: ? |
. , , , , ,
, (,
, ).
, .
, ,
.
- ,
- . .
.
, , .
. ,
, ,
. ,
. .
. (
,
, , ,
, , ,
). . ,
, , ,
,
( , , ,
), ( ,
, ). ,
. .
.
.
, ( .
).
- -
(, ).
. .
.
,
. , ,
. (
, ,
,
, .
,
. ,
).
,
. ,
.
.
, .
, 养 [ ]
, , .
, ,
. , , . , , (, ),
. ,
,
. . :
,
, , ,
, -
. ,
, . -
, ,
, ,
-. :
- England ,
. , ,
, , , (
) . ?
? , .
, ..
IX-XIV . ( ) -
. . : ..
gard
,
, , , 1986. ,
, ,
, ,
: =
( Gardariki) = ( Rusia) = =
( Ruzcia) = = (
Ruzaland) [ ], .226 = ( Gardar) [ ], .46
= () [ ], .46 = (!!!) [ ], .87, 89. = ( Godiot) = ( Godtiod) = ( Gotia, Gothia) - = ( Gautar) = = = .
, , , , :
, ,
, ,
, 녻 (, 6). ,
, , 200
,
. , ,
,
,
.
,
. , , .
, ,
,
, ,
. ,
.
, , ,
. ,
.
, ()
. ,
, , , .
, , 29- ,
XVIII
.. ,
1801 .
. ,
, (!), (!), ,
( 2000 ? ?), 26
, :
, ,
,
,
. ?
??
, )
,
, ,
, . , ,
, ,
- -, (
, , ,
- ?).
- ,
, , ,
. ,
, . , ,
1799
.
1898
, , , -
. , ,
1530 . ,
-, , ,
.
( .
- )
, ?
,
, , , (!)
- ?
,
, XV-XVIII ,
,
. , , ,
1670 - La Grande Tartarie. Par le Sr.Sanson. A Paris. Chez
l'Auteur aux Galleries du Louvre Avec Privelege pour Vingt Ans. 1670.
. ,
. , ,
, ,
.
,
. ,
, , ,
: MOAL, MONGAL, MAGOG. - ,
. , IEKA-MOAL, IAGOG,
GOG. , , , . . "". [.. , .. , ]
, , 1771 :
XVIII [Encyclopaedia
Britannica; or, a Dictionary of Arts and Sciences, compiled upon a new
Plan. In which the different Sciences and Arts are digested into
distinct Treatises or Systems; and the variousTechnical Terms, etc. are
explained as the occur in the order of the Alphabet. Illustrated with
one hundred and sixty coperplates. By a Society of Gentlemen in
Scotland. In three volumes. Edinburgh: Printed for A.Bell and
C.Macfarquhar. M.DCC.LXXI (1771).]. 1771
, ,
. ,
XVIII . ,
"". ,
, , , ,
.
, , , ..
. ,
,
, .
.
,
,
.
? []
. (Chinese
Tartary) (China).
. []
-
- . , ,
. , , . ,
XVIII
.
.
,
-. []
, , "
",
XVIII .
- ,
? . ,
, -.
, - , , , -
, .
"" 1771
, ,
, , ,
[ , .682-684.].
,
. ,
1103485 . -
, 3050000 .
- ,
. .
, [
, .2, .683.].
(Chinuan). - 778290 644000 . []
XVIII ,
,
.
. ,
.
. ,
, , . [ ..]
. ?
, -
, , XVIII
. XIX . , . XVIII , ⅻ [ ]
:
, (). ,
, , ,
.
.
: |