Abstract:

A method for transmitting a signal in a wireless network includes sending a first signal from a first source to a first intermediate station. A second signal is sent from a second source to a second intermediate station. The first signal is additionally received by the second intermediate station. The second signal is encoded according to dirty paper coding (DPC) such that the first signal does not interfere with the transmission of the second signal. The first signal is sent from the first intermediate station to a first destination and simultaneously, the DPC encoded second signal is sent from the second intermediate station to a second destination.

Description:

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION

The present application is based on provisional application Ser. No. 60/873,325 filed on Dec. 7, 2006 and provisional application Ser. No. 60/885,929, filed Jan. 22, 2007, the entire contents of which are herein incorporated by reference.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

1. Technical Field

The present disclosure relates to cooperative relaying and, more specifically, to cooperative relaying using dirty paper coding.

2. Discussion of the Related Art

Wireless communication is an important field of technical development. Wireless communication relates not only to mobile wireless telecommunications networks such as GSM and CDMA cell phone networks, but also to wireless computer networks such as IEEE 802.11 Wifi and IEEE 802.16 Wireless Metropolitan Area Networks (MAN) also known as WiMAX.

Of these networks, WiMAX offers the promise of an effective mean of delivering next-generation network access to both general purpose computers and communications appliances without having to build an extensive copper wire or fiber-optic cable infrastructure into homes and offices. Moreover, in addition to providing “last mile” fixed broadband access, WiMAX standards such as IEEE 802.1 ...

Semiconductor device for surge protection

Abstract:

A system for suppressing transmission channel noise in a signal transmission/reception device—particularly a time division duplex (TDD) wireless communications device—is provided. The system provides one or more shunt elements, instantiated at some point along the device"s signal transmission channel. One or more attenuation elements are also instantiated at some point along the signal transmission channel, as are one or more disabling elements. A trigger signal indicates when the device is shifting from signal transmission operation (or mode) to signal reception operation. Responsive to assertion of the trigger signal, the shunt, attenuation and disabling elements are activated.

Description:

TECHNICAL FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present application relates generally to the fields of circuit design and wireless telecommunication technologies, and more particularly, to a versatile system for attenuating transceiver noise in a time division duplexing wireless network.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Increasing demand for more powerful and convenient data and information communication has spawned a number of advancements in communications technologies. One area of particular interest is broadband communication, and related applications. The growing usage of broadband communications has given rise to a number of manufacturing and operational considerations. Some of those considerations are unique to broadband, while others are common to most communications technologies. Amongst the common considerations for most modern communications technologies is the need or desire to maximize data transfer rates.

An emerging trend in broadband communications—especially among technologies such as wireless broadband (WiBro) and TD-SCDMA (Time Division Synchronous Code Division Multiple Access)—is the inclusion of time division duplexing (TDD) operation in systems having relatively high power oper ...

Semiconductor device and its manufacturing method

Abstract:

In one embodiment, a solution is provided wherein multiple virtual devices may be configured on the same physical port of a network device. For example, a first virtual device and a second virtual device may be configured to use the same physical port. A single internal spanning tree instance may be configured for both the first virtual device and the second virtual device.

Description:

BACKGROUND

1. Technical Field

The present disclosure relates to virtual devices in computer networks.

2. Description of the Related Art

A spanning tree is a data structure used to map the paths to the devices in a network. The spanning tree is typically used as a way to avoid loops in the network that could lead to crashes or infinite delays during routing of traffic. Multiple Spanning Tree Protocol (MSTP), as defined in IEEE 802.1q, is a standard wherein multiple spanning trees are utilized in a computer network. MSTP allows Virtual Local Area Networks (VLANs) to be mapped to a different spanning tree instances within the same network, such that traffic corresponding to a first VLAN may be routed according to a first spanning tree, while traffic corresponding to a second VLAN may be routed according to a second spanning tree.

Devices running the MSTP have one or more ports. In addition to mapping each VLAN to a spanning tree, each VLAN can also be matched to one or more of the ports.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 depicts an example network that includes layer 2 Ethernet bridges conforming to IEEE Std.в„ў 802.1D-2004 (IEEE 802.1D) or IEEE Std. 802.1Q-2003 (IEEE 802.1Q).

FIG. 2 illustrates an example of a port table in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 3 illustrates an example method for configuring multiple virtual devices to share a single physical port of a network device in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. ...

Field effect transistor with trench-isolated drain

Abstract:

A method of transmitting data in a wireless communication system comprises receiving feedback data on an uplink data channel, the feedback data comprising a precoding matrix indicator (PMI), wherein the value of the PMI corresponds to an index in a codebook, transmitting a precoding scheme for downlink data on a downlink control channel, wherein the preceding scheme is determined as one of at least two of a transmit diversity irrespective of the received PMI, an acknowledgement indicating precoding according to the received PMI and a new PMI indicating that it is used in precoding downlink data to be transmitted, and transmitting the downlink data on a downlink data channel after applying precoding according to the determined precoding scheme.

Description:

BACKGROUND

1. Technical Field

The present invention relates to wireless communication, and more specifically, to a method of transmitting data in a multiple antenna system.

2. Related Art

Wireless communication systems are widely used to provide various types of communications. For example, voices and/or data are provided by the wireless communication systems. General wireless communication systems provide multiple users with one or more shared resources. For example, the wireless communication systems may use a variety of multiple access techniques such as code division multiple access (CDMA), time division multiple access (TDMA), and frequency division multiple access (FDMA).

Orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) uses a plurality of orthogonal subcarriers. OFDM uses the characteristic of orthogonality between Inverse Fast Fourier Transform (IFFT) and Fast Fourier Transform (FFT). A transmitter transmits data after performing IFFT on the data. A receiver restores original data by performing FFT on a received signal. The transmitter uses IFFT to combine multiple subcarriers, and the receiver uses corresponding FF ...

Suppression of hot-carrier effects using double well for thin gate oxide LDMOS embedded in HV process

Abstract:

Real-time customer packet traffic is instrumented to determine measured delays between two or more points along a path actually traveled by a packet, such as within or external to one or more packet switching devices. These measurements may include delays within a packet switching device other than the ingress and egress time of a packet. These measured delays can be used to determine whether or not the performance of a packet switching device or network meets desired levels, especially for complying with a Service Level Agreement.

Description:

TECHNICAL FIELD

The present disclosure relates generally to communications and computer systems, especially routers, packet switching systems, and other network devices.

BACKGROUND

The communications industry is rapidly changing to adjust to emerging technologies and ever increasing customer demand. This customer demand for new applications and increased performance of existing applications is driving communications network and system providers to employ networks and systems having greater speed and capacity (e.g., greater bandwidth). In trying to achieve these goals, a common approach taken by many communications providers is to use packet switching technology. Increasingly, public and private communications networks are being built and expanded using various packet technologies, such as Internet Protocol (IP). Note, nothing described or referenced in this document is admitted as prior art to this application unless explicitly so stated.

Customers who rely on the use of such networks may contract with one or more service providers to provide one or more guaranteed levels of service, which is typically referred to as a Service Level Agreement. It is important for a Service Provider to provide such service, and to provide measurements detailing such provided levels of service.

In the past, typically special measuring devices (e.g., tes ...

MOS type semiconductor device

Abstract:

Traffic flow rate limits are enforced in an Intrusion Prevention System (IPS) having a plurality of deep packet inspection (DPI) engines by using a floating token bucket scheme. The IPS includes a plurality of rate limiters which are associated with different classes (e.g., protocols) of traffic. A floating token bucket is associated with each rate limiter. The token bucket associated with a rate limiter is passed from DPI engine to DPI engine. Only the DPI engine currently in possession of the token bucket for a particular rate limiter is allowed to process traffic of the class associated with that rate limiter. A DPI engine is only allowed to process traffic associated with a token bucket in its possession if that token bucket is not empty. Use of such floating token buckets enforces rate limits for each traffic class across the multiple DPI engine.

Description:

BACKGROUND

As the use of digital electronic communication networks has grown in recent years, the sophistication of internal and external network attacks in the form of viruses, Trojan horses, worms, and malware of various kinds has increased dramatically. Just as dramatic is the accelerated increase of network speeds and a corresponding drop in network costs, thereby driving the rapid adoption of networks. These and other factors have necessitated the development of innovative and more advanced network security measures.

For example, Intrusion Detection Systems (IDS) can often detect network attacks, but as passive systems they generally offer little more than after-the-fact notification. In contrast, Intrusion Prevention Systems (IPS) have been developed to complement traditional security products, such as firewalls, by proactively analyzing network traffic flows and active connections while scanning incoming and outgoing requests. As network traffic passes through the IPS, it is examined for malicious packets. Such examination may ...

MOSFET-Schottky rectifier-diode integrated circuits with trench contact structures for device shrinkage and performance improvement

Abstract:

A throttle device is coupled with a central processing unit in a node for reducing traffic overload in a Next Generation Network (NGN). The device is coupled with a basic throttle with different levels of traffic priority and both are situated between a source node and a target node for processing traffic. When a traffic offer is received by the throttle, the throttle device by provisionally updating the basic throttle priority levels, determines whether to send the traffic offer on to the source node. If the provisional, traffic priority level is greater than a new traffic priority level the traffic is admitted and rejected if the updated priority level is less than the new traffic priority level.

Description:

STATEMENT REGARDING FEDERALLY SPONSORED RESEARCH OR DEVELOPMENT

NOT APPLICABLE

REFERENCE TO SEQUENCE LISTING, A TABLE, OR A COMPUTER PROGRAM LISTING COMPACT DISC APPENDIX

NOT APPLICABLE

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates to telecom network media overload. More particularly, and not by way of limitation, the present invention is directed to a system and method for controlling signaling overload.

Prior Art and Problems

In Next Generation Networks (NGNs), many protocols, e.g., H.248.11 (also known as Gateway Control Protocol) are used for controlling media setup of a call. The protocol messages are processed on a central processing unit (CPU) of corresponding nodes.

Different types of nodes have different signal processing capacity and some nodes might have significantly higher capacity than others. Because of that there are scenarios, where signaling overload caused by the source node in a specified target node has a high probability of occurring.

Signaling overload causes system performance degradation even if the node is able to protect itself by rejecting offers. External overload control mechanisms have been developed ...

Dual stress liner device and method

Abstract:

Current OFDM systems use a limited number of symbols and/or sub-channels to provide approximations for channel estimations and pilot tracking, i.e. phase estimations. For example, two training symbols in the preamble of a data packet are used to provide channel estimation. Four of the fifty-four sub-channels are reserved for providing phase estimation. However, noise and other imperfections can cause errors in both of these estimations, thereby degrading system performance.

Advantageously, decision feedback mechanisms can be provided to significantly improve channel estimation and pilot tracking in OFDM systems. The decision feedback mechanisms can use data symbols in the data packet to improve channel estimation as well as data sub-channels to improve pilot tracking.

Description:

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

1. Field of the Invention

The present invention relates to an Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) system, and in particular to improvements in channel estimation and pilot tracking in this OFDM system.

2. Description of the Related Art

Wireless systems frequently operate under challenging conditions. These conditions include the complexity of the environment in which a communication channel is desired and the mobility of one or more users using the channel in such an environment. For example, objects in the environment can reflect a transmitted wireless signal. This phenomenon is called a multipath condition. To address multipath and other conditions, a wireless system can employ various techniques. One such technique is Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM).

In an OFDM system, a signal can be split into multiple narrowband channels (called sub-channels) at different frequencies. For example, current 802.11a OFDM systems include 52 sub-channels. Thus, a transmitted signal could be represented by xв€’26 . . . xв€’1, x1 . . . x26, wherein bot ...

Single poly type EEPROM and method for manufacturing the EEPROM

Abstract:

A method and apparatus for spectrum management in an xDSL system are disclosed. The method mainly include: determining a transmit PSD mask according to a crosstalk status of a line; performing IWF operation using the transmit PSD mask; and dynamically managing line spectrum according to the result of the IWF operation. Therefore, various embodiments of the present invention allow the DSLAM performance to approximate the OSM performance without the need for a center controller and with a rather simple algorithm in a severe crosstalk scenario. Moreover, the embodiments of the present invention may help to simply the design of DSLAM optimization system and achieve a proper balance between the DSLAM performance and the complexity.

Description:

BACKGROUND

1. Field of the Invention

The present invention relates to communication field, and more specifically, to method and apparatus for spectrum management in xDSL system.

2. Description of the Related Art

xDSL, which refers to various Digital Subscriber Line, is a high-speed data transmission technique over telephone twisted pair (Unshielded Twisted Pair, UTP). For years of development, xDSL has evolved from a first generation of Asymmetrical Digital Subscriber Line (ADSL) to the current second generation ADSL2, ADSL2+, as well as the more advanced Very-high-bit-rate Digital Subscriber Line (VDSL) and VDSL2. ADSL and VDSL are a type of xDSL system which adopts a Discrete Multi-Tone Modulation (DMT) to divide the frequency into several non-overlapping subchannels. Each subchannel is designated for upstream transmission or downstream transmission. Each subchannel corresponds to a carrier with different frequency and conducts a QAM modulation on each different carrier. Such frequency division significantly facilitates DSL designs.

In various xDSL techniques, except for baseband DSL, such as, Internet Digital Subscriber Line (IDSL) and Sy ...

High-density nonvolatile memory

Abstract:

An extreme ultraviolet light system includes a drive laser system that produces an amplified light beam; a target material delivery system configured to produce a target material at a target location; a beam delivery system configured to receive the amplified light beam emitted from the drive laser system and to direct the amplified light beam toward the target location; and a metrology system. The beam delivery system includes converging lens configured and arranged to focus the amplified light beam at the target location. The metrology system includes a light collection system configured to collect a portion of the amplified light beam reflected from the converging lens and a portion of a guide laser beam reflected from the converging lens. The light collection system includes a dichroic optical device configured to optically separate the portions.

Description:

TECHNICAL FIELD

The disclosed subject matter relates to a metrology system for an extreme ultraviolet light source.

BACKGROUND

Extreme ultraviolet (“EUV”) light, for example, electromagnetic radiation having wavelengths of around 50 nm or less (also sometimes referred to as soft x-rays), and including light at a wavelength of about 13 nm, can be used in photolithography processes to produce extremely small features in substrates, for example, silicon wafers.

Methods to produce EUV light include, but are not necessarily limited to, converting a material into a plasma state that has an element, for example, xenon, lithium, or tin, with an emission line in the EUV range. In one such method, often termed laser produced plasma (“LPP”), the required plasma can be produced by irradiating a target material, for example, in the form of a droplet, stream, or cluster of material, with an amplified light beam that can be referred to as a drive laser. For this process, the plasma is typically produced in a sealed vessel, for e ...

System and method for providing low voltage high density multi-bit storage flash memory

Abstract:

A data processing method for a holographic data storage system includes in a writing operation, receiving a plurality of digital data groups; modulating the digital data groups to a plurality of corresponding digital matrixes, wherein each of the digital matrix comprises a digital data group and a plurality of digital redundancies; arraying the digital matrixes on a data plane to form an image information, wherein the image information has more opaque pixels than transparent pixels; and storing the image information in a storage medium; and in a reading operation, receiving the image information; transforming the image information into a plurality of analog matrixes, wherein each of the analog matrixes comprises an analog data portion and an analog redundancy portion; demodulating the analog matrixes to a plurality of corresponding analog data groups; and transforming the analog data groups into a plurality of digital data groups by using a soft decision apparatus.

Description:

This application claims the benefit of People"s Republic of China application Serial No. 200710111544.5, filed Jun. 19, 2007, the subject matter of which is incorporated herein by reference.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

1. Field of the Invention

The invention relates in general to a data processing method for a holographic data storage system, and more particularly to a data processing method adopting soft decision in demodulation.

2. Description of the Related Art

Compared to the storage technique of magnetic discs and DVD in the present market, a holographic data storage system is a new trend, which has higher capacity and transmission rate.

Referring to FIG. 1, a schematic diagram of a conventional holographic data storage system is shown. Normally, the holographic data storage system 100 is composed of a signal beam 12, data plane 14, reference beam 16, storage medium 18, data beam 22 and photo ...

Memory device transistors

Abstract:

A calculation of a reliability value |Paв€’Pb|в€’Pstd, representing represents a maximum likelihood decoding result on a portion which corresponds to a start or termination edge of a recording mark and has a high probability of error occurrence by a maximum likelihood decoding method, is performed on each combination of a predetermined mark length and a space length immediately before the mark and each combination of the mark length and a space length immediately after the mark. Based on the calculation result, a recording parameter is optimized, and recording reflecting the optimized recording parameter is performed.

Description:

TECHNICAL FIELD

The present invention relates to a recording/reproduction apparatus, a recording condition adjusting device, and a recording/reproduction method using a maximum likelihood decoding method.

BACKGROUND ART

In recording/reproduction apparatuses for recording original digital information on, or reproducing such information from, a portable recording medium, there can be a variance in the shape of marks formed on the medium among individual apparatuses or recording mediums even with an identical shape of recording pulse. This results in significant difference in the quality of the signal reproduced. In order to avoid reduction in the reliability due to the variance, a correction operation is performed when, for example, the recording medium is mounted. A correction operation is a control operation for optimizing the setting of characteristics of the reproduction system, the shape of the recording pulse, or the like, in order to guarantee the reliability of user data.

A general information reproduction apparatus includes a PLL circuit for extracting clock information included in a reproduced signal and identifying the original digital information based on the clock information extracted.

FIG. 33 shows a conventional optical disc drive. Li ...

Semiconductor device and method for manufacturing the same

Abstract:

An optical pickup includes: a light source that emits a light beam; an object lens that condenses the light beam on a target recording layer of an optical disk; a lens moving unit; a condensing lens; a hologram element that diffracts, in diffracting a reflected light beam and separating it into reflected zeroth-order and first-order light beams, parts of the reflected first-order light beam in a first direction and sets them as first and second beams, diffracts parts of the reflected first-order light beam in a second direction and sets them as third and fourth beams; and a photodetector that receives the first and second beams and the third and fourth beams and generates light reception signals, and receives interlayer stray light of a part of the light beam reflected by the other recording layers other than the target recording layer and generates a stray light reception signal.

Description:

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

1. Field of the Invention

The present invention relates to an optical pickup and an optical disk device and is suitably applied to, for example, an optical disk device corresponding to an optical disk having plural recording layers.

2. Description of the Related Art

In the past, an optical disk device widely used in the market is adapted to irradiate a light beam on optical disks such as a CD (Compact Disc), a DVD (Digital Versatile Disc), and a Blu-ray Disc (registered trademark, hereinafter referred to as BD) and read reflected light of the light beam to thereby reproduce information.

In the optical disks, information that should be recorded is encoded and modulated and is then recorded in spirally or concentrically formed tracks as a pit or the like.

The optical disk device is adapted to condense a light beam with an object lens and, in reproducing the information from the optical disk, focus the light beam on the tracks spirally or concentrically for ...

Spin transistor, programmable logic circuit, and magnetic memory

Abstract:

An integrated circuit for optical disc comprising for each of light-receiving surfaces: an operational amplifier including inverting and noninverting input terminals receiving first and second input voltages, and output terminal receiving output voltage; a feedback resistor connected between the inverting input and output terminals; a photodiode connected between one power supply line of the first and second power supply lines and the inverting input terminal to generate current corresponding to reflected light; a capacitor connected between the one power supply line and the noninverting input terminal; and an input resistor connected between reference power source and the noninverting input terminal, further comprising: an adder adding voltages corresponding to the output voltages to generate RF signal, capacitance of the capacitor and resistance value of the input resistor being determined in accordance with capacitance of parasitic capacitor connected in parallel with the photodiode and resistance value of the feedback resistor.

Description:

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION

This application claims the benefit of priority to Japanese Patent Application No. 2006-269133, filed Sep. 29, 2006, of which full contents are incorporated herein by reference.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

1. Field of the Invention

The present invention relates to an integrated circuit for optical disc.

2. Description of the Related Art

Currently, optical disc apparatuses are widely used that generate RF (Radio Frequency) signals based on light amounts of reflected light of laser beams applied to optical discs (such as CD (Compact Disc) and DVD (Digital Versatile Disc)) to reproduce information recorded on the optical discs in accordance with the RF signals. Therefore, an optical disc apparatus may include a photodetector that receives reflected light of laser beam on a plurality of light-r ...

Solid state imaging device, manufacturing method of the same, and substrate for solid state imaging device

Abstract:

A thermally assisted magnetic head includes: a slider having a medium-facing surface; and a surface-emitting semiconductor laser. The slider has: a slider substrate, on which part of the medium-facing surface is formed; and a magnetic head portion, on which another part of the medium-facing surface is formed, and which has a first surface in contact with a head stacking surface of the slider substrate and a second surface opposite the first surface. The magnetic head portion has: a main magnetic pole that generates a write magnetic field from an end face on the side of the medium-facing surface; an optical waveguide core extending along the first surface and having a light exit surface at the medium-facing surface; and a diffraction grating, which is provided in the optical waveguide core or further towards the second surface than the optical waveguide core, and the refractive index of which varies periodically along the direction in which the optical waveguide core extends. The surface-emitting semiconductor laser is provided opposing the second surface so that emission light from the surface-emitting semiconductor laser is incident onto the diffraction grating, and the diffraction grating causes at least part of emission light from the surface-emitting semiconductor laser to be optically coupled to the optical waveguide core.

Description:

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

1. Field of the Invention

The present invention relates to a thermally assisted magnetic head having a semiconductor surface-emitting laser.

2. Related Background Art

Thin-film magnetic heads must deliver ever greater performance to cope with higher recording densities in hard disk drives. Widely used thin-film magnetic heads include composite thin-film magnetic heads having a multilayer structure comprising, for instance, a magnetic sensing element such as a magnetoresistive (MR) effect element and an electromagnetic ...

Image sensor and manufacturing method thereof

Abstract:

A method and system of operating single vibrator source points for seismic data acquisition includes acquiring real-time field survey locations for a first plurality of seismic vibrators, determining at least one geometrical relationship between each of the first plurality of seismic vibrators as a function of the field survey locations, selecting a second plurality of seismic vibrators from the first plurality of vibrators as a function of the at least one geometrical relationship, selecting source parameter data for the second plurality of seismic vibrators as a function of the field survey locations and driving the second plurality of seismic vibrators to propagate seismic energy into the earth. A third plurality of vibrators is selected based on geometrical relationships and associated source parameters are determined based on vibrator locations. Multiple vibrator groups may acquire data continuously without interruption.

Description:

BACKGROUND

1. Technical Field

The present disclosure generally relates to methods and processing in the field of seismic data acquisition, and particularly to the acquisition and processing of seismic data.

2. Background Information

Seismic surveys image or map the subsurface of the earth by imparting acoustic energy into the ground and recording the reflected energy or “echoes” that return from the rock layers below. The source of the acoustic energy is usually generated by an explosion or seismic vibrators, or air guns (and marine vibrators) in marine environments.

During a seismic survey, the energy source is positioned on or near the surface of the earth. Each time the energy source is activated it generates a seismic signal that travels into the earth, is partially reflected, and, upon its return, may be recorded at many locations on the surface as a function of travel time.

The sensors that are used to detect the returning sei ...

Solid-state imaging device

Abstract:

A method of encoding data stored in a crossbar memory array, such as a nanowire crossbar memory array, to enable significant increases in memory size, modifies data words to have equal numbers of �1’ bits and �0’ bits, and stores the modified words together with information enabling the original data to be retrieved upon being read out from memory.

Description:

STATEMENT REGARDING FEDERALLY SPONSORED RESEARCH OR DEVELOPMENT

This invention was not made in the course of federally sponsored research or development.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Silicon-based integrated circuits have long been the mainstay of the electronics industry, driving products to become smaller and faster based on the predictions made by Moore"s Law. Recently however, these scaling trends have slowed due to difficulties in fabricating nanometer scale devices. It is predicted that soon, lithographic based fabrication will reach a barrier when attempting to pattern devices containing only a few atoms per transistor. Research efforts are in place to find a solution to these lithographic limitations within the standard CMOS process.

Many novel technologies have been proposed as alternatives to the traditional CMOS process. A few of such devices are carbon nanotubes, quantum cellular automata (QCA), single electron transistors, and molecular devices. Carbon nanotubes are popular devices among researchers due to their potential for extremely fast operating speeds. The problem with carbon nanotubes lies in the difficulty to accurately place large quantities of nanotubes in a patterned layout. QCA presents a simple concept to creating nano-electronic logic; however, QCA suffers from the lack of any fault tolerance within the architecture itself. Single electron transistors also are popular due to their potential for extremely high switching speeds; however single electron transistors suffer from the inability to ...

Light sensing element, array substrate having the same and liquid crystal display apparatus having the same

Abstract:

A flash storage device includes flash storage units that are erased in response to a condition or command while allowing the flash storage device to be used subsequent to the erase. A flash controller interface receives a command for erasing the flash storage device and provides an erase command to flash controllers in the flash storage device. Alternatively, the flash storage device detects a condition in response to which the flash controller interface provides an erase command to the flash controllers. Each flash controller independently erases a flash storage unit in response to receiving the purge command such that the flash storage units are erased substantially in parallel with each other and the erase operations overlap. Subsequent to the erase, certain control data is reconstructed to allow subsequent use of the flash storage device.

Description:

BACKGROUND

1. Field of Invention

The present invention generally relates to flash storage devices. More particularly, the present invention relates to a system and method of erasing or purging data in a flash storage device.

2. Description of Related Art

Flash storage devices have become the preferred technology for many applications in recent years. The ability to store large amounts of data and to withstand harsh operating environments, together with the non-volatile nature of the storage, makes these flash storage devices appealing for many applications. In some applications, flash storage devices are used to store highly sensitive data, which may need to be protected from unauthorized access at any time.

In many applications, it would be beneficial for the data in the flash storage device to be erased or purged effectively and quickly thus forbidding unauthorized subsequent access to the device. Depending on the application, the flash storage device, and the type of security risk or condition, a different type of purge ma ...

Field effect transistor

Abstract:

Body bias can be applied to optimize performance in a non-volatile storage system. Body bias can be set in an adaptive manner to reduce an error count of an error correcting and/or detecting code when reading data from non-volatile storage elements. Also, a body bias level can be increased or decreased as a number of programming cycles increases. Also, body bias levels can be set and applied separately for a chip, plane, block and/or page. A body bias can be applied to a first set of NAND strings for which operations are being performed by controlling a first voltage provided to a source side of the first set of NAND strings and a second voltage provided to a p-well. A source side of a second set of NAND strings for which operations are not being performed is floated or receives a fixed voltage.

Description:

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

1. Field of the Invention

The present invention relates to non-volatile memory.

2. Description of the Related Art

Semiconductor memory has become increasingly popular for use in various electronic devices. For example, non-volatile semiconductor memory is used in cellular telephones, digital cameras, personal digital assistants, mobile computing devices, non-mobile computing devices and other devices. Electrically Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory (EEPROM) and flash memory are among the most popular non-volatile semiconductor memories. With flash memory, also a type of EEPROM, the contents of the whole memory array, or of a portion of the memory, can be erased in one step, in contrast to the traditional, full-featured EEPROM.

Both the traditional EEPROM and the flash memory utilize a floating gate that is positioned above and insulated from a channel region in a semiconductor substrate. The floating gate is positioned between the source and drain regions. A control gate is provided over and insulated from the floating gate. The threshold vo ...

Semiconductor device and method of fabricating the same

Abstract:

A multiple time programmable (MTP) memory cell, in accordance with an embodiment, includes a floating gate PMOS transistor, a high voltage NMOS transistor, and an n-well capacitor. The floating gate PMOS transistor includes a source that forms a first terminal of the memory cell, a drain and a gate. The high voltage NMOS transistor includes a source connected to ground, an extended drain connected to the drain of the PMOS transistor, and a gate forming a second terminal of the memory cell. The n-well capacitor includes a first terminal connected to the gate of the PMOS transistor, and a second terminal forming a third terminal of the memory cell. The floating gate PMOS transistor can store a logic state. Combinations of voltages can be applied to the first, second and third terminals of the memory cell to program, inhibit program, read and erase the logic state.

Description:

FIELD

Embodiments of the present invention relate to multiple time programmable (MTP) memory devices

BACKGROUND

U.S. Pat. No. 6,271,560, which is incorporated herein by reference, teaches the use of a floating gate avalanche PMOS (FAMOS) device structure programmable with CMOS compatible voltages as a non-volatile storage element. The floating gate PMOS is placed in series with an NMOS transistor which serves as a write enable switch.

U.S. Pat. No. 6,157,574, which is incorporated herein by reference, teaches the use of the FAMOS device structure programmable with CMOS compatible voltages in a multiple time programmable (MTP) mode by adding a floating gate poly-poly coupling capacitor to enable the erase operation. An erase operation is carried out by application of a negative voltage pulse to the poly-2 plate of the coupling capacitor. Alternatively, an erase operation can be accomplished by application of the high positive voltage to the n-well housing the floating gate device.

U.S. Pat. No. 6,137,723, ...

Field effect transistor