History is also subdivided according to the breadth of the study of the object: the history of the world as a whole (world or universal history); history of world civilizations; history of continents (history of Asia and Africa, Latin America); the history of individual countries and peoples (the history of the USA, Canada, China, Russia, etc.).

 

A number of auxiliary historical disciplines have developed, developing general questions of the methods and techniques of historical research. Among them: paleography (history of writing), numismatics (coins, orders, medals), toponymy (studying the names of geographical places), source studies (general techniques and methods for studying historical sources), etc.

 

History is a concrete science, requiring precise knowledge of chronology (dates), facts, events. It is associated with other humanities and social sciences. These relations developed in different periods in different ways, but the largest representatives of historiography have always believed in the "common market" of social sciences. This faith persists today. The interpenetration and mutual enrichment of the social sciences, the so-called interdisciplinarity, is a phenomenon characteristic of the 20th century. It is due to the delimitation of the social sciences, their allocation into independent areas of knowledge, as a result of which the process of division of labor and specialization was accompanied by a deepening of the relationship.

 

History, as well as other humanitarian and social sciences of the late XIX - XX centuries. not escaped influence and psychology. Very popular at the turn of the XIX-XX centuries. books by G. Lebon "The psychological laws of the evolution of peoples" (Lebon. 1894) and "Psychology of peoples and masses" (Lebon. 1895), which substantiates the assumption that European society entered the "era of the crowd," when a rational critical beginning embodied in the person, suppressed by irrational mass consciousness. The Austrian psychologist Z. Freud believed that his concept of the “subconscious” could be the key to understanding historical figures, and Freud's Essay on Leonardo da Vinci, written in 1910, was essentially the first experience of psychohistory.

 

The term "psychohistory" appeared in the 50s in the United States, where at that time journals on psychohistory were published. Their heroes were such historical figures as Hitler, Trotsky, Gandhi, etc. Psychoanalysis had a great influence on the criticism of some historical sources - diaries, letters, memoirs.

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