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Scientist-turned-artist uses bacteria to create famous portraits in a petri dish |
PUBLISHED: 22:57 EST, 17 September 2012 | UPDATED: 01:01 EST, 18 September 2012
As far as artistic methods go, it's certainly creative. A photographer, and former microbiologist, has worked out how to make portraits by growing strategically placed bacteria cultures.
Zachary Copfer developed the technique, which he dubs 'bacteriography', using photographs of famous faces such as Charles Darwin, Albert Einstein and telescopic images of the Milky Way.
It works by taking a bacteria such as E.coli, turning it into a fluorescent protein and spreading it across a plate.
A negative of the photograph is then layered on top of the plate and exposed to radiation with the bacteria growing up in strategic places to bring out the image. It is then coated in acrylic and resin.
Copfer, a University of Cincinnati MFA
Scroll down for video
What genius! The art technique, dubbed 'bacteriography', leads to some interesting petri dish portraits including this dotty depiction of Albert Einstein


Art versus science: Picasso emerges from a dish of carefully cultured bacteria (left) along with Charles Darwin (right)
Spaced out: A telescopic view of the Milky Way was created by microbiologist-turned-photographer Zachary Copfer
Prehistoric: An albasaurus emerges from E.coli in one of the artist's unique designs


Experimentation: Microbiologist turned photographer Zachary Copfer holds up one of his Einstein masterpieces (left) and in closer detail (right)
Read more: http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2204850/Po...ng-bacteria.html#ixzz27rN30bpE
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Метки: Scientist-turned-artist petri dish bacteria portraits |
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List of common physics notations |
This is a list of common physical constants and their notations. Note that bold text indicates that the quantity is a vector.
Contents[hide] |
| Symbol | Meaning | SI Unit of Measure |
|---|---|---|
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area | |
| magnetic vector potential | ||
| Amplitude | ||
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acceleration | meter per second squared (m/s²) or (ms−2) |
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magnetic flux density also called the magnetic field density or magnetic induction |
tesla (T), or equivalently, weber per square meter (Wb/m²) |
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capacitance | Farad |
| heat capacity | ||
| constant of integration | varied depending on context | |
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speed of light (in a vacuum) | Meters per Second (m/s) |
| speed of sound | Meters per Second (m/s) | |
| specific heat capacity | ||
| viscous damping coefficient | kilograms per second | |
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electric displacement field also called the electric flux density |
coulomb per square meter (C/m²) |
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distance | meter (m) |
| impact parameter | meter (m) | |
| diameter | ||
differential (e.g. ) |
||
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differential vector element of surface area A, with infinitesimally small magnitude and direction normal to surface S |
square meter (m²) |
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differential element of volume V enclosed by surface S | cubic meter (m³) |
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electric field | volt per meter (V/m) |
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energy | joule (J) |
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eccentricity | unitless |
| 2.71828... (base of the natural logarithm), electron, elementary charge | ||
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force | newton (N) |
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frequency | hertz (Hz) |
| function | ||
| friction | ||
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the gravitational constant | newton meter squared per kilogram squared (N m²/kg²) |
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acceleration due to gravity | |
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magnetic field strength also called just magnetic field |
ampere per meter (A/m) |
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Hamiltonian | joule (J) |
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height | |
| Planck's constant | joule second (J s) | |
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reduced Planck's constant ![]() |
joule second (J s) |
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action | joule second (J s) |
| intensity | watt per square meter (W/m²) | |
| sound intensity | watt per square meter (W/m²) | |
| electric current | ampere (A) | |
| moment of inertia | ||
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Cartesian x-axis basis unit vector | unitless |
| intensity | watt per square meter (W/m²) | |
| imaginary unit | ||
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free current density, not including polarization or magnetization currents bound in a material |
ampere per square meter (A/m²) |
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Cartesian y-axis basis unit vector | unitless |
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kinetic energy | joule (J) |
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Cartesian z-axis basis unit vector | unitless |
| Boltzmann constant | joule per kelvin (J/K) | |
| wavenumber | ||
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inductance | henry (H) |
| luminosity | watt (W) | |
| angular momentum | newton metre seconds (N·m·s or kg·m2s−1) | |
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length | |
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magnetization | ampere per meter (A/m) |
| moment of force often simply called moment or torque |
newton meter (N m) | |
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mass | kilogram (kg) |
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normal vector | unit varies depending on context |
| atomic number | unitless | |
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refractive index | unitless |
| principal quantum number | unitless | |
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power | watt (W) |
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momentum | kilogram meter per second (kg m/s) |
| pressure | pascal (Pa) | |
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Electric Charge | coulomb (C) |
| Heat | joule (J) | |
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electric charge | coulomb (C) |
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Electrical resistance | ohm (Ω) |
| Ricci tensor | unitless | |
| radiancy | ||
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radius of rotation or distance between two things such as the masses in Newton's law of universal gravitation | meter (m) |
| radius vector (position) | ||
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surface area | m2 |
| entropy | J/K | |
| action | ||
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arc length | meter (m) |
| displacement | ||
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period | second (s) |
| Thermodynamic Temperature also called absolute temperature |
kelvin (K) | |
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time | second (s) |
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four-velocity | meter per second (m/s) |
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potential energy | joule (J) |
| internal energy | joule (J) | |
|
Метки: List of common physics notations |
Symbols and Greek Letters |
The following table gives the character entity reference, decimal character reference, and hexadecimal character reference for symbols and Greek letters, as well as the rendering of each in your browser. Glyphs of the characters are available at the Unicode Consortium.
These entities are all new in HTML 4.0 and may not be supported by old browsers. Support in recent browsers is good.
| Character | Entity | Decimal | Hex | Rendering in Your Browser | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Entity | Decimal | Hex | ||||
| Latin small f with hook = function = florin | ƒ | ƒ | ƒ | ƒ | ƒ | ƒ |
| Greek capital letter |
Α | Α | Α | Α | Α | Α |
| Greek capital letter beta | Β | Β | Β | Β | Β | Β |
| Greek capital letter gamma | Γ | Γ | Γ | Γ | Γ | Γ |
| Greek capital letter delta | Δ | Δ | Δ | Δ | Δ | Δ |
| Greek capital letter epsilon | Ε | Ε | Ε | Ε | Ε | Ε |
| Greek capital letter zeta | Ζ | Ζ | Ζ | Ζ | Ζ | Ζ |
| Greek capital letter eta | Η | Η | Η | Η | Η | Η |
| Greek capital letter theta | Θ | Θ | Θ | Θ | Θ | Θ |
| Greek capital letter iota | Ι | Ι | Ι | Ι | Ι | Ι |
| Greek capital letter kappa | Κ | Κ | Κ | Κ | Κ | Κ |
| Greek capital letter |
Λ | Λ | Λ | Λ | Λ | Λ |
| Greek capital letter mu | Μ | Μ | Μ | Μ | Μ | Μ |
| Greek capital letter nu | Ν | Ν | Ν | Ν | Ν | Ν |
| Greek capital letter xi | Ξ | Ξ | Ξ | Ξ | Ξ | Ξ |
| Greek capital letter omicron | Ο | Ο | Ο | Ο | Ο | Ο |
| Greek capital letter pi | Π | Π | Π | Π | Π | Π |
| Greek capital letter rho | Ρ | Ρ | Ρ | Ρ | Ρ | Ρ |
| Greek capital letter sigma | Σ | Σ | Σ | Σ | Σ | Σ |
| Greek capital letter tau | Τ | Τ | Τ | Τ | Τ | Τ |
| Greek capital letter upsilon | Υ | Υ | Υ | Υ | Υ | Υ |
| Greek capital letter phi | Φ | Φ | Φ | Φ | Φ | Φ |
| Greek capital letter chi | Χ | Χ | Χ | Χ | Χ | Χ |
| Greek capital letter psi | Ψ | Ψ | Ψ | Ψ | Ψ | Ψ |
| Greek capital letter omega | Ω | Ω | Ω | Ω | Ω | Ω |
| Greek small letter alpha | α | α | α | α | α | α |
| Greek small letter beta | β | β | β | β | β | β |
| Greek small letter gamma | γ | γ | γ | γ | γ | γ |
| Greek small letter delta | δ | δ | δ | δ | δ | δ |
| Greek small letter epsilon | ε | ε | ε | ε | ε | ε |
| Greek small letter zeta | ζ | ζ | ζ | ζ | ζ | ζ |
| Greek small letter eta | η | η | η | η | η | η |
| Greek small letter theta | θ | θ | θ | θ | θ | θ |
| Greek small letter iota | ι | ι | ι | ι | ι | ι |
| Greek small letter kappa | κ | κ | κ | κ | κ | κ |
| Greek small letter lambda | λ | λ | λ | λ | λ | λ |
| Greek small letter mu | μ | μ | μ | μ | μ | μ |
| Greek small letter nu | ν | ν | ν | ν | ν | ν |
| Greek small letter xi | ξ | ξ | ξ | ξ | ξ | ξ |
| Greek small letter omicron | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο | ο |
| Greek small letter pi | π | π | π | π | π | π |
| Greek small letter rho | ρ | ρ | ρ | ρ | ρ | ρ |
| Greek small letter final sigma | ς | ς | ς | ς | ς | ς |
| Greek small letter sigma | σ | σ | σ | σ | σ | σ |
| Greek small letter tau | τ | τ | τ | τ | τ | τ |
| Greek small letter upsilon | υ | υ | υ | υ | υ | υ |
| Greek small letter phi | φ | φ | φ | φ | φ | φ |
| Greek small letter chi | χ | χ | χ | χ | χ | χ |
| Greek small letter psi | ψ | ψ | ψ | ψ | ψ | ψ |
| Greek small letter omega | ω | ω | ω | ω | ω | ω |
| Greek small letter theta symbol | ϑ | ϑ | ϑ | ϑ | ϑ | ϑ |
| Greek upsilon with hook symbol | ϒ | ϒ | ϒ | ϒ | ϒ | ϒ |
| Greek pi symbol | ϖ | ϖ | ϖ | ϖ | ϖ | ϖ |
| bullet = black small circle | • | • | • | • | • | • |
| horizontal ellipsis = three dot leader | … | … | … | … | … | … |
| prime = minutes = feet | ′ | ′ | ′ | ′ | ′ | ′ |
| double prime = seconds = inches | ″ | ″ | ″ | ″ | ″ | ″ |
| overline = spacing overscore | ‾ | ‾ | ‾ | ‾ | ‾ | ‾ |
| fraction slash | ⁄ | ⁄ | ⁄ | ⁄ | ⁄ | ⁄ |
| script capital P = power set = Weierstrass p | ℘ | ℘ | ℘ | ℘ | ℘ | ℘ |
| blackletter capital I = imaginary part | ℑ | ℑ | ℑ | ℑ | ℑ | ℑ |
| blackletter capital R = real part symbol | ℜ | ℜ | ℜ | ℜ | ℜ | ℜ |
| trade mark sign | ™ | ™ | ™ | ™ | ™ | ™ |
| alef symbol = first transfinite cardinal | ℵ | ℵ | ℵ | ℵ | ℵ | ℵ |
| leftwards arrow | ← | ← | ← | ← | ← | ← |
| upwards arrow | ↑ | ↑ | ↑ | ↑ | ↑ | ↑ |
| rightwards arrow | → | → | → | → | → | → |
| downwards arrow | ↓ | ↓ | ↓ | ↓ | ↓ | ↓ |
| left right arrow | ↔ | ↔ | ↔ | ↔ | ↔ | ↔ |
| downwards arrow with corner leftwards = carriage return | ↵ | ↵ | ↵ | ↵ | ↵ | ↵ |
| leftwards double arrow | ⇐ | ⇐ | ⇐ | ⇐ | ⇐ | ⇐ |
| upwards double arrow | ⇑ | ⇑ | ⇑ | ⇑ | ⇑ | ⇑ |
| rightwards double arrow | ⇒ | ⇒ | ⇒ | ⇒ | ⇒ | ⇒ |
| downwards double arrow | ⇓ | ⇓ | ⇓ | ⇓ | ⇓ | ⇓ |
| left right double arrow | ⇔ | ⇔ | ⇔ | ⇔ | ⇔ | ⇔ |
| for all | ∀ | ∀ | ∀ | ∀ | ∀ | ∀ |
| partial differential | ∂ | ∂ | ∂ | ∂ | ∂ | ∂ |
| there exists | ∃ | ∃ | ∃ | ∃ | ∃ | ∃ |
| empty set = null set = diameter | ∅ | ∅ | ∅ | ∅ | ∅ | ∅ |
| nabla = backward difference | ∇ | ∇ | ∇ | ∇ | ∇ | ∇ |
| element of | ∈ | ∈ | ∈ | ∈ | ∈ | ∈ |
| not an element of | ∉ | ∉ | ∉ | ∉ | ∉ | ∉ |
| contains as member | ∋ | ∋ | ∋ | ∋ | ∋ | ∋ |
| n-ary product = product sign | ∏ | ∏ | ∏ | ∏ | ∏ | ∏ |
| n-ary sumation | ∑ | ∑ | ∑ | ∑ | ∑ | ∑ |
| minus sign | − | − | − | − | − | − |
| asterisk operator | ∗ | ∗ | ∗ | ∗ | ∗ | ∗ |
| square root = radical sign | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ |
| proportional to | ∝ | ∝ | ∝ | ∝ | ∝ | ∝ |
| infinity | ∞ | ∞ | ∞ | ∞ | ∞ | ∞ |
| angle | ∠ | ∠ | ∠ | ∠ | ∠ | ∠ |
| logical and = wedge | ∧ | ∧ | ∧ | ∧ | ∧ | ∧ |
| logical or = vee | ∨ | ∨ | ∨ | ∨ | ∨ | ∨ |
| intersection = cap | ∩ | ∩ | ∩ | ∩ | ∩ | ∩ |
| union = cup | ∪ | ∪ | ∪ | ∪ | ∪ | ∪ |
| integral | ∫ | ∫ | ∫ | ∫ | ∫ | ∫ |
| therefore | ∴ | ∴ | ∴ | ∴ | ∴ | ∴ |
| tilde operator = varies with = similar to | ∼ | ∼ | ∼ | ∼ | ∼ | ∼ |
| approximately equal to | ≅ | ≅ | ≅ | ≅ | ≅ | ≅ |
| almost equal to = asymptotic to | ≈ | ≈ | ≈ | ≈ | ≈ | ≈ |
| not equal to | ≠ | ≠ | ≠ | ≠ | ≠ | ≠ |
| identical to | ≡ | ≡ | ≡ | ≡ | ≡ | ≡ |
| less-than or equal to | ≤ | ≤ | ≤ | ≤ | ≤ | ≤ |
| greater-than or equal to | ≥ | ≥ | ≥ | ≥ | ≥ | ≥ |
| subset of | ⊂ | ⊂ | ⊂ | ⊂ | ⊂ | ⊂ |
| superset of | ⊃ | ⊃ | ⊃ | ⊃ | ⊃ | ⊃ |
| not a subset of | ⊄ | ⊄ | ⊄ | ⊄ | ⊄ | ⊄ |
| subset of or equal to | ⊆ | ⊆ | ⊆ | ⊆ | ⊆ | ⊆ |
| superset of or equal to | ⊇ | ⊇ | ⊇ | ⊇ | ⊇ | ⊇ |
| circled plus = direct sum | ⊕ | ⊕ | ⊕ | ⊕ | ⊕ | ⊕ |
| circled times = vector product | ⊗ | ⊗ | ⊗ | ⊗ | ⊗ | ⊗ |
| up tack = orthogonal to = perpendicular | ⊥ | ⊥ | ⊥ | ⊥ | ⊥ | ⊥ |
| dot operator | ⋅ | ⋅ | ⋅ | ⋅ | ⋅ | ⋅ |
| left ceiling = APL upstile | ⌈ | ⌈ | ⌈ | ⌈ | ⌈ | ⌈ |
| right ceiling | ⌉ | ⌉ | ⌉ | ⌉ | ⌉ | ⌉ |
| left floor = APL downstile | ⌊ | ⌊ | ⌊ | ⌊ | ⌊ | ⌊ |
| right floor | ⌋ | ⌋ | ⌋ | ⌋ | ⌋ | ⌋ |
| left-pointing angle bracket = bra | ⟨ | 〈 | 〈 | ⟨ | 〈 | 〈 |
| right-pointing angle bracket = ket | ⟩ | 〉 | 〉 | ⟩ | 〉 | 〉 |
| lozenge | ◊ | ◊ | ◊ | ◊ | ◊ | ◊ |
| black spade suit | ♠ | ♠ | ♠ | ♠ | ♠ | ♠ |
| black club suit = shamrock | ♣ | ♣ | ♣ | ♣ | ♣ | ♣ |
| black heart suit = valentine | ♥ | ♥ | ♥ | ♥ | ♥ | ♥ |
| black diamond suit | ♦ | ♦ | ♦ | ♦ | ♦ | ♦ |
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Метки: Symbols Greek Letters |
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