́ (. Wikipedia, /ˌwɪkɪˈpiːdɪə/) [3] , . ( ) . 13 [4] ( 457 930) , , [5]. [6][7].
-[8].
2001 [9], [10] [11][12][13]. - [14][15][16]. , [17].
[18] [19]. .[20] [21]. , [22][23].
, , [24][25]. Time 2006, , 2.0, YouTube MySpace[26]. []
1
2
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.3.1
2.3.2
2.4
3
3.1 Wikimedia Foundation Wikimedia
3.2
4
5
5.1
5.1.1 CD DVD
5.1.2
6
6.1
7
7.1 -
8
9 .
10
[]
:
,
10 2001 9 2007 ( )
wikipedia.org 2008
Nupedia, , . Nupedia 9 2000 Bomis, Inc, , -. , CEO Bomis , Nupedia, . Nupedia, Nupedia Open Content License, GNU Free Documentation License [27].
[28][29]. [30][31], - [32]. 10 2001 Nupedia feeder- (, , , , ) Nupedia[33]. 15 2001
www.wikipedia.com[34] Nupedia[30]. [35] Nupedia. , Nupedia[30].
Nupedia, Slashdot . 20 000 18 2001 . 2002 26 , 46 2003 161 2004 [36]. Nupedia , 2003 ( Nupedia ). 2 9 2007 , , , (1407), 600 [37].
, Enciclopedia Libre 2002 [38]. , , - wikipedia.org[39]. . Wikinfo . , Citizendium, Scholarpedia, Conservapedia Google Knol[ 184 ] , , .
Wikimedia Foundation Nupedia 20 2003 [40]. United States Patent and Trademark Office Wikipedia 17 2004 . 10 2006 . 16 2004 20 2005 . , : .[ 184 ] , , DVD[41].
[]
[]
, , .
[]
, Encyclopædia Britannica, , . . , , , , , . , .[42] , , , [43] , .[44] , 2008 , , . , , .[45] (. : Internet Watch Foundation)
( , ) , , , , . , , , . , [46] , (, ), . -, , .[47] , , , . , , . , , , , , .[48] , - .[35] , , .[49] [50], , , , . (. .[51][52])
, , .
, , , , . , , ; , . [53] , , , . , , . [54] , , . , , , [23], .
. , , . , . , , - . : , . , , , . [55] .
2008 , . [56]
[]
: : ,
[57]. .
, .
, .
, . , , .
( , , , , ), , , , , ( ).
[]
: , , , .
[]
, , . . , . , , . , , , .
[]
,
.[58][59] [60] [61] .[62] ; [63], (1,594 Wikipedians for the English edition on September 30, 2008), , . , . , , , .
, ? , 2.0, Digg[64] , News2 . , . , , , . [65]
, 2007 , , , , , , . [66] , , . -. [18]
2007 , WikiScanner . WikiScanner , , , , , , . [67]
2003 Andrea Ciffolilli , .[68] 2008 Jonathan Zittrain Berkman Center for Internet & Society .[69]
[]
[]
Wikimedia Foundation Wikimedia
, , , . , , , .
[]
,
() Plone.[ 188 ]
MediaWiki, -, PHP MySQL. [70] , , transclusion- URL. MediaWiki GNU General Public License , -. UseModWiki, Perl Clifford Adams ( I), CamelCase ; . 2002 ( II), PHP wiki MySQL; . II . 2002 ( III), , MediaWiki, .
2008 . server layout diagrams on Meta-Wiki.
Linux ( Ubuntu [71][72]), OpenSolaris ZFS. 2008 300 , 26 23 Yahoo! . [73] 2004 , . 2005 39 , . MySQL, , 21 - Apache HTTP Server Squid.
25 000 60 000 , .[74] Squid. [75] , Squid, Linux Virtual Server, , , - Apache . - , . , , . .[ 184 ]
[]
. : :
GNU
Creative Commons
2006 .[76]
GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL), -, , , .[77] , , .[78][79] Creative Commons, GFDL, , . .[80] 3 Free Software Foundation (FSF) FDL, CC-BY-SA 1 2009 . .[81][82]
(, ) . , . - , , . , (, CC-BY-SA Creative Commons) Wikimedia Commons, .
[]
265 , 25 100 000 , 167 1000 . . 2009 : 54,0 %; 10,3 %; 8,1 %,; 5,7 %; 3,5 %. [83]
, ( ). (, color vs. colour)[84] .[85] , , , , , .[86][87][88]
() 10 (). 2008 , 23 % .
. [89] , , . -, , ( .). , - , . : , , , , , , , . , , . , .
, , . [90] , , -, .
[]
[]
CD DVD
DVD , Directmedia Publishing 2005
DVD , helion.pl
. , 2006 Wikipedia CD Selection, 2000 . [91], Linterweb 1988 + . [92][93] 240 000 . [94] .[95]
.
.
.
, .
CD 2004 3 [96]. 40 000 . 2005 CD, DVD. 205 10 , . Directmedia 30 000 9,90 . . DVD (300 100 ) 139 ., , , . Zenodot Verlagsgesellschaft mbH, , . . 2006 Zenodot 100 , 800 . 2010 . , [97]. 2006 . DVD , dvd.wikimedia.org.
DVD- , 1964 , Linterweb 2007 0.5. Kiwix, , . 0.7 1.0.
DVD . Helion.pl 2007 . , 4 2006 . , , , 13 20 . 239 000 59 000 . 39 [98][99].
[]
2009 (Rob Matthews) 5000 . :
-.
(.) []
Rob Matthews. Wikipedia project[100].
[]
, [101] - 2001 . [102] Alexa comScore, . [13][103] . Google.[104] 50 % Google, [105] . [106] 2007 Pew Internet and American Life project , - . [107] 2006 580 , .[108]
Xkcd ,
, , . [109][110] Civil Marriage Act. [111] [112] , , . [113] . [114]
, [115] , . [116][117][118] 2007 30- BBC Radio 4 [119]. , , XXI , (Google, Facebook, YouTube), XX Hoovering Coke. , . , The Colbert Report wikiality.[120]
.
. , The Onion 2006 750 .[121] , , The Negotiation, The Office, : . , , , . , xkcd Wikipedian Protester.
, : 2008 .
28 2007, Franco Grillini . , , , , . [122] 16 2007 The Washington Post , 2008 , Google, , , , . , .[123] 2007 Reuters, , , . [124]
, Quadriga A Mission of Enlightenment
2004 . [125] Prix Ars Electronica; 10 000 (£ 6 588; $ 12 700) PAE Cyberarts Festival . Webby . [126] Webby. 26 2007 brandchannel.com, 15 % , 2006 ?[127]
2008 Quadriga A Mission of Enlightenment Werkstatt Deutschland , Eckart Höfling . .[128]
[]
(: ), 2008 [129], [130].
[]
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
, - , : (), (), (), () (). , - , , .
[]
-
. : -
wiki- , , , . , MediaWiki.
, , .
.
Lurkmore. -.
Everything2 2. .
- , , .
BSD.
Scholarpedia ; -.
Encarta .
Citizendium .
Open Encyclopedia Project , . .
- .
Knol Google. . , , .
[]
↑
↑ List of Wikipedias
↑ Jonathan Sidener. Everyone's Encyclopedia, San Diego Union Tribune. 15 2006.
↑
↑ List of Wikipedias
↑
↑
↑ : XXI
↑ -
↑ Miliard, Mike. Wikipediots: Who are these devoted, even obsessive contributors to Wikipedia?, Salt Lake City Weekly (2008-03-01). 21 2008.
↑ Five-year traffic statistics for wikipedia.org. Alexa Internet. 15 2008.
↑ Tancer, Bill. Look Who's Using Wikipedia, Time (2007-05-01). 1 2007. The sheer volume of content [...] is partly responsible for the site's dominance as an online reference. When compared to the top 3,200 educational reference sites in the U.S., Wikipedia is #1, capturing 24.3% of all visits to the category (the authors blog post on the article)
↑ Woodson, Alex. Wikipedia remains go-to site for online news, Reuters (2007-07-08). 16 2007. Online encyclopedia Wikipedia has added about 20 million unique monthly visitors in the past year, making it the top online news and information destination, according to Nielsen//NetRatings.
↑ 1 2 Top 500. Alexa. 4 2007.
↑ 250
↑ 7-
↑ Wikipedia 100
↑ : Wikipedia
↑ 1 2 Larry Sanger, Why Wikipedia Must Jettison Its Anti-Elitism, Kuro5hin, December 31, 2004.
↑ Danah Boyd Academia and Wikipedia. Many-to-Many (2005-01-04). 11 2007.
↑ Simon Waldman Who knows?. The Guardian (2004-10-26). 11 2007.
↑ Ahrens, Frank Death by Wikipedia: The Kenneth Lay Chronicles. The Washington Post (2006-07-09). 1 2006.
↑ Fernanda B. Viégas, Martin Wattenberg, Kushal Dave (2004). "Studying Cooperation and Conflict between Authors with History Flow Visualizations" (PDF). Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on Human factors in computing systems: p. 575582. ISBN 1-58113-702-8. 2007-01-24.
↑ 1 2 Reid Priedhorsky, Jilin Chen, Shyong (Tony) K. Lam, Katherine Panciera, Loren Terveen, John Riedl (2007-11-04). "Creating, Destroying, and Restoring Value in Wikipedia" (PDF). Association for Computing Machinery GROUP '07 conference proceedings. 2007-10-13.
↑ Jonathan Dee. All the News That's Fit to Print Out, The New York Times Magazine (2007-07-01). 1 2007.
↑ Andrew Lih (2004-04-16). "Wikipedia as Participatory Journalism: Reliable Sources? Metrics for evaluating collaborative media as a news resource" (PDF). 5th International Symposium on Online Journalism. 2007-10-13.
↑ Time's Person of the Year: You, Time (2006-12-13).
↑ Richard M. Stallman The Free Encyclopedia Project. Free Software Foundation (2007-06-20). 4 2008.
↑ Jonathan Sidener. Everyone's Encyclopedia, The San Diego Union Tribune (2004-12-06). 15 2006.
↑ Meyers, Peter. Fact-Driven? Collegial? This Site Wants You, New York Times, The New York Times Company (2001-09-20). 22 2007. 'I can start an article that will consist of one paragraph, and then a real expert will come along and add three paragraphs and clean up my one paragraph,' said Larry Sanger of Las Vegas, who founded Wikipedia with Mr. Wales.
↑ 1 2 3 Sanger, Larry. The Early History of Nupedia and Wikipedia: A Memoir, Slashdot (April 18, 2005). 26 2008.
↑ Sanger, Larry. Wikipedia Is Up!, Internet Archive (January 17, 2001). 26 2008.
↑ Wikipedia-l: LinkBacks?. 20 2007.
↑ Sanger, Larry. Let's Make a Wiki, Internet Archive (2001-01-10). 26 2008.
↑ Wikipedia: HomePage. 31 2001. 31 2001.
↑ 1 2 Wikipedia:Neutral point of view, Wikipedia (January 21, 2007)
↑ statistics Multilingual statistics. Wikipedia (March 30, 2005). 26 2008.
↑ Encyclopedias and Dictionaries. Encyclopædia Britannica, 15th ed. 18. (2007). Encyclopædia Britannica. 257286.
↑ [long] Enciclopedia Libre: msg#00008. Osdir. 26 2008.
↑ Here Comes Everybody: The Power of Organizing Without Organizations. The Penguin Press via Amazon Online Reader. ISBN 1-594201-53-6
↑ Jimmy Wales: Announcing Wikimedia Foundation, June 20, 2003, <wikipedia-l@wikipedia.org>
↑ Nair, Vipin. Growing on volunteer power, Business Line (December 5, 2005). 26 2008.
↑ : . . 25 2009., : Wikipedia:General disclaimer. English Wikipedia. 22 2008.
↑ Schliebs, Mark. Wikipedia users divided over sexual material, news.com.au (2008-09-09).
↑ . . 25 2009.
↑ Sophie Taylor China allows access to English Wikipedia. Reuters (2008-04-05). 29 2008.
↑ :. , . 25 2009.
↑ Wikipedia:No original research. Wikipedia does not publish original thought 13 2008.
↑ Wikipedia:Verifiability. Material challenged or likely to be challenged, and all quotations, must be attributed to a reliable, published source. 13 2008.
↑ Eric Haas Will Unethical Editing Destroy Wikipedia's Credibility?. AlterNet.org (2007-10-26).
↑ Who's behind Wikipedia?. PC World (2008-02-06). 7 2008.
↑ The battle for Wikipedia's soul, The Economist (2008-03-06). 7 2008.
↑ Wikipedia: an online encyclopedia torn apart, Daily Telegraph (2007-11-10). 11 2008.
↑ , , , , , .
↑ Fernanda B. Viégas, Martin Wattenberg, Jesse Kriss, Frank van Ham (2007-01-03). "Talk Before You Type: Coordination in Wikipedia" (PDF). 2008-06-27.
↑ Roy Rosenzweig Can History be Open Source? Wikipedia and the Future of the Past. The Journal of American History Volume 93, Number 1 (June, 2006): 117-46. 29 2007.
↑ Diomidis Spinellis and Panagiotis Louridas (2008): The collaborative organization of knowledge. In Communications of the ACM, August 2008, Vol 51, No 8, Pages 68 73. DOI:10.1145/1378704.1378720. Quote: Most new articles are created shortly after a corresponding reference to them is entered into the system. See also: Inflationary hypothesis of Wikipedia growth
↑ Seigenthaler, John. A False Wikipedia 'biography', USA Today (2005-11-29).
↑ Corner, Stuart. What's all the fuss about Wikipedia?, iT Wire (June 18, 2006). 25 2007.
↑ Wilson, Chris. The Wisdom of the Chaperones, Slate (2008-02-22). 4 2008.
↑ Arthur, Charles. Log on and join in, but beware the web cults, The Guardian (2005-12-15).
↑ Lu Stout, Kristie. Wikipedia: The know-it-all Web site, CNN (2003-08-04).
↑ "Wikinfo Critical views of Wikipedia (2005-03-30). 29 2007.
↑ Mehegan, David. Many contributors, common cause, The Boston Globe (February 13, 2006). 25 2007.
↑ Kittur, Aniket Power of the Few vs. Wisdom of the Crowd: Wikipedia and the Rise of the Bourgeoisie (PDF). 23 2008.
↑ Swartz, Aaron Raw Thought: Who Writes Wikipedia? (2006-09-04). 23 2008.
↑ Wikipedia "Good Samaritans Are on the Money, Scientific American (2007-10-19).
↑ Hafner, Katie. Seeing Corporate Fingerprints From the Editing of Wikipedia, New York Times (2007-08-19).
↑ Andrea Ciffolilli, Phantom authority, self-selective recruitment and retention of members in virtual communities: The case of Wikipedia, First Monday December 2003.
↑ Jonathan Zittrain The Future of the Internet and How to Stop It Chapter 6: The Lessons of Wikipedia. Yale University Press, 2008. ISBN 978-0300124873
↑ Mark Bergman Wikimedia Architecture (PDF). Wikimedia Foundation Inc.. 27 2008.
↑ Todd R. Weiss. Wikipedia simplifies IT infrastructure by moving to one Linux vendor, Computerworld.com (October 9, 2008 (Computerworld)). 1 2008.
↑ Wikipedia adopts Ubuntu for its server infrastructure. Arstechnica.com. 1 2008.
↑ Wikimedia servers at wikimedia.org. 16 2008.
↑ Monthly request statistics, Wikimedia. Retrieved on 2008-10-31.
↑ Domas Mituzas Wikipedia: Site internals, configuration, code examples and management issues (PDF). MySQL Users Conference 2007. 27 2008.
↑ Edits by project and country of origin (2006-09-04). 25 2007.
↑ Wikipedia:Copyrights. English Wikipedia. 22 2008.
↑ Wikipedia cleared in French defamation case, Reuters (2007-11-02). 2 2007.
↑ Anderson, Nate Dumb idea: suing Wikipedia for calling you "dumb". Ars Technica (2008-05-02). 4 2008.
↑ Walter Vermeir Resolution:License update. Wikizine (2007). 4 2007.
↑ Licensing update/Questions and Answers
↑ Foundation-l, GFDL 1.3 Release
↑
http://www.alexa.com/siteinfo/ru.wikipedia.org
↑ spelling. Manual of Style. Wikipedia. 19 2007.
↑ Countering systemic bias. 19 2007.
↑ Fair use. Meta wiki. 14 2007.
↑ Images on Wikipedia. 14 2007.
↑ Fernanda B. Viégas (2007-01-03). "The Visual Side of Wikipedia" (PDF). 2007-10-30.
↑ Jimmy Wales, Wikipedia is an encyclopedia, March 8, 2005, <wikipedia-l@wikimedia.org>
↑ Wikipedia: Translation. English Wikipedia. 3 2007.
↑ List of Mirrors Hosting the CD Iso. Wikipedia on DVD. Linterweb. Accessed June 1, 2007
↑ Wikipedia on DVD. Linterweb. Accessed June 1, 2007. Linterweb is authorized to make a commercial use of the Wikipedia trademark restricted to the selling of the Encyclopedia CDs and DVDs.
↑ Wikipedia 0.5 Available on a CD-ROM. Wikipedia on DVD. Linterweb. Accessed June 1, 2007. The DVD or CD-ROM version 0.5 was commercially available for purchase.
↑ Polish Wikipedia on DVD. 26 2008.
↑ Wikipedia:DVD. 26 2008.
↑ Die freie Enzyklopädie(.)
↑ Wikipedia wird noch nicht gedruckt(.)
↑ DVD (.) ( ) -
↑ DVD helion.pl
↑ Rob Matthews Wikipedia. 5000 pages, fully printed (.). 6 2009.
↑ Wikipedia:Modelling Wikipedia's growth. 22 2007.
↑ 694 Million People Currently Use the Internet Worldwide According To comScore Networks. comScore. Wikipedia has emerged as a site that continues to increase in popularity, both globally and in the U.S. 16 2007.
↑ comScore Data Center (October 2007). 19 2008.
↑ Petrilli, Michael J. "Wikipedia or Wickedpedia?". Hoover Institution 8 (2). 2008-03-21.
↑ Google Traffic To Wikipedia up 166% Year over Year. Hitwise (2007-02-16). 22 2007.
↑ Wikipedia and Academic Research. Hitwise (2006-10-17). 6 2008.
↑ Rainie, Lee Wikipedia users (PDF). Pew Internet & American Life Project. Pew Research Center (2007-12-15). 36% of online American adults consult Wikipedia. It is particularly popular with the well-educated and current college-age students. 15 2007.
↑ Karbasfrooshan, Ashkan What is Wikipedia.org's Valuation? (2006-10-26). 1 2007.
↑ in the media Wikipedia:Wikipedia in the media. Wikipedia. 26 2008.
↑ Bourgeois et al v. Peters et al. (PDF). 6 2007.
↑ C-38, LEGISINFO (March 28, 2005)
↑ Arias, Martha L. (2007-01-29). "Wikipedia: The Free Online Encyclopedia and its Use as Court Source". Internet Business Law Services. 2008-12-26. (the name World Intellectual Property Office should however read World Intellectual Property Organization in this source)
↑ Cohen, Noam. Courts Turn to Wikipedia, but Selectively (2007-01-29). 26 2008.
↑ Aftergood, Steven The Wikipedia Factor in U.S. Intelligence. Federation of American Scientists Project on Government Secrecy (2007-03-21). 14 2007.
↑ Shaw, Donna. Wikipedia in the Newsroom, American Journalism Review (February/March 2008). 11 2008.
↑ Shizuoka newspaper plagiarized Wikipedia article, Japan News Review, July 5, 2007
↑ Express-News staffer resigns after plagiarism in column is discovered, San Antonio Express-News, January 9, 2007.
↑ Inquiry prompts reporters dismissal, Honolulu Star-Bulletin, January 13, 2007.
↑ Radio 4 Documentary. 26 2008.
↑ Stephen Colbert. Wikiality (.), Comedycentral.com (2006-07-30). 26 2008.
↑ Wikipedia Celebrates 750 Years Of American Independence. The Onion (2006). 15 2006.
↑ Comunicato stampa. On. Franco Grillini. Wikipedia. Interrogazione a Rutelli. Con diritto di panorama promuovere arte e architettura contemporanea italiana. Rivedere con urgenza legge copyright (October 12, 2007). 26 2008.
↑ Jose Antonio Vargas. On Wikipedia, Debating 2008 Hopefuls' Every Facet, The Washington Post (2007-09-17). 26 2008.
↑ Jennifer Ablan. Wikipedia page the latest status symbol, Reuters (2007-10-22). 24 2007.
↑ Trophy Box, Meta-Wiki (March 28, 2005).
↑ Webby Awards 2004. The International Academy of Digital Arts and Sciences (2004). 19 2007.
↑ Zumpano, Anthony. Similar Search Results: Google Wins, Interbrand (2007-01-29). 28 2007.
↑ Die Quadriga Award 2008. 26 2008.
↑ : , , (). 30- , 5 1978 () portal-credo.ru 5 2008 .
↑ 1917 NEWSru 14 2008 # (17211917)
[]
.
- List of Wikipedias
-
User-generated content
:
Wikipedia Watch
Wikitruth
Wikipedia Review
:
PediaPress