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A style of needle lace known as cut work; or, depending on its method of construction, reticella or punto in aria was common throughout Europe in the mid 16th to the mid 17th centuries. It is made by creating the lace patterns using embroidery stitches. Many items were made or decorated with needle lace, including ruffs, cauls, partlets and handkerchiefs. It was usually made of white linen thread. Below are some examples of needle lace I have made.