Statistics for Research Projects |
Instructor: Ramesh Sridharan
Contact: iap-stats at mit dot edu
Meeting time: 10am-12pm
Meeting place: 32-144
6 units (U) graded P/D/F
This class is a practical introduction to statistical modeling and experimental design, intended to provide essential skills for doing research. We'll cover basic techniques (e.g., hypothesis testing and regression models) for both traditional experiments and newer paradigms such as evaluating simulations. Students with research projects will be encouraged to share their experiences and project-specific questions.
Students are expected to attend class and participate in discussions. Coursework will consist of two "practicals"—analyzing simple datasets to solidify core concepts—and two "case studies"—critical reading assignments of actual articles. Each assignment should take roughly one hour. Students are welcome to work in groups, but each student must submit an individual write-up in his or her own words. If you do work in a group, please also indicate with whom you worked. To pass, students must get a check/check+ on all assignments.
Finally, as this class is meant to be practical, we welcome any suggestions on topics and teaching style that will help you gain more from this course.
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Due to the snowstorm and MIT closing on Tuesday, Jan 27, all classes from then on will be pushed back by one day. Note that Practical 2 will still be due on Tuesday by email!
Each of the practicals involves carrying out some statistical analysis on small, real-world datasets. You may use any software to complete the assignments; all the data is in comma-separated format which should be readable by most software packages. If you do not already have a favorite, we encourage you to try out R, which is available on any Athena machine. We're also familiar with Python, Matlab, Julia, and Excel/OpenOffice. Outside of those, we'll do our best to help, but can't promise to get you unstuck. Finally, keep in mind that in most cases, each analysis will be a single line of R code; rarely will it be more than five. Please contact us if you find yourself getting bogged down in trying to run the analyses.
In your write-up (feel free to use bullet points/keep it brief), make sure you explain your reasoning for the tests that you ran and the parameter settings that you used. Also explain and interpret the results of any exploratory data analysis and statisical inference. Include relevant plots and output to back up your claims; however, we don't want to just see loads of print-outs! Your job is to provide succinct summaries of your analysis, not just copy-paste the computer output.
Additional pointers for those using R: This short reference card contains a quick-lookup list of a lot of common functions. If you need more extensive data manipulation, this card is also a good reference. We've also listed the key commands/syntax you'll need for the assignments here.
These assignments should be handed in at the start of class on the day they're due.
Review two of the articles listed below, or of your own choosing. Each review should be no more than one page. Lists, bullet points, etc. are fine as long as your writing is clear. Reviews should consist of:
Case study papers: pick two from this list or select your own. If you choose your own, you should be able to find at least one sound and unsound aspect of the paper's statistical and design methodology.
The case studies should be turned in by Friday, January 30 at 11:59 by emailing your writeups to iap-stats AT mit DOT edu.
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How to write a magazine title in an essay 1 |
I finally finished grading my embarrassingly tardy Literature 2 final exams today. It’s not a writing class or even an English class. It’s a straight literature class. For families who want writing, I sign them up for WriteAtHome classes. After today, I might have to insist that every one of them take a WriteAtHome class next year.
I had them write summaries of several of the books we read this year. They also had to identify and explain some quotations taken from the works. Overall, they did fine. They are good, smart kids. I love teaching them.
But for crying out loud — out of the twenty-five students in the class, only one student correctly punctuated titles. Well done, Emma.
I suspect this is just fallout from this age of texting and social media. Young writers are worse than ever at using capitals and any semblance of correct punctuation. I blame the capital-free zone cell phones have become.
Look, I’m not calling for a ban on digital communications. I’m not even suggesting we should be more grammar-conscious in our texts. I’m just saying we need to learn context. We all need to know what kind of writing is appropriate for what setting. Final exams should demand attention to the details of syntax and usage.
For my lit students and students everywhere, here’s a short review of how to punctuate titles:
Titles should be capitalized. That means the first letter of the first word, the last word, and all important words in between should be a capital. That goes for any kind of title — a book, an article, a poem, a song, a film, etc. By “important words” we mean everything other than articles (a, an, the), coordinating conjunctions (and, but, or, etc.), and short prepositions (in,on, to, with, etc.)
This causes some confusion. We used to have to underline titles of longer works. We still do if it’s handwritten. But when you use a keyboard, you should put the titles of longer works in italics. Underlining is the equivalent of italics, but in digital media, italics is preferred. It’s pretty tricky to hand-write in italics, so stick to good old underlining when wielding a pen or pencil.
So, when do you underline or italicize, and when do you use quotation marks?
That’s the simple rule. If it’s a long work, italicize/underline the title. If it’s a short work or a section of a longer work, put the title in quotation marks.
That means you italicize or underline book titles (e.g., The Great Gatsby, Moby Dick) magazine titles (e.g., World, Sports Illustrated), newspapers (e.g., The New York Times, The Washington Post), plays (e.g., Hamlet, Our Town) movies (e.g., The Matrix, Spider-Man II), TV shows (e.g., The X-Files, Lost), and long poems (e.g., Song of Myself, The Inferno).
Use quotation marks for chapter titles (e.g., “My Life Begins”) magazine articles (e.g., “Top Dogs in Corporate America”), newspaper articles (e.g., “Hamsters Attack Detroit”), songs (e.g., “The Birthday Song”), short stories, (e.g., “To Build a Fire”), and most poems (e.g., “Mending Wall”).
See? It’s not that complicated. When you refer to the title of any kind of work in something you are writing, help your reader identify it as a title by capitalizing correctly and using proper punctuation. Pretty please?
We always love comments. Please ask a question or give me a piece of your mind below!
Brian Wasko Brian is the founder and president of WriteAtHome . One of his passions is to teach young people how to write better. View all posts by Brian Wasko
Loved your article.
1. When I write the title of my book, should the capitalization for a title be like this?
Answer Me: Developing a Heart for Prayer or Answer me: Developing a heart for prayer or a different way!
2. When making lists that include a descriptive paragraph underneath the subtitle of a list within a blog article, how do we write the list title? Caps for each word except the exceptions or Caps for only the first word.
e.g. Be specific when making prayer requests or Be Specific When Making Prayer Requests.
And, should a list title have a period at the end if it is a sentence?
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Thank you so much! I just needed a quick, concise answer and you gave it! Much appreciated!
And I just used too may exclamation points. Duh.
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I am taking a Praxis ELA test. The practice test shows, My favorite works of literature are “The Lottery,” The Sun Also Rises, and “Bartleby the Scrivener.” as the correct way to punctuate. Many years ago I learned that quotes only included the book or story, commas and periods went outside. Has the test made a mistake? it has been known to happen.
I am writing a title for a theme essay for school. Is my title correctly capitaized?
Is Being Double Crossed as Fun as Having Double?
Does the word Magazine get capitalized after the title of the magazine? Ex: People Magazine or People magazine.
How do you punctuate the name of a school?
You just capitalize it. �
Course titles: i am referencing a class itself within a paper. Should it be punctuated like a book title/major work? The boss lady said “i dont think it should be bold and italics, look it up.” Thanks!
No. Class titles are not like book titles. If it’s a specific course title, capitalize the important words: Algebra 201, 20th Century Composers. Don’t capitalize general subjects (economics, history) unless it is a language (Spanish, English) or contains a proper noun (European literature).
How do you punctuate the title of a book series?
Good question, Mary. As long as the book series has a formal title, it is rendered the same as a single book title. I would love to give examples here, but there is no italics or underlining feature in the reply section. �
Brian – I feel your pain as I’ve experienced the same situation with my students. I want them to know the right way to italicize even if – for convenience sake – they don’t bother with caps or proper punctuation in their inevitable texting.
OK – I admit it – I text A LOT (ask my kids) and I sometimes don’t bother with caps or grammar. My bad … or does it just make sense to zip the texts out as fast as humanly possible? I do waver on this!
No, it’s all about context, Merri. I take shortcuts when texting too. It’s the vernacular of the medium. I just want folks to learn to write both ways.
Good review, Brian– I needed this!
Thanks. Glad it’s helpful.
Hi Brian. Thank you for this. I have a hard time not punctuating, even texts. I learned from your post that i have been doing this improperly using quotations everytime (although capitalizing correctly). I am writing my first eBook and running my first blog. I am sure there will be more assitance from you. I do so appreciate your help! (BTW, i do not capitalize “i” unless at start of sentence on purpose. Have a great day �
Glad I could help, Sarah. Best of luck with your writing.
If you like a post, please take a second to click "like," and comment as often as you like.
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Are_Alternative_Pathways_into_Teaching_Bad_for_Students _Education |
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Are Alternative Pathways into Teaching Bad for Students, Education
In the vast majority of education systems, there is a well-defined path to become a teacher. In most cases, this path begins early on in an individual’s career choices. At the time of graduation from high school or entrance into higher education, individuals enter initial teacher training programs. When the profession is attractive (based on not just salary but also working conditions and career opportunities), competition into these programs can be very intense, such as in Finland, Korea and Singapore. In these cases, systems can be selective in who they admit into teaching, and new teachers are among the brightest, best educated, hardest working, and most motivated workers in society.
But the profession is very attractive in only a few countries. In most other nations, the number of teacher applicants does not exceed the number of teacher positions by much, and when it does (as in India), selection processes to assign the teacher positions are seldom set up to choose the very best. As a result, in many countries around the world, the best and the brightest are entering professions other than teaching. This is troubling because a substantial body of research convincingly shows that teacher quality is the most important school-based predictor of student learning. Indeed, several consecutive years of outstanding teaching can even offset the learning gaps between advantaged (socio-economically, racially or ethnically, by gender) and disadvantaged students.
To recruit the teachers they need to fill all classrooms, many countries around the world have had to resort to “alternative pathways”. In some cases, these alternatives to traditional pathways into teaching have raised concerns, as some see them as a channel for even greater deterioration (or de-professionalization) of the teaching profession. Others see them as unavoidable consequences of the reality of expanding access to school in the absence of commensurate increases in education budgets. Yet others see them as an opportunity to bring new, fresh perspectives into a profession that has declined in quality over time, in part as a result of the expansion in schooling that most education systems have undertaken in the recent decades.
What does the evidence tell us about how effective are teachers hired outside the traditional pathways?
In a nutshell, the evidence from various programs across the world suggests that alternative pathways may help ease teacher shortages and bring into the profession individuals who are at least as effective as traditionally-trained teachers. Moreover, even if they leave the profession after only a few years, they may remain committed and involved in education reform throughout their careers. But the details of these programs matter to their effectiveness.
In a recent paper, Karthik Muralidharan and Venkatesh Sundararaman, report on the findings of an experiment in Andhra Pradesh, India, where the large-scale expansion of primary education has led to the hiring of “contract teachers”. These are teachers who are hired on fixed-term renewable contracts without having been professionally trained through the traditional initial teacher education programs, and who are paid much lower salaries than regular civil service teachers. In the experiment, an extra contract teacher was assigned to 100 randomly-chosen government-run rural primary schools in the state. At the end of two years, students in schools with an extra contract teacher performed significantly better than those in comparison schools by 0.15 and 0.13 standard deviations in math and language tests, respectively. One of the possible channels via which these gains were achieved is simply that contract teachers were significantly less likely to be absent from school than civil-service teachers, who in India have been documented to have very high absenteeism rates by Chaudhury and others, 2006 (16% v. 27%, respectively).
Duflo, Dupas, and Kremer (2007) carried out a similar experiment in Kenya, where they evaluated the impact of locally-hired contract teachers on student learning outcomes. They report that providing school committees with funds to hire an extra teacher on a short-term contract had a generally positive effect on learning, as measured by test scores. Like in the India study, one possible channel was the lower absenteeism rates of contract teachers. However, they note that the implementation details of the program mattered: training school committees to monitor the contract teachers increased program effectiveness.
In the U.S., the best known alternative pathway into teaching is Teach for America. Founded in 1989, TFA was conceived with the goal of attracting some of the best and brightest college graduates into teaching. TFA recruits college graduates from all backgrounds (not necessarily education graduates) from some of the best colleges and universities in the country to teach for two years in urban and rural public schools that serve disadvantaged students. They provide a 5-week training program prior to sending them to their first teaching job. After the two-year teaching commitment, they are part of the growing network of TFA alumni, many of whom leave teaching to move to leadership positions across society (although many of them become education leaders).
Several studies have analyzed the extent to which TFA teachers are helping their students learn at least as much as traditional teachers. One of the most sophisticated of these studies was published in June 2004 by Mathematica Policy Research. It found that students of TFA teachers learned at least as much in reading, and slightly more in math, than traditionally prepared and certified teachers working in the same schools and grades (in other words, teaching students with very similar backgrounds and challenges).
One of the perhaps most important, and difficult to measure, effects of TFA, has been that many of its alumni go on to contribute in many other ways to education. According to a recent New York Times article, of its 17,000 alumni, 63 percent remain in the field of education and 31 percent remain in the classroom. Indeed, some notable TFA-alumni have gone on to found organizations focusing on other aspects of improving teaching and learning, such as The New Teacher Project, whose founder, Michelle Rhee, also went on to lead significant reforms as Chancellor of the District of Columbia’s public school system.
In 2007, Teach for All was founded as an international network to assist in the adaptation of the Teach for America and Teach First models to countries outside the US. These programs, now spanning 19 countries, are beginning to recruit top graduates from the best universities to two-year teaching positions in the most under-served schools. While it is still too early to assess the impact of TFA-like models outside the United States, the first adaptation of the model in Latin America, in Chile, is showing promising results on student learning (see Alfonso, Santiago and Bassi 2010). Over time, these programs have the potential to contribute to generate interest in teaching and education leadership among nations’ top college graduates around the world. That can’t be bad for students.
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4_Mistakes_To_Avoid_During_The_MBA_-_Australian_Institute_of_Business |
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4 Mistakes To Avoid During The MBA - Australian Institute of Business
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Whilst networking events may not always seem all that appealing, you would be a fool not to attend them during the MBA. Networking events provide a fantastic setting for both learning new things, as well as meeting key people. It is a chance for you to get to know your fellow students, as well as other important guests of the event. Relationships are built in these informal settings, and this could always lead to partnerships and possible employment down the track. Networking events also allow you to get a name out there for yourself, and to stay up to date with current business trends.
Whilst we all wish for more time in our days, those who enrol in the MBA must understand the significant time commitment that follows. If you don’t think that you can commit, then perhaps right now isn’t the right time to begin studying. In order to get the most out of your degree, a substantial amount of time must be dedicated to reading materials and completing assignments. Often, students think that they can rush through this process, but this will only result in negative consequences. The MBA is also a financial investment, so if you are serious about getting the most for your money, then you must dedicate sufficient time to your studies.
As a mature age student, admitting that you don’t understand certain concepts can sometimes be difficult. When you come from a decision-making role where people look to you for guidance, it is not easy to take a step back and become a student again. The reality is however; if you wish to learn new concepts and challenge your ideals during the MBA, then you must ask questions. Start with questioning why concepts are presented in certain ways, and when you learn a new way of approaching an issue, ask yourself why you previously thought it was approached differently. Asking questions ensures that you fully understand all concepts, and allows you to broaden your learning capabilities.
Whilst organisational skills are not a prerequisite for the MBA, unless you take the time to be organised in your studies, it will be difficult to succeed. From the very beginning you should ensure that you understand your deadlines, know who the appropriate contacts are, and understand what is expected of you. The mistake is made when students are unorganised from the beginning, and come in to trouble around the time that key assignments are due. High levels of organisation are imperative during the MBA, and will be an asset as a student.
Are you a student of the MBA who thinks there should be a mistake added to this list? We would love to hear what you wished you had known before you started the MBA, and any advice you could offer to future students.
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3 Important Things to Do Before Choosing an Editing Service My Town Tutors |
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3 Important Things to Do Before Choosing an Editing Service, My Town Tutors
3 Important Things to Do Before Choosing an Editing Service
Without mincing words, editors have been playing a huge role in the final process of writing since time immemorial. A professional editor is needed for an academic material or that book you have been working on for a while and it doesn’t really matter whether you are self-publishing or searching for an agent. Editing and proofreading your college papers has never been this easy with Write My Term Papers. Decades ago, there was nothing like the online editing services that are now in existence. Writers and even students can easily search for these services and it’s not even necessary for arranging a one-on-one meeting as the whole process will be carried out on the internet.
1. Research extensively
Finding a reputable editing service on the internet is daunting, due to the fact that there are many scam and inexperienced editors everywhere. One way to detect whether an editing service is a professional one is having an active online presence, preferably a website or blog. For individual editors, they should be able to present their CV or Resume that contains details of their experience and qualifications when a client demands for them. Professional editing services specialize in their work; they just don’t dabble into all genres. Another thing is that it’s safer to know their rates and type of services that they offer beforehand as this will determine if you will have to look for help elsewhere. You can ask for samples of their works, a sample edit or references, and if they can’t provide any, be careful of trusting them with your manuscript.
2. Clear communication
You have every right to communicate effectively before deciding on any editing service even if it’s for free or very cheap. Every writer wants his final manuscript to be well polished with the original ideas still intact. If something is unclear, don’t hesitate to ask as many questions as possible. Communicate very well with your editor on what exactly you want. It’s important to be aware of the period of time that will be involved and who exactly will be handling your manuscripts, not just an anonymous individual. A letter of agreement should be forwarded to you right before editing begins. Professional editors often give developmental feedback that most clients find resourceful. Be open to their suggestions and criticism. It’s up to you whether or not to take their advice.
3. Make sure you edit first
Avoid sending a first draft to an editor at all costs. Waiting for a few days or even weeks will give you the opportunity to edit and edit again. During the process of editing, punctuation, spelling and grammatical errors that were otherwise skipped are duly spotted and corrected. It will also reduce the cost that will be incurred once you send it to an editor. It should be noted that not all editors can work as a proofreader or a copy editor at the same time, but if you are able to get one, be ready to pay for the extra services.
An editor sees your work from a different angle and won’t think twice before telling you the truth. Hiring a professional editing service is definitely the best thing that you can do to boost your confidence as a writer and it’s certain that your final paper or book will be presented at its best.
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