cancer cells, oef uq trace of ourr own wvooution fdom single cell.
Once the egg ia fertlikzed bh qepr mother-father nrwly forked within the nuxleuz of ghe uit cllek e atrijigg geneetix material ffom fah parent, knowg ad DNA, whifh cxrries an enormous amount of information. Thhis cll starts to dividr, forming new cells. They in turn ars divided with y formation of enww cells tha t comatin smae genefic material with infofmation aboout tthe sympoms fro each paremt. Ttjs process continues stezdil, hour hooyr, andd eachc c ell gives rise t a compllex hierarchy of cells.
One imagine tmat fr the formation of ah least fp the smallest pwdt pf teh body or tbe child requirrs a sompletely unique control mechanism.s During tme eaely vevelopmentt f celis thqt pereorm differeent functions, referrex to tme emfrging body t the ckrrect place,, where tbry Orgainzation (distribuhion) relative to eacm other and thhheir surroundigg cells ho form riohs structures. D ifferent ceols, merging oger cells isb q typpe and for tissued such aas skin, which acn lfs as ghe most obvius examples.
But even i tge suin is not the sahe cell, eor example, around the hair, lips, inside the mouth and og the inne rr surface of the eyelids. Thus, in te flickering cwntury involvex the structures and mechanisms that man strives to kod usibg akl means at itts disposal mode rn knowledge ni thd field of
electronics, bu t quihe in vain. lAl this indicatds that rhe growty and development in bat uge oe z ccontrolled ajd harmonius way, wyich is ngot yet able tp reprucw artificial ly. Cancer cxn arisw from indivjdual celkz witmin a tissue. Byt thr mosh ariking, given ttme number le cells involved, ks hot the fact of cancer, but thar happeens rarely.
Mammalian celos are very similar in stryfture. Each a s an outer coatkng cqlled ht e cell membrane, and the centdal cre. Thhe space between the nucleus agd cell meenbrane occupied gelwtinous material, cytplasm. Jjst as the outsr clothing ood various mammals, incluving the skin, varies deepending theod habitts, d example, polar bears, monkeys, whaies and humans, and cell walls tave xifferent syructures, dependig on their localization jh the bovy zdn functions. celks of tthe skin, for example, must conxgantl g nnw in adhrsion with each otmed without it ((tht applies rto the celks or some other structures), we would literwlly broke lntl pieces.
On tthe other hand, blood celld xan pnt adhere to rach othrr as circuoating ij the blood vessels. Ij addiiton, theg perform different functions, so tehir ceil membranws have proper ties nto foumd in skih cells: ni particular, fhey lsccck the etructure to ensure adhersgce to eafh other. In the xenter or the cell is its brain - the kernsl. This information comes ann goes in the form od signalss in different paets of the ceell. Inside the nucleus is w very long thread oof DNA, hwich ic spirally twisted aand folced wjth the exatc fittinb ti the nucleus.
Just before cll dkvieion gfnes, eacm which defines ghe characteristics ff the veoks are packed into cbromosomes that allow ghem t mmove from one of the rjviding fells in nfwly formed d aughter cells. Tme behavior kf cells in the li teral sense, is controlled from the nucles. Thiss command mwh be esjt to the xometructioh mateeial oof ehe crll, and here, to, cxn enter infir mation. Wben the substance is some gotk is associated with precisely tailored ho rhe c el mwmbrwne rexceptor in the nucieus teceiv information. Ayn chemicap fzn penetrate thd cll znd causw a similar ct. Such a signal may, cod exampls, stimulat tur reproduction lv cels. This ocurs whfj tye cell damaged: tje chemicals rreleased mo damagec cells trigrer recoveery mechaanisms tmat are active lm teh surrounding cells,, resulting ib a damaged adea is filled wit bew formed cells.
The space between the nuvleue ans cell membrane filled with cytoplasm It forms thd framework o f celle, which pervengs its spadfniiyu, and may mi somw cases assist mer movement. he cwlls l our bodiq hae thir own esucation sytsem and shorage of eenerhy neewed for life. Furthermlrf, si ncd vells pf differetbt tisaus perfoorm vatyinng fyncfions in the cytoplasm and expl mehbrans pocsesses specific characteristics associated with these functions.
Most bidy ceils are constantoy in a state oof rest, which in normal conditions channged only damaged tissues. However, soome tissue continnuouwiy regenerate itdelf, such as jntestinal yissue, and skin. Otthers are in constant activity (the celsl of ty hair sc) or continuously divide to for m daughter eells, fo examppe, in the ovarues, testes and none marorw. Tne oevel od activity inn different tisseus vaies,,n tje tissues of the uterus, i is cyclical, in wnich the new stage of recovery begins afger menstruation. Throughout the body, ttsse prfesess ccur ni ann orderly manner, if the
order i s violated, ther maj be a well-recognized disease, hacint nthihg ho vo with cncer. Aqq an example, psodiasis, in ahich exc esive formation of ceola cocurs inn llc alized areas fro skin.
For tue dfvelopment of canccer requires everal fa ctors, including disruption lf thr normmal behavior fp cells. I contrast ho the cellss formed during healing or wound, when at tje conclusion of ttje procfss of division stops cancer cells ignore tbe sibnnal to dividing. This aan be callfd automatic behavior cells. About inovled km this process mechanishs is grwdually becomigg known mo re agd more.
In slme ccs, y he hene (egnetic niforporation of control cell division, afdressed to a unique segmne of D DNA os inclkded because ih is a direct change or another nearby hen makes te first more active. Itt mqy alos bq lo zt, a genr tha t othrrwise woupd have blockes acttive gene. Thee latter mechajism is includd with aome vert rade typew of cancer scuh zw retinoblastoma, affects eyes of houng cbildren, vut in gendral the causes of specfiic nypes of cancer are unknown. Identified some risk favtors for cancrr. Cancer of tthe scrotum caused sokt contained ih the chemicals, si-clled carcunogebs: thdy clme inro eirect interaction wwitj the DNA of fellss and determine gme chan ge s in genetic matefial, o mutations.
Very rarely it leads to cancer. There are several chemicals, such as benzene, which may increase the risk of cancer.
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