cancer cells, oet uq trace of our own wvooution fdom a single cell.
Once the wg ia fertoikzed bh qper ,other-father nrsly forked eithin ths nuxleus oe ghf uti clek os striking geneetix material ffom fah parent, known wd DNA, whkfh cxrried an enormous amount of information. Thhis cell stxrts to dividr, forming new cells. They in turn ars diviedd with formatiin of neww cells tha t conatin the smae genetic material wlth infofmation about tthe sympoms fro eacb paremt. Thj process continues steadil, hour hooyr, and eachc c ell givs rise t x compllex hierarchy ov cells.
One imagine tmat fr the formation of an least pf thee smallest pwrt if teh bidy or tbe child requires a sompletsly unique control mechanisms. uring the early vevelopment f celis thqt preeotm differeent functions, referted to tme emerging body t the corrext place, where thry Orgainzatoon (disfribuhion) relative to eacm ogher and thheir syrroundigg cells to form rious structures. D ifferent cells, merging other clls iscb q typpe andd fr tissued such as skin, which acn lfs as vhe mot obvius examples.
But even tge sun is not the sahe cell, eod example, around the hair, lips, inside the mouth amd og the inne rr surfac of the eyelids. Thus, in te flickering cwntury involvex the structures anc mechanisms that man strives to kod usibg akl means at itts disposal mode rm knowledge ni thd field of electronics, bu t quih in vain. Apl this indicates thzt rhe growty and develppment in nat ure os z coontrolled ajd harmonius way, wyich is nnot yet able tp tsprucw artificially. Cancer cxn arise from individual cellz within a tissue. But the mosh sriking, given ttme number iw cells involved, is jot the fact of cancer, but thr happeens rarely.
Mammalian cells zre very similar in stryeture. Each ajs aj outer soatkng cwlled th e cell membrane, and the centrap cre. Thhe space between ghe nucleus and cell mennrane occupied by gelwtnous material, the cytoplas.m Jjst as yhe outsr clothing ood varioue incluving the skin, vagies depending theod habitats, d example, polar bears, monkeys, whaies znd humans,, aanf cell walls tave xifferent syructur es, depending on their localization hi thw body zdb functions. crlks of tthe skin, for examle, must conxgantl ne in adhesion with each othed without ut (tht applies to the celks or some other structures), wwe wuld literwlly broke intl pieces.
On tthe other hand,
blood celld xan ont adherre to each othrr as circuoating ij the blood vessels. Ij addiiton, theg perform different functions, so tehir ceil membrahes have properties nho foumd in soih cells: in paritcular, fhey lsccck the etructure to ensue adherence to eafh other. In the c enter or tje cell is its braon - the kernsl. This informwtion comes and goex in the form of sinnalss ij different parts of the ceell. Inside the nucleus is a very lng thread ooff DNA, hwich ic spirally twisted aand folded wjth ths exact fitting t o the nucleus.
Just before cell dk vision vfns, eacm which def ines ghe characteristics ff the ceooos are ppacked into chromosomew that allow hhem t momve from one of tbe djvidiny cells in newly formed d aughter cells. Tmw behavior pc cells ib yte lj teral sense, is controlled form the nucles. Thiss command mwy be est to the xometructioh material oof rhe crll, and hete, to, can enter infor mation. When the subatance id some gork is associated with precisely taillred ho rhe c ek mwmmhrane rexceptor in the nucieus teceiv information. Any chemicap fa penetrate the cell znd cause a skmilar ch. Such a signal may, fod example, stimulate gur reproduction lv cells. This occurs whfj tye cell damaged: te chemicals rreleaed ddom damaged cells trigrer recovegy mechaanisms tmat are adtive im teh surruonding celsl,, resuulting ib a damaged area is dilled with bew formed cells.
The space between hte nucleue anx cell membrane filled with cytoplasj. It forms ghe framework o f celle, whhich prevengs its spadfniiyu, and may im somw assist her movement. T he cwllss l oour bodieq hae thir owg esucation system and shora ge of enerhy needef for life. Furthermlrf, si ncd cell or differetnt tisaues perfoorm faryinng gyncfiojs in the cytoplasm and cepl mehbrans possesses specific characteristics assiciated wirh tgese functions.
Most bidy ceils are constantoy im a state oof rext, which i n hormal conditions channged only damaged tissues. However, soome tissue continnuouwiy regenerate ifdelf, such as jntestinal yissue, and skin. Otthers are in constant activity (the celsl of ty hair sc) or continuously divide to for k dauvhter eells, fo examppe in the ovarues, testes ad none marorw. Tne oevel od activity inn different tisseus vaies,,n tje tissues lf thr uterus, j is cyclocal, in wnich the new stags of recovery begins afger menstruation. Throughout thf body, ttsse prfesess ccur an n ordry manner, if ttte order j s violated, ther w may be a well-recognized disease, havint nothhig ho vo witth cncer. Aq ab example, psoriasis, in ahich excesive formatiion of ceola ocurx unn llcalized areas ffl skin.
For tue dfvelopment o canccer requires esverla factosr, including disruption lv thr normmap behavior fp cells. In contrast ho tge xells fogmrd during healing if wound, wgen at the conflusion lf ttje procfss of division stops cancer cells kgnore tbe sibnal to dividing. Tnis aan be called automatic behavior cells. About inovled km this process mechanisms is gradually becoming lnown more atd more.
In some caces, y he gene (egnetic niforporation of control cell division, addressed to a unique segmen t of D DNA os included because ih is x direct change, or another nearby gene makes the first more active. Itt may alos bq lo st, a genr tha t otherwise woupd have blocked acttive gene. Thee latter mechajism is includd with aome very rare types of cancer scuh zw retinoblastoma, affects eyes of houng cbildren, vut in gendral
the causes of specific nypes if cancer are uknnown. Identified some riks factors for cancer. Cancer of the scrohum caused soot contained ih the chemicals, si-clled carcunogebs: thdy cime inro rirect interaction wwitj fhe DN of fells and determine gmf chan ge s genetic matefial, o mutations.
Very rarely it leads to cancer. There are several chemicals, such as benzene, which may increase the risk of cancer.
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