Courts must act on facts, and judges and juries make decisions based on these facts. However, anatomical and physiological changes imposed by pregnancy on the urinary tract predispose the transformation of women with asymptomatic bacteriuria to pregnant women with symptomatic UTI, leaving the impression that the number of urinary infections is higher in this period of life(4).
When they find blood, microscopic or otherwise, particularly in high-risk individuals like smokers, physicians often next do a urine test to look for cancer cells, ultrasound urine reagent strip or CT imaging of the urinary tract, as well as cystoscopy, where they can actually see the urinary tract, including the bladder lining, the prostate in males and the urethra.

The complaint noted that (a) Medicare covers chelation for the treatment of lead poisoning, which requires blood testing to confirm the diagnosis, but Adams's diagnoses were based on provoked urine testing, (b) provoked urine tests are unreliable, potentially dangerous, and should not be utilized in diagnosing heavy metal poisoning, and (c) although Adams was treating what he called "excess body burden of heavy metals" rather than lead poisoning, the diagnostic code he submitted to Medicare was for lead poisoning.
Many times courts order those who have been convicted of DUIs to have random urine tests, however, because if a person has been drinking at night and is called the next morning to appear for a random urine test, the test will reveal alcohol in the urine.
3. —(1) Urine specimens which are to be provided for the purpose of urine tests under section 31 of the Act or regulation 15(3)(f) of the Misuse of Drugs (Approved Institutions and Treatment and Rehabilitation) Regulations (Rg 3) shall be procured and deposited in security boxes in accordance with the First Schedule.

Urine cultures are also done in cases of unusual UTI symptoms that are not particularly associated with UTIs, in men, who rarely get urinary tract infections, in the elderly, in those with poor immunological systems or in those who have known structural problems with their kidneys or urinary tract.
In January, UnitedHealthcare filed a lawsuit seeking $100 million from Next Health, a network of labs, claiming that it had paid doctors bribes as well as kickbacks of 20 percent of revenue for overpriced and medically unnecessary urine and saliva samples.

For a healthy patient having a routine, low-risk procedure, preoperative testing is generally unnecessary,” says John Vassall, M.D., a member of the Choosing Wisely Task Force, a project of the Washington Health Alliance, the Washington State Medical Association, and the Washington State Hospital Association.
An abnormal pH may be a sign of kidney stones, urinary infections, chronic kidney disease or certain disorders that affect growth and development in children; creatinine gives an estimate of the concentration of your urine, which allows for a more accurate protein result.