Öèòàòà ñîîáùåíèÿ Miss_Internet
15 ñàìûõ ðàñïðîñòðàí¸ííûõ îøèáîê â àíãëèéñêîì ÿçûêå, êîòîðûå äåëàþò ðóññêèå
Äàæå åñëè âàø àíãëèéñêèé ïðåêðàñåí, âû íå çàñòðàõîâàíû îò ýòèõ ëîâóøåê.
Ó÷èòåëÿ àíãëèéñêîãî ðàññêàçûâàþò î ñàìûõ ÷àñòûõ îøèáêàõ, äåëàþùèõñÿ ðóññêîÿçû÷íûìè ó÷åíèêàìè.

Èòàê, âû ó÷èòå àíãëèéñêèé ÿçûê. Ýòî îòëè÷íî - è äëÿ ðàáîòû áóäåò ïîëåçíî, è äëÿ ñîáñòâåííîãî ðàçâèòèÿ, è îáùåíèå ñ èíîñòðàíöàìè îáëåã÷èò. Íî íàø ðîäíîé ÿçûê âñ¸-òàêè ðóññêèé, è ìû òàê ïðèâûêëè ê åãî ïðàâèëàì, ÷òî àâòîìàòè÷åñêè ïðèìåíÿåì èõ ê äðóãèì ÿçûêàì.
À ãðàììàòèêà àíãëèéñêîãî ÿçûêà ñèëüíî îòëè÷àåòñÿ îò ãðàììàòèêè ðóññêîãî, è â èòîãå ìû äåëàåì îøèáêè - ñìåøíûå, èëè ãëóïûå, èëè äàæå íåïðèëè÷íûå. Íàïðèìåð:
1. I feel myself (ÿ ÷óâñòâóþ ñåáÿ)
Íåïðàâèëüíî: I feel myself fine today.
Ïðàâèëüíî: I feel fine today.
 àíãëèéñêîì ÿçûêå ïîñëå ãëàãîëà «feel» (÷óâñòâîâàòü) íå ñòàâèòñÿ âîçâðàòíîå ìåñòîèìåíèå «myself» (ñåáÿ) - íîñèòåëè àíãëèéñêîãî è òàê ïîéìóò, ÷òî âû ãîâîðèòå î ñâî¸ì ñàìî÷óâñòâèè. Îíè ãîâîðÿò ïðîñòî: I feel well; I feel sick; I feel happy.
Åñëè âû ñêàæåòå «I feel myself», òî äëÿ àíãëîãîâîðÿùèõ ýòî ïðîçâó÷èò… ñòðàííî. Îíè ðåøàò, ÷òî âû ðàññêàçûâàåòå èì î ôèçè÷åñêîì êîíòàêòå ñ ñàìèì ñîáîé èëè ïðèêîñíîâåíèÿõ ê ñàìîìó ñåáå.
2. Enough (äîñòàòî÷íî)
Íåïðàâèëüíî: She spoke English enough well to get the job.
Ïðàâèëüíî: She spoke English well enough to get the job.
 àíãëèéñêîì ÿçûêå ïðàâèëüíûé ïîðÿäîê ñëîâ âàæíåå, ÷åì â ðóññêîì. Ìåñòî ñëîâà «enough» â ïðåäëîæåíèè çàâèñèò îò òîãî, ê êàêîé ÷àñòè ðå÷è îíî îòíîñèòñÿ: íàðå÷èþ, ïðèëàãàòåëüíîìó èëè ñóùåñòâèòåëüíîìó.
Åñëè «enough» îòíîñèòñÿ ê íàðå÷èþ èëè ïðèëàãàòåëüíîìó, òî ñòîèò ïîñëå ñìûñëîâîãî ãëàãîëà:
- Do you think he’s old enough to watch that movie?
- We’ve done enough today.
Old (âçðîñëûé) - ïðèëàãàòåëüíîå, today (ñåãîäíÿ) - íàðå÷èå.
Åñëè «enough» îòíîñèòñÿ ê ñóùåñòâèòåëüíîìó, òî ñòîèò ïåðåä ãëàãîëîì:
- We had enough money to buy a ticket.
3. Normal (íîðìàëüíî)
Íåïðàâèëüíî: How are you? - I’m normal, thanks.
Ïðàâèëüíî: How are you? - I’m fine, thanks.
 àíãëèéñêîì ÿçûêå ìû îáû÷íî íå óïîòðåáëÿåì ñëîâî «normal» (íîðìàëüíî), ÷òîáû ðàññêàçàòü î ñâî¸ì íàñòðîåíèè èëè ïðîøåäøåì äíå. Íîñèòåëè àíãëèéñêîãî ãîâîðÿò «fine» èëè «okay». À ñëîâî «normal» îíè âîñïðèíèìàþò ñêîðåå â çíà÷åíèè «ñðåäíèé, îáû÷íûé» èëè æå èìåííî «íîðìàëüíûé».
Ïðåäñòàâüòå, ÷òî ó âàñ ñïðàøèâàþò: «Êàê äåëà, êàê òû?». À âû îòâå÷àåòå: «ß íîðìàëüíûé». Ñîãëàñèòåñü, çâó÷èò íåëåïî: âû áóäòî ïûòàåòåñü óáåäèòü ñîáåñåäíèêà, ÷òî âû íîðìàëüíûé ÷åëîâåê, à íå ñòðàííûé èëè äàæå ñóìàñøåäøèé. Âîçìîæíî, êàê ðàç ñàìîå âðåìÿ çàÿâèòü î ñâîåé íîðìàëüíîñòè ìèðó, íî âû-òî íàâåðíÿêà ãîâîðèëè ñîâñåì íå îá ýòîì.
4. Scientist, scholar (ó÷¸íûé)
Íåïðàâèëüíî Scientists study history so that humanity can learn from the past.
Ïðàâèëüíî: Scholars study history so that humanity can learn from the past.
Îáà ñëîâà, è «scientist», è «scholar», ïåðåâîäÿòñÿ ñ àíãëèéñêîãî ÿçûêà êàê «ó÷¸íûé», íî çíà÷åíèå ó íèõ ðàçíîå.
«Scientist» - ýòî ýêñïåðò â òî÷íûõ (õèìèÿ, ôèçèêà, ìàòåìàòèêà, áèîëîãèÿ) èëè ñîöèàëüíûõ (ïñèõîëîãèÿ, ñîöèîëîãèÿ, ïîëèòîëîãèÿ) íàóêàõ.
«Scholar» - ýòî ýêñïåðò â îïðåäåë¸ííîé îáëàñòè çíàíèé. Îí îòëè÷íî ðàçáèðàåòñÿ â ïðåäìåòå, ïîòîìó ÷òî èçó÷àåò åãî. «Scholar» - ñïåöèàëèñò â îáëàñòÿõ âðîäå èñòîðèè, èñêóññòâà èëè ÿçûêàõ. Òàê æå íàçûâàþò óìíåíüêîãî ñòóäåíòà, êîòîðûé ïîëó÷àåò ñòèïåíäèþ - «scholarship».
Ðàçíèöà åù¸ è â òîì, ÷òî «a scientist» äëÿ èçó÷åíèÿ ïðåäìåòà ïîëüçóåòñÿ íàó÷íûìè ìåòîäàìè - ñòðîèò ãèïîòåçû, ïðîâîäèò ýêñïåðèìåíòû, äåëàåò çàêëþ÷åíèÿ. «a scholar» îáû÷íî îáõîäèòñÿ áåç ýòîãî.
5. Ïðåäëîãè
Íåïðàâèëüíî: I was waiting David on the theater.
Ïðàâèëüíî: I was waiting for David at the theater.
Ïðè èçó÷åíèè àíãëèéñêîãî ÿçûêà ðóññêîãîâîðÿùèå ÷àñòî ïóòàþòñÿ â ïðåäëîãàõ èëè âîâñå îïóñêàþò èõ. Íàì êàæåòñÿ, ÷òî ïðåäëîãè â àíãëèéñêèõ ôðàçàõ äîëæíû áûòü òàêèìè æå, êàêèìè áûëè áû â ðóññêèõ. Íî ýòî íå òàê. ×òîáû íå ïóòàòüñÿ, íàäî ïðîñòî âûó÷èòü ñàìûå ðàñïðîñòðàí¸ííûå âûðàæåíèÿ, ãäå ïðåäëîã òåñíî ñâÿçàí ñ ãëàãîëîì.
- Depends on - çàâèñèò îò.
- Tired of - óñòàë îò.
- Divide into - ðàçäåëèòü íà.
×àñòî â àíãëèéñêîì ïðåäëîæåíèè ïðåäëîã íåîáõîäèì, à â ðóññêîì íå íóæåí, èëè íàîáîðîò:
- To wait for someone - æäàòü êîãî-òî.
- To graduate from school - çàêîí÷èòü øêîëó.
- To listen to someone/music - ñëóøàòü êîãî-òî/ìóçûêó.
- To be afraid of someone/something - áîÿòüñÿ êîãî-òî/÷åãî-òî.
- To explain to someone - îáúÿñíÿòü êîìó-òî.
-To answer a question - îòâåòèòü íà âîïðîñ (îáðàòèòå âíèìàíèå: áåç ïðåäëîãà, íî ñ àðòèêëåì).
Ïðåäëîãè ìîæíî ðàçäåëèòü íà íåñêîëüêî êàòåãîðèé. Òàê âû áûñòðåå ïîéì¸òå, êîãäà è êàêîé ïðåäëîã óïîòðåáèòü:
a) Ïîêðûòèÿ (íàñòîëüíûå, íàñòåííûå, íàïîëüíûå, ïëèòû, êðûøà, ïîëêè): on.
- Íàïðèìåð: on the roof, on the table.
b) Òåõíîëîãèè (êîìïüþòåð, òåëåâèçîð, ðàäèî, ýêðàí, DVD, æåñòêèé äèñê, CD): on.
- On this DVD.
c) Îáùåñòâåííûé òðàíñïîðò: (ïîåçä, àâòîáóñ, òðàìâàé, ñàìîëåò, êîðàáëü, ïàðîì): on.
- On the bus, on the ship.
d) Âíóòðè ôèçè÷åñêîãî îáúåêòà/ñòðóêòóðû (êíèãà, êàðìàí, ÿùèê, íîìåð): in.
- In his pocket, in a boxes.
e) Ìåñòà: (îôèñ, ñòàäèîí, ìàãàçèí, ñóïåðìàðêåò, ñòàíöèÿ, òåàòð, ïàðê) at/in.
- In the street, at the station.
6. How and What (êàê è ÷òî)
Íåïðàâèëüíî: How do you call this in English?
Ïðàâèëüíî: What do you call this in English?
Íîñèòåëè ðóññêîãî ÿçûêà ÷àñòî ïóòàþò âîïðîñèòåëüíûå ñëîâà «how» è «what», ñïðàøèâàÿ íà àíãëèéñêîì: «Êàê ýòî íàçûâàåòñÿ?». Îíè ïûòàþòñÿ íà÷àòü ôðàçó ñ ïðèâû÷íîãî «êàê» - «how». Íî â àíãëèéñêîì óïîòðåáëÿþò èìåííî «what». Ýòî íóæíî çàïîìíèòü.
7. City
Íåïðàâèëüíî: I am from Moscow city.
Ïðàâèëüíî: I am from Moscow / the city of Moscow.
×àñòî ãîâîðÿò òîëüêî íàçâàíèå (Ìîñêâà, Íüþ-Éîðê, Ëîíäîí) è íå äîáàâëÿþò ñëîâî «ãîðîä». Åñëè æå âàæíî óòî÷íèòü, ÷òî ýòî èìåííî ãîðîä è íè ÷òî èíîå, òî èñïîëüçóéòå êîíñòðóêöèþ «the city of».
Íàïðèìåð: the city of London, the city of Boston, the city of Moscow.
 ðåäêèõ ñëó÷àÿõ ñëîâî «ãîðîä» âõîäèò â íàçâàíèå: New York City, Salt Lake City, Mexico City. Èíîãäà òàê äàþò ïîíÿòü, ÷òî ýòî êîíêðåòíûé ãîðîä, à íå èíàÿ ãåîãðàôè÷åñêàÿ çîíà ñ òàêèì æå íàçâàíèåì:
- I grew up in a small town in the state of New York, but now I live in New York City.
- Although I have lived in Moscow for several years, my parents still live in a small town outside of the city but still in Moscow Oblast.
- I visited Salt Lake City this summer.
8. Plural and Singular (åäèíñòâåííîå è ìíîæåñòâåííîå ÷èñëî)
Íåïðàâèëüíî: The professor gave us several useful advices for our researches.
Ïðàâèëüíî: The professor gave us several useful words of advice for our research projects.
È â ðóññêîì, è â àíãëèéñêîì ÿçûêå åñòü èñ÷èñëÿåìûå ñóùåñòâèòåëüíûå, êîòîðûå ëåãêî ìîæíî ñîñ÷èòàòü (êðåñëî, ÿáëîêî, ñòàêàí), è íåèñ÷èñëÿåìûå, êîòîðûå íåëüçÿ ïîñ÷èòàòü áåç äîïîëíèòåëüíûõ åäèíèö (âîäà â ëèòðàõ, âðåìÿ â ìèíóòàõ, ðèñ â ãðàììàõ). Íî ÷àñòî èñ÷èñëÿåìûå ñóùåñòâèòåëüíûå â àíãëèéñêîì ñòàíîâÿòñÿ íåèñ÷èñëèìûìè.
Ïðèìåð íåèñ÷èñëÿåìûõ ñóùåñòâèòåëüíûõ:
- Advice, research, knowledge, accommodation, baggage, equipment, furniture, garbage, information, luggage, money, news, pasta, progress, travel, work.
Åñëè âû õîòèòå óïîòðåáèòü íåèñ÷èñëÿåìûå ñóùåñòâèòåëüíûå âî ìíîæåñòâåííîì ÷èñëå, èñïîëüçóéòå äîïîëíèòåëüíûå ñëîâà: piece, glass, chunk.
Íàïðèìåð:
- We just bought several new pieces of equipment for our lab.
- I’ll have three glasses of lemonade, please.
- She cut off a large chuck of meat and fed it to her dog.
Åñòü íåñêîëüêî óñòîé÷èâûõ âûðàæåíèé, êîòîðûå â àíãëèéñêîì ÿçûêå âñåãäà óïîòðåáëÿþòñÿ â åäèíñòâåííîì ÷èñëå:
-
Ïðàâèëüíî: Thank God, we have each other.
-
Íåïðàâèëüíî: Thanks Gods
- Ïðàâèëüíî: No problem!
- Íåïðàâèëüíî: No problems!
- Ïðàâèëüíî: We have no comment about the case.
- Íåïðàâèëüíî: no comments.
9. Possibility and Opportunity
Íåïðàâèëüíî: I will have the possibility to go to the conference next year.
Ïðàâèëüíî: I will have the opportunity to go to the conference next year.
Íîñèòåëè ðóññêîãî ÿçûêà ÷àñòî ãîâîðÿò «possibility», êîãäà ðàññêàçûâàþò î ñâîåé âîçìîæíîñòè ñäåëàòü ÷òî-ëèáî. Íî â àíãëèéñêîì ÿçûêå åñòü è ñëîâî «opportunity», òàêæå îçíà÷àþùåå «âîçìîæíîñòü». Êàêîå ñëîâî èñïîëüçîâàòü, çàâèñèò îò êîíòåêñòà.
«Possibility» - ýòî íå÷òî ãèïîòåòè÷åñêîå, ÷òî ìîæåò ïðîèçîéòè èëè îêàçàòüñÿ ïðàâäîé.
«Opportunity» - ýòî áëàãîïðèÿòíûå îáñòîÿòåëüñòâà, êîòîðûå ïîçâîëÿþò íàì ñäåëàòü ÷òî-ëèáî èëè äàþò øàíñ äåéñòâîâàòü.
- There is a possibility that it will rain tomorrow, so you will have an opportunity to use your new umbrella.
- There is a possibility that we will have enough funding for another research assistant position. If so, you will have an opportunity to apply for this position.
10. Say and Tell
Íåïðàâèëüíî Can you say me how to tell this in English?
Ïðàâèëüíî: Can you tell me how to say this in English?
«Say» ãîâîðÿò, êîãäà õîòÿò ïåðåñêàçàòü ñëîâà äðóãîãî ÷åëîâåêà. «Tell» óïîòðåáëÿþò, êîãäà õîòÿò î ÷¸ì-òî ïîïðîñèòü, ñïðîñèòü èëè èíôîðìèðóþò êîãî-òî î ÷¸ì-ëèáî. Ãëàãîë «tell» ñîïðîâîæäàåòñÿ ïðÿìûì äîïîëíåíèåì: tell us/him/her/the audience.
- At lunch John told his coworkers about his business trip to China.
- John said that the business trip to China went very well.
Çàïîìíèòå ýòè ñëîâîñî÷åòàíèÿ:
- Say yes or no, a few words, something.
- Tell a story, a lie, a secret, a joke, the truth.
11. Learn and Teach
Íåïðàâèëüíî: Can you learn me to speak English better?
Ïðàâèëüíî: Can you teach me to speak English better?
«Learn» è «teach» ÷àñòî ïóòàþò, ïîòîìó ÷òî îáà ñëîâà îçíà÷àþò «ó÷èòü». Íî â àíãëèéñêîì ÿçûêå èõ çíà÷åíèÿ ñîâåðøåííî ðàçíûå.
«Learn» - ýòî ó÷èòüñÿ ñàìîñòîÿòåëüíî. Ñòóäåíò ó÷èò äîìàøíåå çàäàíèå, äåâî÷êà ó÷èòñÿ èãðàòü íà ãèòàðå è òàê äàëåå.
«Teach» - ýòî îáó÷àòü êîãî-òî. Ïðåïîäàâàòåëü îáó÷àåò ñòóäåíòîâ òîíêîñòÿì ÿçûêà.
- «I remind myself every morning: Nothing I say this day will teach me anything. So if I’m going to learn, I must do it by listening.» - Larry King
12. Free
Íåïðàâèëüíî: I want to speak English freely.
Ïðàâèëüíî: I want to speak English fluently.
Åñëè ÷åëîâåê õî÷åò ñêàçàòü, ÷òî ñâîáîäíî ãîâîðèò íà èíîñòðàííîì ÿçûêå, òî èñïîëüçóåò ñëîâî «fluent», à íå «free». Äà, «free» îçíà÷àåò «ñâîáîäíî», íî äðóãîå åãî çíà÷åíèå - «áåñïëàòíî». À åñëè «free» ñòîèò ïîñëå ñóùåñòâèòåëüíîãî (smoke-free, car-free, alcohol-free), ýòî îçíà÷àåò, ÷òî äåéñòâèå çàïðåùåíî.
This is the smoke-free bar. If you want to smoke, you must go outside.
13. Do and Make
Íåïðàâèëüíî: I think I did a mistake
Ïðàâèëüíî: I think I made a mistake.
Íà ðóññêèé ÿçûê îáà ãëàãîëà - «do» è «make» - ïåðåâîäÿòñÿ êàê «äåëàòü». Íî çíà÷åíèå ó íèõ ðàçíîå.
«Do» - äëÿ ïîâñåäíåâíîé äåÿòåëüíîñòè èëè ðàáîòû, ðåçóëüòàòîì êîòîðîé ñòàíåò íå÷òî íåìàòåðèàëüíîå, òî, ÷òî íåëüçÿ ïîòðîãàòü:
- Do homework, do the dishes, do the laundry, do a job, do the shopping.
«Do» èñïîëüçóþò, êîãäà îáîáùàþò, à íå êîíêðåòèçèðóþò. ×àñòî ðÿäîì ñòîÿò ñëîâà: something, nothing, anything, everything:
- He has done nothing all day.
- She would do anything for her Mom.
- Is there something I can do for you?
«Make» óïîòðåáëÿþò, êîãäà ãîâîðÿò î ñîçäàíèè ìàòåðèàëüíîé, îùóòèìîé âåùè:
- Make food, make a cup of tea, make clothes, make a mess.
Íî åñòü ìíîãî ñëîâîñî÷åòàíèé-èñêëþ÷åíèé ñ ãëàãîëàìè «make» è «do», êîòîðûå ïðîñòî íóæíî çàïîìíèòü:
Make money, do someone a favor, do business, make a decision, do good, make a plan.
14. Expensive è dear (äîðîãîé)
Íåïðàâèëüíî: That computer is too dear for me to buy.
Ïðàâèëüíî: That computer is too expensive for me to buy.
Ðóññêîå ñëîâî «äîðîãîé» ïåðåâîäèòñÿ íà àíãëèéñêèé êàê «expensive» èëè «dear», îïÿòü-òàêè â çàâèñèìîñòè îò êîíòåêñòà. Îáà ñëîâà îçíà÷àþò íå÷òî öåííîå äëÿ ÷åëîâåêà, íî ñìûñë ó íèõ ðàçíûé.
«Dear» - ýòî íå÷òî öåííîå â ýìîöèîíàëüíîì èëè ëè÷íîñòíîì ñìûñëå:
- This necklace isn’t very expensive, but, since it belonged to my grandmother, it is very dear to me.
«Expensive» - ýòî íå÷òî öåííîå â ôèíàíñîâîì ñìûñëå, íàïðèìåð, äîðîãîñòîÿùàÿ ïîêóïêà:
- I wish I hadn’t dropped my new iPhone in the toilet. It was really expensive!
15. Gender (ðîä)
Íåïðàâèëüíî: It’s time I bought a new computer, since he is very old.
Ïðàâèëüíî: It’s time I bought a new computer, since it is very old.
Íîñèòåëè ðóññêîãî ÿçûêà ÷àñòî ïî ïðèâû÷êå ãîâîðÿò «he» èëè «she» â ñëó÷àÿõ, êîãäà íàäî èñïîëüçîâàòü «it».
 àíãëèéñêîì ÿçûêå ëè÷íûå ìåñòîèìåíèÿ «he» èëè «she» ïðèìåíèìû ïî îòíîøåíèþ ê ëþäÿì. Óìåñòíî ãîâîðèòü «he» èëè «she» ïðî ñîáàê, êîøåê èëè äðóãèõ æèâîòíûõ, ÷åé ïîë èçâåñòåí. ×àñòî ìû íàçûâàåì òàê äîìàøíèõ æèâîòíûõ, êîòîðûõ ëþáèì èëè êîòîðûå íàì íðàâÿòñÿ, îíè äëÿ íàñ - íå áåçëèêîå «it», à èìåííî «he» èëè «she» - «îí» èëè «îíà».
- I have fond memories of my dog, Spot. He was a great dog.
Ìîæíî ãîâîðèòü òàê î íåîäóøåâë¸ííûõ ïðåäìåòàõ, ê êîòîðûì ìû ïðèâÿçàíû - àâòîìîáèëÿõ, êîðàáëÿõ è äàæå ñòðàíàõ:
- Look at that sports car! Isn’t she a beauty?
- «God bless America,
Land that I love,
Stand beside her, and guide her
Through the night with a light from above».
(Irving Berlin)
 àíãëèéñêîì ÿçûêå åñòü ñëîâà, ó êîòîðûõ óæå åñòü ðîä - îíè ó÷èòûâàþò ôàêòè÷åñêèé ïîë ÷åëîâåêà èëè æèâîòíîãî:
Æåíñêèé: women, girl, mother, daughter, aunt, niece, nun, goddess, empress, queen, princess, heroine, actress, waitress, lioness, cow.
Ìóæñêîé: man, boy, father, son, uncle, nephew, monk, god, emperor, king, prince, hero, actor, waiter, lion, bull.
 ñîâðåìåííîì àíãëèéñêîì ÿçûêå ñëîâà âðîäå «waiter» (îôèöèàíò), «actor» (àêò¸ð), «hero» (ãåðîé) èñïîëüçóþòñÿ êàê äëÿ ìóæñêîãî, òàê è äëÿ æåíñêîãî ðîäà. Åñëè íåîáõîäèìî òî÷íî îáîçíà÷èòü ïîë, ìîæíî äîáàâèòü ñëîâà «ìóæ÷èíà» èëè «æåíùèíà»:
- In Shakespeare’s time women couldn’t be actor and play on stage, so all female roles were played by actor men.
 àíãëèéñêîì ÿçûêå ñëîâî «hero» (ãåðîé) îçíà÷àåò íå òîëüêî ãåðîÿ êíèãè. Ãåðîé - ýòî ÷åëîâåê, ðåàëüíûé èëè âûìûøëåííûé, ïðîÿâëÿþùèé áîëüøóþ ñìåëîñòü èëè èäóùèé íà æåðòâó ðàäè îáùåãî áëàãà.