, , |
, : , ..
: , , , , .
- , , 0,7112. , , , , , .
. , , "" ( , , ) , (, ). "" - ( , ) "", " ", "" , . – . , (" <> "; - – , - – , - – ...), (" "; -- – , -- – ...), , . , , , – .
, - "" (c 17- - – " ", "", ""), , – (1/2 ) (1/4 ).
, , , () - – ' '. , , – " ", , .
- = 71 . .
() - . ( - ""; 17- - "" <> ) - ( ) = 17,78 cm.
- (22-23 .).
(" ", - ' ') - = 27-31
: « — ( 1 3/4 ). — (4 ). ( 1)»
- ( - ''''). , , . , . 11 . XV . : " 7 50" ( 750 ). 1 1000 . 500 , - 213,36 X 500 = 1066,8 .
"" .
, , . 1649 " " 1 . , XVIII " " 500 (" ").
- , . 1000 (2,16 ) , , , - .
500- , . , , . XVIII . , XIX . "", 500 .
- . (, , ) . " " - . " " - : . : " " ( - , )
1017. () - . , : " 6576 (1068 .) 6 , ... 10000 4000 ". 151,4 . . "", .
, 10 , . : - 284,8 , - 258,4 , - 244,0 , - 230,4 , - 217,6 , - 197,4 , - 186,4 , - 176,0 , - 159,7 , - 150,8 , - 142,4 - 134,5 ( ), - , .
- - 1,76.
( "") - 2,48.
.
( - " "). , , 38 47 . 16- 19 .
- , 11 . 10.25-10.5 ( 46-47 ) , , — - (XVII). . , , - . - , , — "", 30 60 ( , )
= 1/6 ( )
1/16 , 1/4 . - 4,44. "" "". XVII . - .
( ): , 15 , , 2 15 , .. 209 .
1 | 3 | 5 | 7 | 9 | 10 | 15 | |
1,47 | 1,56 | 1,65 | 1,73 | 1,82 | 1,87 | 2,09 |
:
1 - " *** , *** "
2 - " *** , *** "
18 - " *** , *** "
- " *** "
- " *** "
( "" 1835 . ):
1 = 500 = 50 = 10 = 1,0668
1 = 3 = 7 = 48 = 2,1336
= 2,48 .
= 1,76 .
1 = 4 () = 16 = 28 = 71,12
( )
1 = 44 ( 38 47 cm)
1 = 1/7 = 12 = 30,479
1 < > (, , , , , ) = 4 = 17,78 cm ( 19 - ..)
"", .. . (c 17- "" " ")
"" - ""
= 1/2 = 22-23 - ( ) .
" " = 27 - 31 .
1 = 4 ( - 1,1 ) = 1/4 = 1/16 = 4,445
- , ( ).
1 ~ 2 .
( XVIII ):
1 = 10 = 2,54
- '' ''. , .
1 = 10 = 1/10 = 2,54 (: "" - d=7.62 .)
- , 2,54 .
1 = 2,134
1 = 0,2540
1 (1/15 ) = 7 = 7,42
( "" - ())
1 (1 ) = 1,852
1 = 1,609
1 = 91,44
XVII . « » - (1668 .) : "... , , , , (10,5 )… , , , ." "" , . , . , , - , () . .
XVIII , , : , , . . (, - 20- , ). . 4, 8, 16, 32 64 .
100 .
, , .
1835 . :
= 7
= 28
( ), : , , , .
– = 1/40 = 10 = 30 = 20 (0,6) = 16 (0,75) = 100 = 200 = 12 (15 - , ) . – , , , . , " ". : 2 4 8 , .
XVII . 12 , XVII. 10 , — 10 , , 100 . , 1652 (" "). 8 . , , 3 (1228,5 ). 134,297 .
, , , . 40 (492 )
:
- ,
- ,
- .
5- 120- . ()
() .
XV . - , . XVI-XVII . , ( ), . , 6 3 , - 5 , - 15 .
XVII .: , - (8 ; ).
"... , -, , , ".
: , , , , . : , 20 . XVII . 7- , ( ""). 27 343 ; — 4096 21952 .
1781 « ».
– , 12
< > = 3 ( )
"" I.
= 1/20 = 1/2 = 5 = 0,6 ( – XX )
20 (2 0 * 0,6 = 12 ), , 20 .
- 0,75 .
1635 . . , , , , .
, – 0,63 0,76
.
( . Stof) = 1/10 = 10 = 1,23 . I. . .
( - ' ') = 10 = 1,23 .
"" (" "), -, .
(. ) = 1/10 = 2 = 0,123 .
= 1/6 = 100 .
( - '', '', ) = 1/2 = 0,06 .
( 1/16 ) = 37,5 .
( , ), (, , ), – , , ), (, , , ) (, , , ). , , , .
(, ), . . . , .
() – 60
- 12
- 2,5 ( , XV )
– – 30-35 , – 40 , – 2 22-25
,
(?) "" - ( , ). (, ) - , . - , .
- , . - . – ""
— , 1/4—1/5, .
, , , , , , , , , , 1/4— 1/2 ( 3—5 ). , , , — , , 1/8 .
, , (, ..) 20 , – 40 . , , 1/8-1/16 1/3-1/4 . () ca .
, ( ), : , , , . , , , , , – ( , ).
, , – 1:2:4:8:16.
:
1 . = 9,713 .
1 . = 0,3597 .
1 . = 87,82 .
1 . = 28,32 . ()
1 . = 16,39 .
1 . = 16,39 .
1 - .
, .., (" "):
- 12
() – 1/4
( - )
(, , - / ) = 20
" " -
- () = 40 80 ( ).
: , "" – , ( ), - , . ('' - ).
(" "):
(40 )
( 20 )
(1/8)
(1/16 )
:
1 = 2,099 = 209,9
1 ("") = 2,624 = 26,24
1 = 3,280
():
• = 10
• = 40 = 16,38
• () = 96 = 0,41
• = 3 = 12,797
• = 4,27
• = 0,044
...
( ) . "" , . . , , .
- , , ..
- . 10 , , , . (163,8 ).
XII .
1/96 , 4,26 . : " ". , o .
( 'pondus' - , ) 32 , 96 , 1/40 , 409,50 . : " ", " ".
.
.
. = 4,266.
, , 50 "" (1/8 )
– , 12,797 .
– , 1/96 0,044 .
40 , - 16,38 . 12 .
- ( pondus - , ) , . , . , . XI-XII . : "" - , "" - ().
, XVIII :
|
|
||||
38400 | 10 400 () 800 |
163800 | 163,8 | ||
72 | 1179 (1 ) |
||||
14 | 230 | ||||
() | 9600 | 2,5 | 40950 | 40,95 | |
3840 | 40 | 16380 | 16,38 (0,1638 ) |
||
1920 | 8190 | 8,19 | |||
240 | 2,5 | 1022 | 1,022 (1,024) | ||
120 | 511 | 0,511 | |||
128 | 546 | 0,546 | |||
() |
96 | 32 1/40 |
409,5 | 0,4095 | |
307,3 | - 358,8 | ||||
72 | 72 | 307,1 | 0,3071 | ||
() | 48 | 1200 4800 |
204,8 | 0,2048 | |
24 | 102,4 | 0,1024 | |||
3 | 3 | 12,797 | |||
1 | 96 25 1/96 |
4,266 | ; , . - | ||
() | 20 | 1,24 | |||
171 |
|||||
() | 0,062 | ||||
1/96 | 0,044 44,43 |
||||
43 |
|||||
: (XVIII )
, , : , ( - 40 30 ) . ( " " 1649 .) , , 2.1336 ., , 2400 , , 1.093 .
. XVI , . 40- XVI — , 1000- . , . — -, . .. - . — . , , 2 , 4 , 8 .. , , 0,1 (.. , , , 10 ). — .
:
1 . = 250000 = 1,138 .
1 = 2400 = 1,093
1 = 0,1
1 . = 16 = 4,552 .
1 . =0,5058 .
1 . =19,76 .
1 . =9,29 . =0,0929 .
1 . =6,452 .
1 . =6,452 .
XVIII
XVIII 400 , . . .
, XVI XVII . XVIII . , , , ("").
( , "") . XVIII . , ; .
30- XVIII . , ao. , .
, I. . – .
, .
, .
1736 . . – , , . , .
, . . 136,297 , – 286,421 . «...»
, 1736–1742 ., 1745 . « ». , , XVIII . , .
I 29 1797 . « , » . 30- XIX . 1797 . . : , , . , , .
1807 . ( ): , . . – 7 , – 28 . . I . 52 . , , : « » – . – .
10 1810 . – 16 (71,12 ). , 1 , , .
[. stadion - ( )] - ( - . ; stadion - ). - . "... <> , . , , , (7 )" (.., .. )
, , ,
:
" " -
" " - .
" " -
:
, () - .
e
= 25
= 5 10
P = 2 = 100
- .
, = 50
= 25
= 20 .
= 15
= 5 .
= 3
= 10
= 1
2 e = 1
1/2 e () = 1 .
( ) = 2 .
( - ) . e . 1700 . .
(, ), , .
:
:
- ,
' ' = .
' ' = 1/4
- ( - )
, - () = 1/8
(" ").
' ' – = 7:45
-
- , 480 ; - 1000
' ' – 188
- , , .
-
= 4,5
= 10,5
- .
- ', ' (115 - ), - '' ( - - ), : " , 20 "
" " - (, ), ,
- , (, )
" " - .
, - ,
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