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* //s58.radikal.ru/i161/1008/c9/ce9f614a3192.jpg //s45.radikal.ru/i107/1008/25/edd5b...

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RUSAVTOBUS.RU http://www.liveinternet.ru/app/msk

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 -

 - e-mail

 

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ip .


: (6), (28), (31), (11), (30), (51), (70), (51), (3), (140), (74), (7), (19), (31), (248), (31), (39), xxx(23), seo(5), sat_news(3), pcportal.ru(90), Nokia(12), mpx220(3), Li.ru(32), Html(8), Dj(7), Admin tools(30)
(0)

802.11i

, 25 2007 . 13:58 +
802.11i WPA- . , WPA- , " " , (DoS) OSI . , . , WPA-PSK 802.11 , WPA-802.1 (WPA-Industry) EAP (, EAP-TLS EAP-FAST) , "" . " " .
...
ip
Admin tools



(0)

: c

, 25 2007 . 13:55 +
? , . ? -? , . . (, ) , ( Ethernet- / Wi-Fi-).
...
ip
Admin tools



(1)

10

, 25 2007 . 13:54 +

, , , , . , . , 10 .

: , , . Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP) TCP. , , . .

1. Nmap
Network Mapper (Nmap) . Nmap , . Nmap - , , . Nmap ACL ( ) (ACK) .

Nmap , . Nmap . Nmap UNIX, Windows. Nmap , , http://www.insecure.org/nmap.
...
ip
Admin tools



(0)

Wi-Fi

, 21 2007 . 22:31 +
, . , , . Wi-Fi .

Wi-Fi- , , , Wi-Fi , . (war driver) , - . , . , , - , , (GPS).

...
ip
Admin tools



(0)

, 21 2007 . 22:28 +

. . , .

, . , Internet. (Access Points, AP), . . , , , DHCP IP-, DNS , . , NetStumbler, , PDA, , , .
...
ip
Admin tools


(0)

, 21 2007 . 22:27 +
, , .

, , Web- , , Internet : DNS ( IP- ); ; ; .
...
ip
Admin tools


(0)

UTP-

, 21 2007 . 22:26 +
UTP-
t.1 - .
t.2 - 4 (Mbps).
t.3 - 10 (Mbps) . 10Base-T.
t.4 - 16 (Mbps) . Token Ring.
t.5 - 100 (Mbps) . 100Base-TX , .
t.5e - 1000 (Mbps) . 1000Base-TX , .
t.5+ - 300 (IEC 46 ComMity draft)
Cat.6 - 600 (DIN 44312-5 Draft)

UTP (Unshield Twisted Pair) -
STP (Shielded Twisted Pair) - , .
ip
Admin tools


(0)

" " (twisted pair) - ,

, 21 2007 . 22:18 +
" " (twisted pair) - , . . . (ISO 11801 TIA-568). , , .


, . , (Electro Magnetic - EM) . EM- . (em1 em2) , (S1 S2) . " " .
 (420x107, 4Kb) , , , .
 (420x118, 2Kb)Impedance ( )
, " " . . " 100 120 . 5 100 100 15%.
...
ip
Admin tools


(0)

TCP/IP ( 7 )

, 21 2007 . 22:11 +
IPv6

1992 : TCP and UDP with Bigger Addresses (TUBA); Common Architecture for the Internet (CatnIP) Simple Internet Protocol Plus (SIPP) [ .., , 1995]. IPv6 IP- 128 32 IPv4. , .

IPv6 IANA(Internet Assigned Numbers Authority - [RFC-1881]). IAB (internet architecture board - ) IESG (Internet Engineering Steering Group - ).

IANA IP- -, . .
...
ip
Admin tools


(0)

TCP/IP ( 6 )

, 21 2007 . 22:10 +
IPV6: IP-

-, - . , , IP-, , . IP- , , , . TeleGeography, , , 2003 - 67%, IP, 10% .

IP- - . GSM, , GSM, 72% . 1 . , . GPRS. 200 GPRS, . GPRS 2,5G 3G , .

, - . . 3G , .
...
ip
Admin tools


(0)

TCP/IP ( 5 )

, 21 2007 . 22:07 +
TCP/IP


Arnaud Aubert



TCP/IP . , , . , TCP/IP , , . , , HTTP, POP3, telnet .

IPsec, IESG (Internet Engineering Steering Group - ), , . IP :

Authentication Header (AH) , anti-replay . 100%, MITM, .. .
...
ip
Admin tools


(0)

TCP/IP ( 4 )

, 21 2007 . 22:06 +
TCP/IP
TCP/IP :

( )
IP-

, .


TCP/IP - , , .

, , , TCP/IP .

, - - .
...
ip
Admin tools


(0)

TCP/IP ( 3 )

, 21 2007 . 22:05 +
IP-, , IP. , , IP, , IP- .
, IP TCP/IP. TCP OSI (Open Systems Interconnection), . - . IP OSI , , ; . IP , TCP/IP - "" , .
IP-, - ( ), . , , IPv4, 32 .
...
ip
Admin tools


(0)

TCP/IP ( 2 )

, 21 2007 . 22:03 +
TCP/IP

ARP - MAC , , IP . broadcast.
ICMP - , .
IGMP - multicast .
IP - .
TCP - , .
UDP - , .

Address Resolution Protocol (ARP)
MAC , . IP ARP.
IP
...
ip
Admin tools


(0)

TCP/IP ( 1 )

, 21 2007 . 22:02 +
IP intranet Internet. , TCP/IP , TCP/IP , . , , , Internet. , , , - , Internet ( PPP-). (, ethernet -). . TCP/IP . IP- RFC, TCP/IP "TCP/IP Illustrated" by R.Stevens. , .. , . " " (Security through Obscurity) . TCP/IP : .

...
ip
Admin tools


(0)

: "" Alcatel/L

, 14 2007 . 01:13 +
Alcatel-Lucent 9130 BSC/MFS (ATCA).

Alcatel-Lucent "" (""), Alcatel-Lucent GSM/EDGE . , .

Alcatel-Lucent "" 2007 . , Alcatel-Lucent.

/ Alcatel-Lucent 9130 BSC/MFS, BSS (Base Station Sub-System), ( ). ATCA (Advanced Telecom Computing Architecture), , "" .

, - , - , "". - , Alcatel-Lucent 9130 BSC/MFS IP.
ip


(0)

Wi-Fi

, 08 2007 . 20:48 +
Wi-Fi . - . 2004 66% 500 .

1- 2005 - 346 , 200%. , , 500 Wi-Fi, .

- - . 61% . — - 12%. Wi-Fi (8% -). (5 ).

32% - , . -, 5% . Wi-Fi .

Wi-Fi - «» (78 ), «» (40 ) «» (37 ).

, , Wi-Fi. , .Wi-Fi 40%. «», « », , .

- 2005 550–650. , Wi-Fi. GPRS.

« Wi-Fi» - 200 -. «», , «».
Wi-Fi:

10 - – . – . 6 , – , . Wi-Fi.

, , - . , , Wi-Fi- , .

Wi-Fi " " . Wi-Fi – Wireless Fidelity, . , , . , – . Wi-Fi 100 , , – , .

( – , , , , , ), , -.

IDC 2005 Wi-Fi . , 25 , 2008 110 . - 2003 – Intel, Intel Centrino . , Intel Centrino , Wi-Fi.

, Wi-Fi . ROMIR Monitoring, 2006 , 15 % ( , " "), , , , . – , Wi-Fi – 34 % Wi-Fi . , , "", -. Wi-Fi .

, Wi-Fi (34 % Wi-Fi), – (31 %) (30 %).

, 15 % Wi-Fi-, , -- "" . , , . .

, Wi-Fi-, . Wi-Fi-, , " ". Wi-Fi- – -, . , Wi-Fi – , .

Wi-Fi , J'son&Partners, 30 . – "- ", , "". "-2006", , "-" Wi-Fi-. 80 , "-" – 70. , "-", , 200 Wi-Fi-.

Wi-Fi Comstar , , , -. " , 15 % , Wi-Fi – , , - .. - , - , ". , "-", ("-" – 3 , ), , – .

" -, , - .. - , . , , , 2006 / – 6 - /, ". , , . , , . . , , " , ".

"", , , Wi-Fi - " , ". Wi-Fi-, 200 . "Wi-Fi - , , - - . - , online". "-", Wi-Fi, "" , .WiFi .

"" (VIMP) , Wi-Fi, - "" , – " ". , "" Wi-Fi – , , . , " , Wi-Fi ". "" – , Wi-Fi- Wi-Fi-. "" 6 , Wi-Fi.

Wi-Fi . "" (ENCO), "", , " 2006 Wi-Fi". - "" , 2006 9 11. "", ., . Wi-Fi , . " , - ., - " ", . - , ".

Golden Telecom. Wi-Fi-, 5 . Wi-Fi , 3,9 , . 1300 . - , Wi-Fi , , .

Golden Telecom , , ROMIR Monitoring, , Wi-Fi . " , - -, - 1-2 - ".

Golden Telecom , , . 3,9 – . . , , , " " – , Wi-Fi-.

, Wi-Fi-. : , Wi-Fi . Golden Telecom , : " , Wi-Fi, , - - . - , Wi-Fi – ".

, Wi-Fi- . , , ROMIR Monitoring: " Wi-Fi ?" , , . , ( -), , Wi-Fi – , , .

. "" , , Wi-Fi. , IDC, 2005 15 % 2004 . , Wi-Fi, , , -. , , " ", . "-",
ip


(1)

sipnet

, 08 2006 . 21:02 +
sipnet
ip

(0)

Cisco 7200 / 7200VXR

, 04 2006 . 15:00 +

Cisco 7200 / 7200VXR

7200 , , . , , . Cisco 7200 , .

7200 Cisco IOSTM Hot Standby Router Protocol (HSRP) .

Cisco 7200 , :

-
- SONET/SDH
- ATM
- E3 E1
- IBM
- (PBX) E1,

Cisco 7200 . , , (Quality of Service) .

  Cisco 7200

7204 7206 7204VXR 7206VXR
4 6 4 6
600 / 600 / 1 / 1 /
NPE-100
NPE-150
NPE-175
NPE-200
NPE-250
NPE-300    

 

 

- Cisco IOSTM
- : Ethernet, Fast Ethernet, 100VG-AnyLAN, Token Ring, FDDI
- ISDN PRI/BRI, HSSI, T3/E3, ATM
- E1
- () TCP/IP, , , IP. ITU G.729, G.726, G.711 G.723.1 , 120
- , IBM- Cisco 7200 24 Token Ring
- Tandem Switching IP Frame Relay
- () (Redundant Power Supply— RPS) (Mean Time Between Failure— MTBF)
- , SNMP CiscoView
-

 

- (Enterprise Feature Set)
- IPSec (Plus Encryption Feature Set)
- (IOS Firewall Feature Set)
ip

(1)

, 04 2006 . 14:35 +

  .   ip .

   ip

KingTel 2002P
KingTel 2002P — IP- KingTel
KingTel 2002P
:
  • - H.323/SIP/MGCP/IAX2
  • 2 10/100Mb Ethernet
  • : VAD, CNG
  • G.165/168 16ms
  • DHCP , IP , PPPoe
  • LCD : 2x16
  • 100
  • 80 / /
  • 2.5 ()
  •  

 

  Planet VIP-190

Planet VIP-190 — WiFi- Planet

Planet VIP-190

VoIP , 2,4 802.11b. .

Wi-Fi . MESH, PLANET .

, MESH, Wi-Fi , ( ). MESH .

:

  • IEEE 802.11b SIP Wi-Fi Phone
  • VIP-190
  • IEEE 802.11b
  • : 64/128 WEP
  • WLAN: (9 )
  • SIP 2.0 (RFC3261), SDP (RFC2327), SIP Outbound proxy, STUN (RFC 3489)
  • : G.711 a-law u-law (64 /), G.729a (8 /)
  • (VAD)
  • (CNG)
  • G.168 (EC)
  • : SIP 2.0 (RFC3261), TCP/IP, UDP/RTP/RTCP, HTTP, ICMP, ARP, DNS, DHCP, PPPoE
  • 50
  • 30
  • 30
  • 30
  • : IP, DHCP , PPPoE
  • WEB, ( )
  • : ( x x ) 126 x 46 x 20
  • : 0-40 C, 10 85%
  • : Li-Ion 3.7, 1350/
  • mini-USB EMC/EMI CE, FCC Class B

, Gsm  .

ip .

ip

(0)

, 03 2006 . 00:18 +
 

 

AAL5/ATM ATM Adaptation Level 5/ Asynchronous Transfer Mode
 
DTMF Dual Tone Multi-Freqency
 
DSS-1 Digital Subscriber Signalling System #1
 
DNS Domain Name Service
 
GSM Global System for Mobile
 
ITU-T International Telecommunications Union Telecommunication Standardization Sector
 
IANA Internet Assigned Numbers Authority
 
ISDN Integrated Services Digital Network
 
IPX Internet Packet eXchange
 
IETF Internet Engineering Task Force
 
LDAP Lightweight Directory Access Protocol
 
MMUSIC Multiparty Multimedia Session Control
 
MGCP Media Gateway Control Protocol
 
NAT Network Address Translator
 
QoS Quality of Service.
 
RTT round trip time
 
RTSP Real-Time Streaming Protocol
 
RTP Real-Time Transport Protocol
 
RSVP Resource Reservation Protocol
 
RAS Registration Admission and Status.
 
SIP Session Initiation Protocol
 
SDP Session Description Protocol
 
TCP Transmission Control Protocol
 
UDP User Datagram Protocol
 
URL Universal Resource Locators
 
UAC User Agent Client
 
UAS User Agent Server
 
UA User Agent
 
7 7
 
ip

(0)

, 03 2006 . 00:12 +
SIP  

 

SIP - HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol, RFC 2068). SIP <->, . 2.

  SIP
. 2 "-"

, , . , , , , .

SIP. , , . , .

 

     

, (.. ), , , - User Agent Client (UAC) - - User Agent Server (UAS).

, UAS UAC ( ) , SIP . UAS, UAC, - User Agent (UA), SIP.

SIP: - (proxy server) (redirect server).

 

 

    -  

- ( proxy - ) . , , , . , , .. - , , . - ( registrar) , LDAP (RFC 1777), rwhois (RFC 2167) .

- - (stateful) (stateless).

, . , .. .

, , . , , . - , :

    - TCP ;
    - ;
    - .
, - , .. , -, .

, . , , , . , . , - - .

- . IP- pec - . - . , , , , , . - , , , , SIP- , .

 

     

. , . .

RAS -. , -. . .

- SIP-. , .

 

     

, . , , , , . , , REGISTER. : , . , , , , , - .

, . , .

- ( registrar) -, .

RFC 2543 , . , , , . SIP- LDAP (RFC 1777), rwhois (RFC 2167), .

 

    SIP-  

, , SIP : , - . . 3 SIP.

  SIP
. 3 SIP

, SIP-, . 3, . , , , SIP-. : SIP- (UA) SIP-, Ethernet (SI-, Cisco Systems, ). , SlP-, . : (, ) , - . , , .

SIP- 4.

    SIP-
. 4 SIP-

. , . - . SIP  

 

SIP . , SIP, , , . , , , .. , . Request-URI SIP- , . Request-URI , , , Request-URI - .

 

    SIP  

 

INVITE . , ( ), , , . INVITE , , , , , ( ).

, , , , SIP-. INVITE . INVITE.

INVITE. , INVITE, .. , INVITE. , .

CANCEL , CANCEL, Call-ID, To, From CSeq, , . , CANCEL , - . , , CANCEL.

BYE . , BYE, () 200 .

REGISTER . :

  • , ;
  • From . , , , ;
  • Contact , INVITE. REGISTER Contact , . <*>;
  • Expires , . , - 1 , . , REGISTER Expires, , Contact.
OPTIONS . . OPTIONS , . .

SIP , . , . , SIP . - INFO. :

  • /ISDN/ ;
  • DTMF ;
  • .
SI, , , INVITE (. 6).
INVITE sip: watson@boston.bell-tel.com SIP/2.0    Via: SIP/2.0/UDP kton.bell-tel.com    From: A. Bell    To: T. Watson    Call-ID: 3298420296@kton.bell-tel.com    Cseq: 1 INVITE    Content-Type: application/sdp    Content-Length: ...    v=0    o=bell 53655765 2353687637 IN I4 12&.3.4.5    C=IN IP4 kton.bell-tel.com    m=audio 3456 RTP/AVP 0345    


. 6 INVITE

Bell (a.g.bell@bell-tel.com) Watson (watson@bell-tel.com). - (boston.bell-tel.com). From , . SDP, 3456 , RTP : 0 - PCMU, 3 - GSM, 4 - G.723 5 - DVI4.

SIP, UDP, , , . , , , SDP, ( 3).

3. SIP

 

c Content-Type
e Content- Encoding
f From
i Call-ID
m Contact ( "moved")
l Content-Length
s Subject
t To
v Via

INVITE, 6, (. 7):
INVITE sip: watson@boston.bell-tel.com SIP/2.0    v: SIP/2.0/UDP kton.bell-tel.com    f: A. Bell    t: T. Watson    i: 3298420296@kton.bell-tel.com    Cseq: 1 INVITE    : application/sdp    l: ...    v=0    o=bell 53655765 2353687637 IN IP4 128.3.4.5    C=IN IP4 kton.bell-tel.com    m=audio 3456 RTP/AVP 0345    


. 7 INVITE

4. SIP

 

INVITE . SDP-
INVITE
BYE . ,
CANCEL Call-ID, , From CSeq, CANCEL
REGISTER
OPTION

 

    SIP  

 

, (-) . : , , .. SIP HTTP.

, . . , , . , .

: . , . , , - 1. , , 100 Trying, , , . , , ( ) . - 180 Ringing; < > , .

, 2, 3, 4, 5 6. , , . .

2 , . 2 -200 . , :

  • 200 OK INVITE , ; ;
  • 200 OK BYE , ;
  • 200 OK CANCEL , ;
  • 200 OK REGISTER , ;
  • 200 OK OPTION , .
, :
  • 300 Multiple Choices SIP-, , ;
  • 301 Moved Permanently , , , , Contact;
  • 302 Moved Temporary , ( Expires) , Contact.
4 , . :
  • 400 Bad Request , - ;
  • 401 Unauthorized , . , , ;
  • 403 Forbidden , , . . , , ..;
  • 485 Ambiguous , ;
  • 486 Busy Here , . , , .
5 , - :
  • 500 Server Internal Error , - . ;
  • 501 Not Implemented , , . , , ;
  • 502 Bad Gateway , , -, , ;
  • 503 Service Unavailable , .
6 , :
  • 600 Busy Everywhere , . , ;
  • 603 Decline , . ;
  • 604 Does Not Exist Anywhere , .
SIP-. , . TCP , , TCP-.

8 INVITE:

 

SIP/2.0 200 OK    Via: SIP/2.0/UDP kton.bell-tel.m    From: A. Bell 


. 8 SIP- 200 OK

Watson , Bell. (. 7). , 5004 , PCMU, GSM. From, To, Via, Call-ID , 7. , INVITE CSeq:1.

, , , SIP . , - . 5 , SIP.

5. SIP

 

100 Trying , , ,
180 Ringing .
181 Call Is Being Forwarded -
182 Queued , . ,
200 OK
300 Multiple Choices .
301 Moved Permanently , Contact
302 Moved Temporarily , Contact
305 Use Proxy , -. -, Contact. (UAS)
380 Alternative Service , , . ,
400 Bad Bequest
401 Unauthorised
402 Payment Required
403 Forbidden
404 Not Found , Request-URI
405 Method Not Allowed , Request-URI. Allow
406 Not Acceptable , ,
407 Proxy Authentication Required -
408 Request Timeout , , , , Expires .
409 Conflict REGISTER - , action ,
410 Gone ,
411 Length Required Content-Length
413 Request Entity Too Large
414 Request-URI Too Large , Request-URI, ,
415 Unsupported Media Type
420 Bad Extension , Require
480 Temporarily not available
481 Call Beg/Transaction Does Not Exist Y, , CANCEL,
482 Loop Detected , ( Via )
483 Too Many Hops Via, -, Max-Forwards
484 Address Incomplete Request-URI.
485 Ambiguous . Contact ,
486 Busy Here .
500 Internal Server Error
501 Not Implemented , . ,
502 Bad Gateway , -, ,
503 Service Unavailable
504 Gateway Timeout , -, (, ),
505 SIP Version not supported SIP
600 Busy Everywhere .
603 Decline .
604 Does not exist anywhere
606 Not Acceptable - , , SDP, ..

SIP  

 

SIP 3 : -, . , - . -, SIP- . , . , , .

. , -, , -. , - .. , , , . ; .

 

     

 

. . INVITE (1) 5060, ( 9). . (2), (3). 302 Moved temporarily (4), . 302 (5).

 


. 9

. INVITE (6) Call-ID, CSeq. INVITE SDP. INVITE , 100 Trying (7) . , 180 Ringing (8). 200 OK (9), SDP. (10). .

BYE (11), 200 OK (12).

 

    -  

 

-. . INVITE (1) - 5060, ( 10). . - (2), (3). - INVITE (4). , Via - , . , 180 Ringing (5), , From, Call-ID, CSeq Via. 200 OK (6), SDP. (7). .

BYE (8), 200 OK (9).

-, .

    -
. 10 -

SIP  

 

SIP.

< > . 11 . , , , , .

 


. 11 " "

< > , , , . , , ; . , , INVITE , , , , INVITE Also, , . , INVITE , , Also. , ( 12).

< > , , , ( 13).

 


. 12 " "


. 13 " "

Call-Disposition, . INVITE Call-Disposition: Queue, : , , . 182 Queued, . , , 200 . .323 SIP  

 

SIP .323, , SIP , .323. , . IP- .323 ( ), SIP ( ). , .

. ITU-T IETF. , ITU-T , IETF , Internet.

, .

. , , .

, .323, ITU-T H.450.X. SIP , , -. , .

, :

  • (Call hold);
  • (Call Transfer);
  • (Call Forwarding);
  • (Call Waiting);
  • .
. SIP : MCU, . , .. . .

.323 , (Multipoint Controller), . , -, , -, . , < >. , ITU-T .323 , . .323 .

SIP IP- ( Mbone, ). SIP ( .323), . , INVITE, (Call-center) .

, .323 , , . SIP , , , .

SIP (third-party call control). , . .323, .

SIP , . .323 . , SIP- .

. SIP , , - ( ) .. SIP , . .323, . , , . , LRQ, .

. . (extensibility) :

  • ;
  • ;
  • .
SIP . , , . , . - Require. , , , , , , .

, IANA (Internet Assigned Numbers Authority) . IANA . , . .

SIP 6 . , . .

.323 . , , .

.323 NonStandardParameter. , , , . , . -, , -, . , .

, , , , . SIP SDP. - , IANA, .

.323 . .323.

SIP (), . , , (QoS). , , (service discovery) .

.323 . , .

(scalablllty). SIP, , , .323, (statefull). , , , IP- .

.323, .

. , , . INVITE SIP , . , SIP , .323 . SIP .323. , .245 .225 Fast Connect .

, , . .323 .225 .245 TCP, UDP. SIP TCP UDP .

- RTT (round trip time) - SIP 1,5+2,5 RTT, .323 6-7 RTT

. , , . URL SIP DNS- , IP-. Web- . SIP .

.323 alias-. , . alias- .

. .323, , SIP. .323 700 . SIP 150 . .323 ( 100), SIP. SIP (INVITE, BYE ) (, From, Call-ID, CSeq).

SIP , HTTP. , , , , . SIP- .

.323 ASN.1, . ASN. 1. , , , , .

.323 (firewall). , .323 . , , .245 RTCP .

. , SIP Internet-, IP- .

, Internet , , .323, , .323, ISDN, IP-.

, - .323, .

ip

(1)

SIP

, 03 2006 . 00:04 +
SIP IETF (Internet Engineering Task Force) - , , TCP/IP. , IP-, , HTTP (Web) SMTP ( ). SIP , HTTP: -- (request -- reply). SIP , , -- , HTTP, , "" (404 - , 200 - OK).
, SIP, IP-, - - . SIP Session Initiation Protocol - . , SIP , , : ( IP-), , , , , ( , MS Exchange Lotus Notes).
SDP (Session Description Protocol - ), SIP . : IP-, - SDP SIP-. , (, , ).


, SIP , H.323, IP- IP-, . SIP , IP, , -, IP-, , .
, Web , . ., . , , , IP- , ( , , -- ). , , IP-, Web, IP-. IP- .

SIP
SIP- -- -, . . , SIP- SIP-. , , ( ), SIP- .
, . :



, SIP- INVITE (), , SIP- 180 (Ringing, ), , SIP- 200 (OK), SIP- ACK () -- RTP (Real-time Transport Protocol). , SIP- BYE. .

, , . SIP- , SIP. (registrar) , (allocation) , (redirect) , , -- , , , , .
- (SIP Proxy), (, ) IP- , -- , . . SIP (, ), .
, SIP .



Example, , . , , , , . ( , LDAP MS Active Directory . .) , - , -, , .


SIP , , URL HTTP. -- SIP . : -- alice@example.ru, sip:alice@example.ru. : , , , , . .
, SIP messaging presence. ( ICQ SMS GSM), , . . , . . ( ICQ ). SIP , " ".
SIP , - , SIP- , , . , , , , , , , , PDA. , , , .

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(SIP)
TCP LOP
IPv4 IPv6
PPP, ATM, Ethernet
UTP5, SDH, DDH, V.34



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sip: 294-75-47@gateway.ru
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