Neandertaler werden oft als gebückte, wilde und wortlose Kreaturen dargestellt. Diese Ansicht basiert jedoch in erster Linie auf Missverständnissen, die von Paläontologen vor langer Zeit gemacht wurden. Neue Entdeckungen verändern diese alten Mythen dank fortschrittlicherer Wissenschaft und Unparteilichkeit ständig. Wir kommen sogar zu neuen Theorien über die menschliche Zeitlinie.
Es stellt sich heraus, dass Neandertaler in vielerlei Hinsicht den modernen Menschen ähnlich waren.
Zum Beispiel schufen und benutzten sie viele ausgeklügelte Werkzeuge, sie wussten, wie man Feuer reguliert und waren bildende Künstler, lebten in Unterkünften, nähten und trugen Kleidung, waren geschickte Jäger, die auch Gemüse mochten, und schufen oft symbolische oder dekorative Objekte.
Sie begruben auch ihre Toten und schmückten sogar ihre Gräber mit Tribut in Form von Wildblumen.
Die fortgeschrittene Wissenschaft hat uns jedoch auch viele Informationen über einige der bizarrsten Fakten über unsere unmittelbare Familie gegeben. 10. Sie sprachen mit einer sehr lauten und hohen Stimme.


 


Entgegen der landläufigen Meinung war die bevorzugte Art, unter Neandertalern zu kommunizieren, kein uneinschätziges Murren. Obwohl sie ein fortgeschrittenes Vokabular hatten oder nicht, ermöglichte ihnen die Position und Struktur des Zungenbeins im Hals, der die Basis der Zunge stützt, auf komplexe Weise zu kommunizieren. (Der Zungenbein ist derselbe Knochen, der es modernen Menschen ermöglicht, zu sprechen.) Tatsächlich konnten sie jedes Geräusch machen, das wir machen konnten.
Obwohl sie genau wie wir sprechen konnten, klangen sie definitiv nicht wie
wir. Ihre Stimmen waren wahrscheinlich höher als unsere, und der Hauptgrund war, dass die Form ihrer Kehlen anders war als unsere. Ihre Stimmen waren auch viel lauter als die durchschnittliche moderne Person, weil die breitere Brust mehr Lungenvolumen bot. 9. Neandertaler teilten gemeinsame genetische Merkmale mit Wollmammuts

Top 10: Interesting and strange facts about Neanderthals
Das Wollmammut, ein völlig ausgestorbener Vorfahre moderner Elefanten, der bis zu 5443 kg, war eines der größten und beliebtesten Tiere, die von Neandertalern gejagt wurden. Laut einer Studie aus dem Jahr 2019 haben Neandertaler und Wollmammuts molekulare Marker, die ihnen mehr Möglichkeiten und Anpassung geben würden, um nicht nur zu überleben, sondern auch in kälteren Klimazonen zu überleben.

Obwohl diese Entdeckung unerwartet war, ist es möglich, dass sich beide Arten von früheren
afrikanischen Vorfahren entwickelten, bevor sie sich an die kälteren Regionen der Eiszeit Inseurasiens anpassen mussten.

Wir wissen auch, dass beide Arten etwa im gleichen Zeitraum ausgestorben sind. Beide Arten gerieten in identische Umstände und begannen sich in ähnlicher Weise anzupassen. Infolgedessen sind sie ein großartiges Beispiel für parallele Evolution. 8. Einige von uns sind enger mit Neandertalern verwandt als andere


 

Geneticists describe how Neanderthals — or at least their DNA sequences — survive in today's Europeans, Asians, and their descendants for more than a decade. However, they mistakenly believed that this was not the case with Africans, since modern humans and our ancient relatives interbred exclusively outside of Africa. A new study now refutes this idea, demonstrating a surprisingly large amount of Neanderthal DNA in modern African populations. There are suspicions that over the past 20,000 years, most of the DNA returned to Africa when the population migrated back to the continent.

Previous studies have simply suggested that Africans lack Neanderthal DNA in large quantities.
However, Joshua Akey of Princeton University compared the genome of a Neanderthal from Altai (Siberia) with 2504 modern genomes presented in the framework of the project "1000 genomes" to get more reliable figures. The researchers found that Africans have significantly more Neanderthal DNA than previously thought — about 17 megabases (MB, a unit of measurement of the length of a DNA molecule equal to a million base pairs) or 0.3% of their genome. These studies also showed that Europeans and Asians have the same level of Neanderthal DNA – 51 and 55 megabases, respectively. 7. They have forgotten themselves

 


One controversial theory claims that the large eyes of Neanderthals contributed to their disappearance. It is believed that because of their large eyes, they used most of their brain to see, which made them less secure when it came to other senses. According to this theory, as a result, other areas of the brain have decreased.
However, based on other discoveries made in different parts of the world and some of the key facts of the previous point, this seems less likely.
It is well known that modern humans are related to Neanderthals. One of the reasons we know this is the DNA analysis of fossils of a group of Neanderthals in the Siberian Altai mountains, whose genomes contained the DNA of modern humans. These studies confirm when Neanderthal DNA entered human history, but they also tell us when Neanderthal history ended. According to a 2018 study, Neanderthals died "forgiving themselves to oblivion" by diluting their DNA. 6. We think they were leaving messages to each other


The Crimean cave of Kiik-Koba is no stranger to discoveries related to Neanderthals. Several decades ago, research inside the cave revealed the remains of an adult Neanderthal and an infant. In 2018, a stone tool 35,000 years old was discovered at this place, on the surface of which 13 signs were engraved.

In fact, these zigzags were made by a Neanderthal with excellent hand-eye coordination, who used a range of pointed stone tools. Such an effort also required a high level of mental concentration. The small instrument was not made of local stone, which means that it was brought from somewhere and that these signs could be a message.
According to research groups, it took a significant amount of work to create these engravings, too much to be written off as accidental scratches.
They also rejected the idea that these lines denote the ownership of the object, because nothing of the kind was found on other stone tools. This discovery could also mean that Neanderthals were able to track some forms of numerical data. However, in the end, we will never know exactly what our ancient friend in the cave was trying to convey or to whom this information was intended. 5. Their genes helped us outlive them
In January 2016, researchers from the Pasteur Institute and the Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology published two separate studies that demonstrated that interbreeding with Neanderthals strengthened the immune system of modern humans. When our ancestors traveled from Africa to Europe, they not only met, but also mated with Neanderthals. As a result of these mixtures, human-Neanderthal hybrids with gene variations through which they could resist infectious diseases more successfully than their parents.


Studies have shown that, in addition to Neanderthals, we also crossed with Denisovans, an extinct subspecies of humans that coexisted with both Neanderthals and modern humans.
Unfortunately, little is known about them. Although Denisovans and Neanderthals share a common ancestor, they are genetically different. It is also believed that mixing with Denisovans contributed to the evolution of the immune system of modern man and made some of us more susceptible to allergies. 4. Their genes have also brought us a number of ailments.


Unfortunately, the crossing also yielded genomes that increase the risk of heart attacks, depression, and even nicotine addiction. This discovery was made by researchers Akey and John Capra after they studied the medical histories and genetic constructs (recombinant DNA) of 28,000 people. The records allowed researchers to study the participants' medical conditions, and their genetic material allowed them to detect specific Neanderthal DNA that increased the subject's risk factors.


In addition, modern humans, according to Harvard scientist David Altshuler, may also have inherited from Neanderthals a predisposition to
diabetes. This discovery comes just a few years after the Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology sequenced the DNA of Neanderthal fossils. The findings allowed scientists to understand that this discovery does not necessarily prove that our extinct ancestors had diabetes, but only that they are the source of genetic changes that cause type 2 diabetes, especially in Hispanics and Asians. 3. We, in turn, gave them herpes


 



Genital herpes is not a modern disease, despite popular belief. This is an ancient disease that has been affecting humanity for thousands of years. Humans and Neanderthals began interacting and interbreeding about 100,000 years ago. As mentioned earlier, as a result of this crossing, we have 2-5% of neanderthal DNA. After studying pathogenic genomes and ancient DNAresearchers Simon Underdown of Oxford Brookes University and Charlotte Houldcroft of the University of Cambridge found that even our ancient relatives, Neanderthals, had
genital herpes.
Herpes simplex viruses 1 and 2 cause genital herpes, which is a sexually transmitted disease (STD). According to researchers, it was modern people who infected Neanderthals with this disease, and not vice versa. Researchers believe that modern humans, in addition to genital herpes, also transmitted tapeworms and stomach ulcers to Neanderthals. 2. We experiment with their brains
The most bizarre developments in Neanderthal research were obtained in a research laboratory in California. In 2018, scientists decided to focus on neurological research in order to understand why Neanderthals disappeared and humans continued to prosper. They decided to grow Neanderthal brain matter for closer study. The entire Neanderthal genome was already sequenced, so it took only a few genetic changes to turn human stem cells into brain cells similar to those of an extinct hominid. The next step was to create an organoid.



Organoids, or mini-brains, formed to about 0.5 cm after 6-8 months.
The most notable difference was their shape. The organoids of the human brain have a rounded shape, but the Neanderthal version has a peculiar appearance similar to popcorn. In addition, neural networks were less sophisticated than those of modern humans. Although the results of the study are impressive, additional needs to be done before the responsibility for the disappearance of Neanderthals is placed on differences in the brain. One of the strangest plans for the future is to develop a robot with Neanderthal brains. The goal is to teach organoids to learn through response, ultimately allowing them to control their own robots. 1. Maybe soon they will walk among us
again

Obwohl Neandertaler seit Tausenden von Jahren ausgestorben sind, besteht eine hohe Wahrscheinlichkeit, dass sie irgendwann wiedergeboren werden und in Zukunft bei uns existieren werden. Diese Idee mag lächerlich erscheinen, aber unsere Fortschritte bei den Klontechnologien haben diese Idee zu einer sehr realen Möglichkeit gemacht. Die gebräuchlichste Methode zum Klonen von Lebewesen ist die Kerntransplantation, bei der einem Säugetier oder Tier, das dem Klonen unterzogen wird, eine "intakte Zelle" entnommen wird. Im speziellen Fall der Neandertaler gibt es keine intakten Zellen mehr, und es wäre nicht einfach, eine ausreichende Anzahl von DNA-Fragmenten von 40.000 Jahre alten Fossilien miteinander zu verknüpfen.

Der Harvard-Genetiker George Church schlug 2012 ein
Klonverfahren vor, bei dem keine ganzen Zellen verwendet werden.

Die Wende empfahl die Verwendung gesunder Zellen von eng verwandten Arten. In diesem Fall die Zellen des modernen Menschen. Nach dem Entfernen von DNA aus einer menschlichen Zelle können Wissenschaftler sie genetisch so verändern, dass sie dem Neandertaler-Genomcode entspricht, so dass das Klonen beginnen kann. Während Neandertaler wiederbelebt werden können, ist es unwahrscheinlich, dass es in den kommenden Jahrzehnten oder irgendetwas passieren wird. Die Methode, um dieses Ziel zu erreichen, muss noch verbessert werden, und der Prozess ist riskant, teuer und letztendlich sehr zeitaufwendig.