However, while they could speak just like us, they definitely didn't sound like
Although this discovery was unexpected, it is possible that both species evolved from earlier African ancestors before they had to adapt to the colder regions of Ice Age
Contrary to popular belief, the preferred way to communicate among Neanderthals was not indisscredible grumbling. Although they may or may not have had an advanced vocabulary, the position and structure of the hyoid bone in the throat that supports the base of the tongue allowed them to communicate in complex ways. (The hyoid bone is the same bone that allows modern humans to speak.) In fact, they could make every sound we could make.
It turns out that Neanderthals were in many ways similar to modern humans.
For example, they created and used many sophisticated tools, they knew how to regulate fire and were fine artists, lived in shelters, sewed and wore clothes, were skilled hunters who also liked vegetables, and often created symbolic or decorative objects.
They also buried their dead and even decorated their graves with tribute in the form of wildflowers.
However, advanced science has also given us a lot of information about some of the most bizarre facts about our immediate family. 10. They spoke in a very loud and high voice.
us. Their voices were probably higher than ours, and the main reason was that the shape of their throats was different from ours. Their voices were also much louder than the average modern person because of the wider chest providing more lung volume.
9. Neanderthals shared common genetic traits with woolly mammoths
Eurasia. We also know that both species became extinct around the same time period. Both species fell into identical circumstances and, as a result, began to adapt in a similar way. As a result, they are a great example of parallel evolution. 8. Some of us are more closely related to Neanderthals than others
Geneticists describe how Neanderthals — or at least their DNA sequences — have survived in today's Europeans, Asians, and their descendants for more than a decade. However, they mistakenly believed that this did not apply to Africans, since modern people and our ancient relatives interbred exclusively outside of Africa. A new study now refutes this idea by demonstrating a surprisingly large amount of Neanderthal DNA in modern African populations. It is suspected that over the past 20,000 years, much of the DNA has returned to Africa when the population migrated back to the continent.
Previous studies have simply suggested that Africans lack Neanderthal DNA in large quantities.
However, Joshua Akey of Princeton University compared the genome of a Neanderthal from Altai (Siberia) with 2504 modern genomes presented in the framework of the project "1000 genomes" to get more reliable figures. The researchers found that Africans have significantly more Neanderthal DNA than previously thought — about 17 megabases (MB, a unit of measurement of the length of a DNA molecule equal to a million base pairs) or 0.3% of their genome. These studies also showed that Europeans and Asians have the same level of Neanderthal DNA – 51 and 55 megabases, respectively. 7. They have forgotten themselves
One controversial theory claims that the large eyes of Neanderthals contributed to their disappearance. It is believed that because of their large eyes, they used most of their brain to see, which made them less secure when it came to other senses. According to this theory, as a result, other areas of the brain have decreased.
Genital herpes is not a modern disease, despite popular belief. This is an ancient disease that has been affecting humanity for thousands of years. Humans and Neanderthals began interacting and interbreeding about 100,000 years ago. As mentioned earlier, as a result of this crossing, we have 2-5% of neanderthal DNA. After studying pathogenic genomes and ancient cells. The turn recommended the use of healthy cells from closely related species. In this case, the cells of modern man. After removing DNA from a human cell, scientists can genetically alter it to match the Neanderthal genome code so that cloning can begin. While Neanderthals can be resurrected, it's unlikely to happen in the coming decades or anything. The method to achieve this goal has yet to be improved, and the process is risky, expensive and, ultimately, very time-consuming.DNA,
However, based on other discoveries made in different parts of the world and some of the key facts of the previous point, this seems less likely.
It is well known that modern humans are related to Neanderthals. One of the reasons we know this is the DNA analysis of fossils of a group of Neanderthals in the Siberian Altai mountains, whose genomes contained the DNA of modern humans. These studies confirm when Neanderthal DNA entered human history, but they also tell us when Neanderthal history ended. According to a 2018 study, Neanderthals died "forgiving themselves to oblivion" by diluting their DNA.
6. We think that they left each other messages Crimean cave Kiik-Koba is not new to discoveries related to Neanderthals.
A few decades ago, research inside the cave revealed the remains of an adult Neanderthal and an infant. In 2018, a 35,000-year-old stone tool was discovered at the site, on the surface of which 13 signs were engraved.
In fact, these zigzags were made by a Neanderthal with excellent hand-eye coordination, who used a range of pointed stone
tools. Such an effort also required a high level of mental concentration. The small instrument was not made of local stone, which means that it was brought from somewhere and that these signs could be a message.
According to research groups, it took a significant amount of work to create these engravings, too much to be written off as accidental scratches.
They also rejected the idea that these lines denote the ownership of the object, because nothing of the kind was found on other stone tools. This discovery could also mean that Neanderthals were able to track some forms of numerical data. However, in the end, we will never know exactly what our ancient friend in the cave was trying to convey or to whom this information was intended.
5. Their genes helped us survive them In January 2016, researchers from the Pasteur Institute and the Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology published two separate studies that demonstrated that interbreeding with Neanderthals strengthened the immune system of modern humans.
When our ancestors traveled from Africa to Europe, they not only met, but also mated with Neanderthals. As a result of these mixings, human-Neanderthal hybrids emerged with gene variations that made them more successful in resisting infectious diseases than their parents.
Studies have shown that, in addition to Neanderthals, we also crossed with Denisovans, an extinct subspecies of humans that coexisted with both Neanderthals and modern humans.
Unfortunately, little is known about them. Although Denisovans and Neanderthals share a common ancestor, they are genetically different. It is also believed that mixing with Denisovans contributed to the evolution of the immune system of modern man and made some of us more susceptible to allergies.
4. Their genes have also brought us a number of ailments Unfortunately, as a result of crossing, we also got genomes that increase the risk of heart attacks, depression and even nicotine addiction.
This discovery was made by researchers Akey and John Capra after they studied the medical histories and genetic constructs (recombinant DNA) of 28,000 people. The recordings allowed the researchers to study the participants' medical conditions, and their genetic material allowed them to detect specific Neanderthal DNA that increased the subject's risk factors.
In addition, modern humans, according to Harvard scientist David Altshuler, may also have inherited from Neanderthals a predisposition to
diabetes. This discovery comes just a few years after the Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology sequenced the DNA of Neanderthal fossils. The findings allowed scientists to understand that this discovery does not necessarily prove that our extinct ancestors had diabetes, but only that they are the source of genetic changes that cause type 2 diabetes, especially in Hispanics and Asians. 3. We, in turn, gave them herpes
Herpes simplex viruses 1 and 2 cause genital herpes, which is a sexually transmitted disease (STD).
According to researchers, it was modern people who infected Neanderthals with this disease, and not vice versa. Researchers believe that modern humans, in addition to genital herpes, also transmitted tapeworms and stomach ulcers to Neanderthals.
2. We experiment with their brains The most bizarre developments in the field of Neanderthal research were obtained in a research laboratory in California.
In 2018, scientists decided to focus on neurological research in order to understand why Neanderthals disappeared and humans continued to prosperous. They decided to grow Neanderthal brain matter for a more thorough study. The entire Neanderthal genome is already sequenced, so it took only a few genetic changes to turn human stem cells into brain cells similar to 16th-out hominid cells. The next step was to create an organoid.
Organoids, or mini-brains, formed to about 0.5 cm after 6-8 months.
The most notable difference was their shape. The organoids of the human brain have a rounded shape, but the Neanderthal version has a peculiar appearance similar to popcorn. In addition, neural networks were less sophisticated than those of modern humans. Although the results of the study are impressive, additional needs to be done before the responsibility for the disappearance of Neanderthals is placed on differences in the brain. One of the strangest plans for the future is to develop a robot with Neanderthal brains. The goal is to teach organoids to learn through response, ultimately allowing them to control their own robots.
1. Maybe soon they will walk among us again Although Neanderthals have been extinct for thousands of years, there is a high probability that they will eventually be reborn and will exist with us in the future.
This idea may seem ridiculous, but our advances in cloning technology have made the idea a very real possibility. The most common method of cloning living things is nuclear transplantation, which involves taking an "intact cell" from a mammal or animal to be cloned. In the specific case of Neanderthals, there are no intact cells left, and it would not be easy to link together a sufficient number of DNA fragments from fossils 40,000 years old.
Harvard geneticist George Church in 2012 proposed a cloning procedure that does not use whole
