Orders of Magnitude (Pressure)

Среда, 14 Марта 2012 г. 00:44 + в цитатник

Orders of magnitude (pressure)

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This is a tabulated listing of the orders of magnitude in relation to pressure expressed in pascals.

Magnitude	Pressure	lbf/in² or dB	Item
10⁻¹⁷ Pa	10 aPa		Pressure in outer space in intergalactic voids (the lowest pressure ever measured)^[1]^[2]
10−15 Pa	1-10 fPa		Pressure in outer space between stars in the Milky Way^[1]^[3]
10−12 Pa	1 pPa		Lowest pressure obtained in laboratory conditions^[4]
10−11 Pa
10−11 Pa	40 pPa		Atmosphere of the Moon at lunar day,^[5]^[6] very approximately (4×10⁻¹¹ Pa)^{[citation needed]}
10−10 Pa	100 pPa		Atmosphere of Mercury, very approximately (1×10⁻¹⁰ Pa)^[7]
10−10 Pa	800 pPa		Atmosphere of the Moon at lunar night,^[5]^[6] very approximately (80×10⁻¹¹ Pa)^{[citation needed]}
10−9 Pa	< 1 nPa		Vacuum expected in the beam pipe of the Large Hadron Collider's Atlas experiment^[8]
10−9 Pa	~1 nPa		Approximate solar wind pressure at Earth's distance from the Sun^[9] (variable)^{[citation needed]}
10−8 Pa	10 nPa		Pressure inside a vacuum chamber for laser cooling of atoms (magneto-optical trap)^{[citation needed]}
10−8 Pa	10-700 nPa		Atmospheric pressure in low Earth orbit^[10]^[11]
10−7 Pa	100 nPa		Upper limit of ultra high vacuum^[12]^[13]
10−6 Pa	1 µPa		Reference pressure for sound in water^[14]
10−6 Pa	1 µPa		Pressure inside a vacuum tube (very approximate)^{[citation needed]}
10−5 Pa	10 µPa		Radiation pressure of sunlight on a perfectly reflecting surface at the distance of the Earth.^[15]
	20 µPa	0 dB	Reference pressure for sound in air^[16]
	±20 µPa	0 dB	Threshold of human hearing^[16]
10−4 Pa
10−3 Pa	1-100 mPa		Vacuum pressures used for molecular distillation^[17]
10−2 Pa
10−1 Pa	100 mPa		Upper limit of high vacuum^[12]^[18]
10−1 Pa	~200 mPa		Atmospheric pressure on Pluto (1988 figure; very roughly)^[19]
1 Pa	1 Pa		Pressure exerted by a US dollar bill resting flat on a surface^[20]
1 Pa	1 Pa		Upper limit of molecular distillation, where the mean free path of molecules is larger than the equipment^{[citation needed]}
10 Pa	10 Pa		Pressure increase per millimeter of a water column at Earth mean sea level^[21]
	10 Pa		Pressure due to direct impact of a gentle breeze (~9 mph)^[22]^[23]^[24]
	86 Pa		Pressure from the weight of a U.S. penny lying flat^[25]
102 Pa	±100 Pa	~130 dB	Threshold of pain pressure level for sound. Prolonged exposure may lead to hearing loss.^{[citation needed]}
	100 Pa		Pressure due to direct impact of a strong breeze (~28 mph)^[22]^[23]^[26]
	120 Pa		Pressure from the weight of a U.S. quarter lying flat^[27]^[28]
	133 Pa		1 torr ≈ 1 mmHg^[29].
	±300 Pa	±0.043 psi	Lung air pressure difference moving the normal breaths of a person (only 0.3% of standard atmospheric pressure)^[30]^[31]
	400 to 900 Pa	0.06 to 0.13 psi	Atmospheric pressure on Mars, < 1% of atmospheric sea-level pressure on Earth^[32]
	610 Pa	0.089 psi	Partial vapour pressure at the triple point of water (611.73 Pa)^[33]
103 Pa	+1-10 kPa		Typical explosion peak overpressure needed to break glass windows (approximate)^[34]
	2 kPa		Pressure of popping popcorn (very approximate)^[35]^[36]
	2.6 kPa	0.38 psi	Pressure to make water boil at room temperature (22 °C) (20 mmHg)^[37]
	5 kPa	0.8 psi	Blood pressure fluctuation (40 mmHg) between heartbeats for a typical healthy adult^[38]^[39]
	6.9 kPa	1 psi	1 pound-force per square inch^[29]
	+9.8 kPa	+1.4 psi	Lung pressure that a typical person can exert (74 mmHg)^[40]
104 Pa	10 kPa	1.5 psi	Pressure increase per meter of a water column^[21]
	10 kPa	1.5 psi	Decrease in air pressure when going from Earth sea level to 1000 m elevation^{[citation needed]}
	+13 kPa	+1.9 psi	High air pressure for human lung, measured for trumpet player making staccato high notes^[41]
	< +16 kPa	+2.3 psi	Systolic blood pressure in a healthy adult while at rest (< 120 mmHg) (gauge pressure)^[38]
	+19.3 kPa	+2.8 psi	High end of lung pressure, exertable without injury by a healthy person for brief times^{[citation needed]}
	+34 kPa	+5 psi	Level of long-duration blast overpressure (from a large-scale explosion) that would cause most buildings to collapse^[42]
	+70 kPa	+10 psi	Pressure for paint exiting an HVLP (low-pressure) paint spray gun^[43]
	70 kPa		Pressure inside an incandescent light bulb^[44]
	80 kPa	12 psi	Pressure inside vacuum cleaner at sea level on Earth (80% of standard atmospheric pressure)^{[citation needed]}
	87 kPa	13 psi	Record low atmospheric pressure for typhoon/hurricane (Typhoon Tip in 1979) (only 86% of standard atmospheric pressure)^[45]
105 Pa	100 kPa	15 psi	1 bar (14.5 psi)^[46], approximately equal to the weight of one kilogram (1 kilopond) acting on one square centimeter^[29]
	101 kPa	15 psi	Standard atmospheric pressure for Earth sea level (14.7 psi)^[29]
	150 to > 550 kPa	25 to > 80 psi	Impact pressure of a fist punch (approximate)^{[citation needed]}^[47]
	+180 to +250 kPa	+26 to +36 psi	Air pressure in an automobile tire relative to atmosphere (gauge pressure)^{[citation needed]}
	+200 to +1,500 kPa	+30 to +220 psi	Air pressure in a bicycle tire relative to atmosphere (gauge pressure)^{[citation needed]}
	300 kPa	50 psi	Water pressure of a garden hose^[48]
	300 to 700 kPa	50 to 100 psi	Typical water pressure of a municipal water supply in the US^[49]
	400 to 600 kPa	60 to 90 psi	Air pressure in a champagne bottle^[50]
	520 kPa	75 psi	Partial vapour pressure at the triple point of carbon dioxide^[51]
	+690 to +830 kPa	+100 to +120 psi	Air pressure in a heavy truck/bus tire relative to atmosphere (gauge pressure)^{[citation needed]}
	800 kPa		Vapor pressure of water in a kernel of popcorn when the kernel ruptures^[52]
106 Pa	0.8 to 2 MPa	120 to 290 psi	Pressure used in boilers of steam locomotives^{[citation needed]}
	2.8 to 8.3 MPa	400 to 1200 psi	Pressure of carbon dioxide propellant in a paintball gun^[53]
	5 MPa	700 psi	Water pressure of the output of a coin-operated car wash spray nozzle^[48]
	5 MPa	700 psi	Military submarine max. rated pressure (est.) of Seawolf class nuclear sub, at depth of 500 m^[54]^[55]
	6.9-27 MPa	1000-4000 psi	Water spray pressure used by pressure washers^[56]
	9.2 MPa	1300 psi	Atmosphere of Venus (92 bar)^[57]
107 Pa	> 10 MPa	> 1500 psi	Pressure exerted by a 45-kg woman wearing stiletto heels when a heel hits the floor^[58]
	15 MPa	2200 psi	Power stroke maximum pressure in diesel truck engine when burning fuel^{[citation needed]}
	21 MPa	3000 psi	Pressure of a typical aluminium scuba tank of pressurized air (210 bar)^[59]
	20 MPa	2900 psi	Typical pressure used for hydrogenolysis reactions^[60]
	69 MPa	10000 psi	Water pressure withstood by the DSV Shinkai 6500 in visiting ocean depths of > 6500 meters^[61]
	70 to 280 MPa	10000 to 40000 psi	Maximum chamber pressure during a pistol firing^[62]
108 Pa	110 MPa	16000 psi	Pressure at bottom of Mariana Trench, about 11 km below ocean surface (1100 bar)^[63]
	100 to 300 MPa	15000 to 44000 psi	Pressure inside reactor for the synthesis of high-pressure polyethylene (HPPE)^[64]
	400 MPa	58000 psi	Chamber pressure of late 1910s .50 Browning Machine Gun discharge^{[citation needed]}
	240 to 620 MPa	35000 to 90000 psi	Water pressure used in a water jet cutter^[65]
109 Pa	1 GPa		Extremely high-pressure chemical reactors (10 kbar)^{[citation needed]}
1010 Pa	10 GPa		Pressure at which octaoxygen forms at room temperature (100,000 bar)^[66]
	18 GPa		Pressure needed for the first commercially successful synthesis of diamond^{[citation needed]}
	24 to 110 GPa		Stability range of enstatite in its perovskite-structured polymorph, possibly the most common mineral inside the Earth^{[citation needed]}
	40 GPa		Quantum mechanical electron degeneracy pressure in a block of copper^[67]
	96 GPa		Pressure at which metallic oxygen forms (960,000 bar)^[66]
1011 Pa	100 GPa		Theoretical tensile strength of a carbon nanotube (CNT)^{[citation needed]}
	130 GPa		Intrinsic strength of monolayer graphene^[68]
	> 300 GPa		Pressure attainable with a diamond anvil cell^[69]
	360 GPa		Pressure inside the core of the Earth (3.64 million bar)^[70]^[71]
1012 Pa
1013 Pa
1014 Pa	540 TPa		Pressure inside an Ivy Mike-like nuclear bomb detonation (5.3 billion bar)^[72]^[73]
1015 Pa	6.5 PPa		Pressure inside a W80 nuclear warhead detonation (64 billion bar)^[72]^[74]
1016 Pa	25 PPa		Pressure inside the core of the Sun (250 billion bar)^[75]
1016 Pa	57 PPa		Pressure inside a uranium nucleus (8 MeV in a sphere of radius 175 pm)^[76]
10³⁴ Pa	0.3 to 16×10³⁴ Pa		Pressure range inside a neutron star^[77]
10113 Pa