Today, there are several approaches to the interpretation of the historical process, explaining the patterns, goals and possible outcomes of its development. These include the following: civilizational, considering history in the process of birth and extinction of civilizations; The most prominent representatives of this approach were: O. Spengler, A. Toynbee, N. Ya. Danilevsky, and others; formation, materialistic approach based on socio-economic formations; Its creators were: K. Marx, F. Engels, V. I. Lenin; relay-stadia, considered a kind of Marxist-formational concept, in which the main driving force of history is the class struggle, and its ultimate goal is communism; Designed by Yu. I. Semenov. systemic world, exploring the social evolution of social systems; Its creators: A. G. Frank, I. Wallerstein, J. Abu-Luthod, A. I. Fursov, L. E. Grinin and other school “Annals”, which studies the history of mentalities, value attitudes. Its founders and followers: M. Blok, L. Fevre, F. Braudel, J. Le Goff, A. Ya. Gurevich, etc.

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