;— it is in fact the majority pattern. Most drinkers are moderate in their consumption and do not become alcoholics. Yes, one might object, but narcotics are, well, addicting; they produce a physical dependence. Fair enough, but so does alcohol.

As we saw in Chapter 5, during much of the history of the United States, alcohol was consumed at levels far greater than it is now, and in terms of quantity consumed, there were proportionally many more alcoholics than there are today. The simple fact is, patterns and styles of drug use are not a simple function of the properties of the drugs themselves.

To think that they are is to fall victim to what I called the chemicalistic fallacy, discussed in Chapter 1, or what Himmelstein calls "the fetishism of drugs" (1979). It is people who take drugs, not drugs that control people; what they take, how they take them, how often, and under what circumstances, are under the control of the actor, the individual deciding to take (or not to take) a given drug or set of drugs.

All drug use is surrounded by values and rules of conduct; these values and rules spell out sanctions—penalties for misuse and rewards for proper use—and these values, rules, and sanctions have an impact on how drugs are actually used..

These rules (sociologists call them norms) may be widely accepted and operate on the society-wide level, as with alcohol, or they may be characteristic only of small groups or subcultures, whose attitudes and values differ from those of society at large. But when the important people in one's life believe in a rule and act on it, one's own behavior will be influenced by that fact.

Of course, some will follow their society's or subculture's rules on drug use and some will not. Norms set limits or establish guidelines that form the framework within which use takes place; they influence people's behavior. but they do not dictate it..

Values, rules, and sanctions promoting controlled or moderate use "function in four basic and overlapping ways." First of all, they "define moderate use and condemn complusive use." For instance, controlled opiate users "have sanctions limiting frequency of use to levels far below that required for addiction." Second, such sanctions "limit use to physical and social settings that are conducive to a positive or 'safe' drug experience." Third, sanctions "identify potentially untoward drug effects." Precautions must be taken before and during use; for instance, opiate users may "minimize the risk of overdose by using only a portion of the drug and waiting to gauge its effect before using more." And fourth, sanctions and rituals "operate to compartmentalize drug use and support the users' non-drugrelated obligations and relationships." For instance, users may budget the amount of money they spend on drugs and limit use to evenings or weekends to avoid interfering with work and other obligations ..

Is it really possible to use heroin or the other opiates on a moderate or controlled basis? One study (Zinberg, 1984) located a number of controlled opiate users and examined their patterns of use—what made them distinctive, how they accomplished this seemingly impossible feat. They had been using opiate drugs for an average of more than seven years; for four and a half years, they had been using them on a controlled basis. (Some controlled users had used opiates compulsively, and some on a marginal basis, for part of the time they had been using opiates overall.) For the year preceding the study, about a quarter (23 percent) used opiates sporadically, or less than once a month; a third (36 percent) used one to three times a month; and four in ten (41 percent) used twice a week.

None used daily or more. Their pattern of use, and the length of time that they sustained this pattern. showed "without question that controlled use can be stable" ..

Some observers have objected that opiate users who are not yet addicted have simply not reached the stage in their drug "careers" when use inevitably becomes uncontrolled or complusive (Robins, 1979). But in fact, the length of time of opiate use in this sample was not only substantial (more than seven years), but it was not significantly different from that of compulsive users in the sample.

Moreover, most compulsive users had never had a period of controlled use. And the length of time controlled users had been taking opiates on a moderate basis, four and a half, years, was ample time for them to have become compulsive users . Clearly, controlled use is a stable pattern for a significant proportion of narcotic users; moderate use does not necessarily or inevitably turn into compulsive use or addiction.

It is a phenomenon that must be understood in its own right..

This same study compared and contrasted the patterns of use that characterized controlled users with those of the compulsive users and found interesting differences. They did not differ in type of opiate used—say, sticking with some of the "soft" narcotics, such as Darvon or codeine, versus using heroin.

They did not differ in route of administration—snorting versus IV injection. They did not differ in personal acquaintance with other users who suffered extremely negative consequences as a result of opiate use—for instance, death from an overdose..

However, the controlled users did differ from the compulsive users in a number of crucial ways. In contrast to compulsive users, controlled users:

Rarely used more than once a day.

Often kept opiates on hand for a period of time without immediately using them.

Tended to avoid using opiates in the company of known addicts.

Tended not to use opiates to alleviate depression.

Rarely or never used opiates on a "binge" or a "spree" basis.

Usually knew their opiate source or dealer personally.

Usually used opiates for recreation or for relaxation.

Tended not to use opiates to "escape" from the difficulties of everyday life.

Home : Controlled opiate use

When companies are overwhelmed with the human resource sector of the business or simply do not want to address the legal details surrounding human resource files within the company, a human resources outsourcing company may be hired. Human resources outsourcing is the act of hiring an outside company to run your day to day human resourcing needs..

Both large and small companies can benefit from human resources outsourcing. Some of the advantages for this outsourcing include a greater ability to focus on the profitable parts of the business and the freedom to use your employeesТ time and resources more productively. In addition, the business receives the benefits of specialized consultations with experts in the field of human resources at a fraction of the cost of employing those experts full time..

There are many companies that provide human resources outsourcing. These companies can perform one, many, or all of the following functions; human resources management, benefits, payroll, information technology, and customer care. Human resources management can include the advertising, interviewing, hiring, and training for positions within the company.

The benefit department would handle the enrollment and maintenance of health insurance, retirement, and any other benefits the business may offer. Outsourcing payroll can allow a company to save a considerable amount of money by negating the need for full time accountants. Finally, in an age increasingly dependent on computers and technology it can be very difficult to find people qualified to engineer and maintain computer networks, websites, and communications equipment.

With the vast resources of the human resources outsourcing companies it is possible for even the smallest companies to have highly competent people overseeing their technology needs. Customer care is probably the one category consumers are most familiar with. Many call centers that handle customer questions and orders are outsourced to areas that can employee agents for far less than they could be contracted in close proximity to the company..

Human resources : Human resources outsourcing

Наибольший эффект от удобрений может быть получен при хорошей влагообеспеченности участка, которая достигается орошением или системой содержания почвы, направленной на максимальное сохранение влаги, предотвращение стока на склонах и умеренное поверхностное испарение. Внесение удобрений должно проводиться в начале критических периодов жизни растения — активное нарастание поглощающих корней, ранняя весна—начало распускания глазков, цветение и завязывание ягод.

При закладке садового участка желательно иметь данные, характеризующие обеспеченность массива основными элементами питания — азотом, фосфором и калием. Это дает возможность последовательно повышать или восстанавливать его плодородие. Настоятельно рекомендуется виноградарю-любителю вести книгу истории участка.

В ней надо фиксировать количество внесенных на 1 м2 удобрений по видам с указанием сроков и способов их внесения, а также реакцию сортов на улучшенное питание — силу роста и урожайность кустов. Эти данные служат отправными точками для последующего систематического применения удобрений на винограднике с учетом возраста кустов, сортовых особенностей, наличия того или иного вида удобрений, почвенного плодородия..

Основные виды удобрений при закладке виноградника: из органических — навоз, компосты; из минеральных— суперфосфат, калийная соль; из местных можно использовать древесную золу. Азотные удобрения — аммиачную селитру, сульфат-аммоний, мочевину, птичий помет и др. при закладке виноградника не применяют. Удобрения вносят на дно -борозды..

Очень важно обогатить доступными элементами питания слой почвы, в котором развивается корневая система саженца в первые месяцы после посадки.

Если удобрения под плантаж внесены не были, то их в обязательном порядке вносят не позже чем за 2 недели до посадки в две борозды, нарезаемые в междурядье на расстоянии 30—40 см от оси будущего ряда на глубину 35—40 см, или в одну, идущую по линии ряда, на глубину 50—60 см. Дозы удобрений при этом такие же, как при плантажной заправке..

При отсутствии предплантажной заправки или ослабленном росте молодых кустов удобрение их обязательно. В первом случае удобрения вносят из расчета 1/3 от нормы, рекомендуемой для плодоносящих насаждений, во втором может быть увеличена доза азотного удобрения за счет использования быстродействующих — птичьего помета и вытяжек из навоза.

Для сохранения равновесия между ростом и вызреванием побегов, а также устойчивости растения к развитию грибных заболеваний надо, чтобы количество азотных удобрений не превышало половины дозы для плодоносящих кустов.

Примерные дозы удобрений для молодых виноград пиков: азота при очень низкой и низкой обеспеченности почв элементами питания от 60 до 80 г на 1 м2, фосфора и калия при низкой — 40—60 г, при высокой удобрения не вносят.

Удобрение плодоносящих насаждений обязательно, если виноградарь желает получать высокие урожаи хорошего качества.

Для черноземов разных типов, лугово-черноземных, лесных бурых и серых почв и других мощных почв опытным путем установлены соотношения основных элементов питания — азота, фосфора и калия 1:1,5:1 с преобладанием фосфора, так как на черноземных почвах он находится, в минимуме. На песчаных и дерновокарбонатных почвах растения ощущают недостаток калия, поэтому оптимальное соотношение азота, фосфора и калия 1:1:1,5 или 1:1,2:1,5, т. е. на 1 часть азота дается 1,2 или 1,5 части фосфора или калия..

Сорта стандартного сортимента имеют различную продуктивность и отзывчивость на удобрения. Сорта Галан, Карабурну, Италия, Рислинг, Молдова, Клерет, Алиготе, Сенсо относятся к высокопродуктивным. Прибавки урожая от внесения удобрений у этой группы сортов самые высокие и в условиях Кубани достигают от 3,6 до 4,5 кг на 1 кг туков.

Группа сортов средней продуктивности — Ркацители, Саперави, Шасла, Мускаты под действием удобрений повышает урожай в меньшей степени, на 1 кг туков образует дополнительно от 1,8 до 2,7 кг янтарных гроздей. Под действием удобрений сорта Ркацители, Саперави, Сенсо повышают плодородность побегов настолько, что переходят в высокопродуктивную группу.

Ряд сортов (Каберне Совиньон, Красностоп золотовский, Тайфи розовый и др.) биологически консервативны и на удобрения реагируют слабо..

Приведенные выше закономерности учитываются при удобрении винограда на различных почвах с разной влагообеспеченностью. Зная норму удобрений, легко рассчитать ее на площадь питания куста или на куст, с тем чтобы иметь представление об общей потребности в минеральных удобрениях для виноградника. Например, на куст с площадью питания 2X1,5 = 3 м2 при средней силе роста необходимо внести удобрений азотных 30X3 = 90 г, фосфорных 80X3 = 240 г, калийных 40X3=120 г.

Всего 450 г. При наличии на участке 10 аналогичных кустов требуется туков: азотных 0,9 кг, фосфорных 2,4 кг, калийных 1,2 кг..

Сад и огород : Удобрение винограда

Company branding is the naming of the company and the product as a mark of quality. To get an accurate picture of this, think of Colgate or Crest. These are simple toothpaste companies but with iconic names, so that one can form an instant picture of what the product is.

This is the brand name of the product and of the company. This is one of the most important aspects to successful business marketing and to successful product marketing. A brand name that does not convey trust and quality is not likely to get either from the customer..

Company branding is the most important aspect of one's advertising plan. An inappropriate brand name is likely to confuse or concern the customers, causing a loss of purchases. The difference between success and failure can be in the name. A name can convey a lot of information in a very short structure, making it a very important tool for advertising.

Often a name alone can sell a product or deter customers..

Company branding, in addition to name recognition, should also be formed around a certain set of products, services or one great slogan. For smaller businesses that only offer certain products or services, company branding becomes all about that specific offering. Larger businesses, on the other hand, must often brand a slogan to attract the attention of the buyer due to the large number of products or services offered..

Often a picture is included in the company branding of a product or the company itself. For example, the iconic Pillsbury Doughboy. Though the name Pillsbury does not necessarily convey an image, the Doughboy does. This Doughboy image is easy for people to relate to and is easy to connect to the product.

This makes this type of company branding very familiar and effective. The same goes for the Green Giant of the Green Giant Canned Vegetables. People understood and were endeared to this company brand and therefore purchased this brand over others..

Company : Company branding

Marketing automation tools are an important element in marketing for businesses. Many marketing automation tools are computer based and some Internet based so that the marketing team can reach a lot more consumers than ever before.

There are different types of software that can be useful to market automation. Before picking automation software, it is good to know what the company's marketing needs are. Some common needs for businesses and marketing are: forecasting future needs, business process standards, market leadership, and core functionality and features..

Marketing automation tools are designed to increase revenues and implement a more consistent marketing campaign for the business to promote its product or service. The right automation tool can make this happen for any company, but if the wrong automation tool is chosen, the company can suffer from losing any potential revenue they might have earned..

Some things to consider when choosing an automation tool is database design, integration of analytics and reporting, email campaigns, and multi-channel support. Database design is important when you are trying to fit a new marketing campaign into the look of an old database. Sometimes the databases must be redesigned in order to do this.

A serious marketing team will want to have integration of analytics and reporting to get the most from their automation tools, and email campaigns are important in this technologically advanced age. Multi-channel support is also an important tool for marketers because it gives them access to support through different means to better serves the consumers..

The use of marketing automation tools has created a new school of marketing strategies. Where once, marketing consisted mainly of face to face contact with consumers, today lies an entirely new world of Internet marketing. Marketing automation tools allow for a greater number of personal contacts in association with a businesses products and services..

Marketing : Marketing automation tools