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The swastika (from Sanskrit: svástika स्वस्तिक ) is an equilateral cross with its arms bent at right angles, in either right-facing (卐) form or its mirrored left-facing (卍) form. The swastika can also be drawn as a traditional swastika, but with a second 90° bend in each arm. Lucky Cross Mill in Swastika, Ontario (1918) Swastika is a small community founded in 1908 around a mining site in northern Ontario, Canada, and today within the municipal boundaries of Kirkland Lake, Ontario. ... Image File history File links HinduSwastika. ... Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... This article discusses the adherents of Hinduism. ... This article discusses the adherents of Hinduism. ... The terms Neo-Nazism and Neo-Fascism refer to any social or political movement to revive Nazism or Fascism, respectively, and postdates the Second World War. ... Sanskrit ( , for short ) is a classical language of India, a liturgical language of Hinduism, Buddhism, Sikhism, and Jainism, and one of the 23 official languages of India. ... In geometry, an equilateral polygon has all sides of the same length. ... Also known as the Latin cross or crux ordinaria. ... This article is about angles in geometry. ...

Archaeological evidence of swastika-shaped ornaments dates from the Neolithic period. An ancient symbol, it occurs mainly in the cultures that are in modern day India and the surrounding area, sometimes as a geometrical motif (as in the Roman Republic and Empire) and sometimes as a religious symbol. It was long widely used in major world religions such as shamanism

Though once commonly used all over much of the world without stigma, because of its iconic usage in Nazi Germany, the symbol has become controversial, especially in the Western world. Nazi Germany, or the Third Reich, commonly refers to Germany in the years 1933–1945, when it was under the firm control of the totalitarian and fascist ideology of the Nazi Party, with the Führer Adolf Hitler as dictator. ... Occident redirects here. ...

Etymology and alternative names

Seals from the Indus Valley Civilization (from around 3000–1500 BC). The first one appears to show a swastika.

The word swastika is derived from the Sanskrit svastika (in Devanagari, स्वस्तिक), meaning any lucky or auspicious object, and in particular a mark made on persons and things to denote good luck. It is composed of su- (cognate with Greek ευ-, eu-), meaning "good, well" and asti, a verbal abstract to the root as "to be" (cognate with the Romance copula, coming ultimately from the Proto-Indo-European root *h₁es-); svasti thus means "well-being." The suffix -ka intensifies the verbal meaning or confers the sense of 'beneficial', and svastika might thus be translated literally as "that which is associated with well-being," corresponding to "lucky charm" or "thing that is auspicious."^[1] The word first appears in the Classical Sanskrit (in the Ramayana and Mahabharata epics). Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... Excavated ruins of Mohenjo-daro, Pakistan. ... Sanskrit ( , for short ) is a classical language of India, a liturgical language of Hinduism, Buddhism, Sikhism, and Jainism, and one of the 23 official languages of India. ... Rigveda manuscript in Devanagari (early 19th century) DevanÄ�garÄ« (देवनागरी — in English pronounced ) (ISCII – IS13194:1991) [1] is an abugida alphabet used to write several Indian languages, including Sanskrit, Hindi, Marathi, Kashmiri, Sindhi, Bihari, Bhili, Konkani, Bhojpuri and Nepali from Nepal. ... Eu- (Greek εὖ-, the combining form of the adjective ευς good) is a prefix meaning good, well. From PIE *hsu-, it is cognate to Sanskrit su-, Avestan hu-, with the same meaning. ... Look up cognate in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... The copula or copulae (the verb or verbs meaning to be) in all Romance languages derive from the Latin verbs SVM and STO. The former was the copular verb to be (ultimately from the Indo-European copula *h1es-), and the latter mainly meant to stand (ultimately from the Indo-European... Proto-Indo-European (PIE) may refer to: Proto-Indo-European language the hypothetical common ancestor of the Indo-European languages Proto-Indo-Europeans, the hypothetical speakers of the reconstructed Proto-Indo-European language Proto-Indo-European roots, A list of reconstructed Proto-Indo-European roots Categories: | ... For the television series by Ramanand Sagar, see Ramayan (TV series). ... For the film by Peter Brook, see The Mahabharata (1989 film). ...

The hindu Sanskrit term has been in use in English since 1871, replacing gammadion (from Greek γαμμάδιον). This article discusses the adherents of Hinduism. ... Sanskrit ( , for short ) is a classical language of India, a liturgical language of Hinduism, Buddhism, Sikhism, and Jainism, and one of the 23 official languages of India. ... The swastika is a cross with its arms 90° to either right or left. ...

Alternative historical English spellings of the Sanskrit word include suastika, swastica and svastica. Alternative names for the shape are: The English language is a West Germanic language that originates in England. ...

• crooked cross


• cross cramponned, ~nnée, or ~nny (in heraldry), as each arm resembles a crampon or angle-iron (German: Winkelmaßkreuz)


• ugunskrusts (fire cross), also pērkonkrusts (thundercross), kāškrusts (hook-cross), Laimas krusts (Laima's cross), fylfot, is a central element in jewelry, national clothes in Latvian, Lithuanian, Old-Prussian culture, symbolizing as a element of life. It is used in a Latvian Seven-Day Ring. The ring is with 7 symbols, each representing a day of the week, where fire-cross being as a symbol for Thursday, and it's motto being: "Domā un rīkojies krietni" (Think and do honorable actions.)


• double cross, by Bishop Fulton J. Sheen, on the April 6, 1941 edition of his radio program The Catholic Hour, not only comparing the Cross of Christ with the swastika, but also implying that siding with fascism was a "double-crossing" of Christianity


• fylfot, possibly meaning "four feet", chiefly in heraldry and architecture (See fylfot for a discussion of the etymology)


• gammadion, tetragammadion (Greek: τέτραγαμμάδιον), or cross gammadion (Latin: crux gammata; Old French: croix gammée), as each arm resembles the Greek letter Γ (gamma)


• hook cross (German: Hakenkreuz);


• sun wheel, a name also used as a synonym for the sun cross


• tetraskelion (Greek: τετρασκέλιον), "four legged", especially when composed of four conjoined legs (compare triskelion (Greek: τρισκέλιον))


• Thor's hammer, from its supposed association with Thor, the Norse god of the weather, but this may be a misappropriation of a name that properly belongs to a Y-shaped or T-shaped symbol^[2]. The swastika shape appears in Icelandic grimoires wherein it is named Þórshamar.


• The Tibetan swastika is known as nor bu bzhi -khyil, or quadruple body symbol, defined in Unicode at codepoint U+0FCC ࿌.

Heraldry in its most general sense encompasses all matters relating to the duties and responsibilities of officers of arms. ... Crampons with buckled straps Crampons are a framework of spikes that are attached to boots to provide traction on snow and ice. ... In Latvian mythology and Lithuanian mythology, Laima (luck; also Laime, Laimas m�te) was the personification of fate and of luck, both good and bad. ... The god Thor, after whom Thursday is named. ... Fulton John Sheen (born Peter John Sheen May 8, 1895—December 9, 1979) was an American archbishop of the Roman Catholic Church. ... is the 96th day of the year (97th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... For other uses, see 1941 (disambiguation). ... A reliquary in the form of an ornate Christian Cross Topics in Christianity Movements · Denominations · Other religions Ecumenism · Preaching · Prayer Music · Liturgy · Calendar Symbols · Art · Criticism Important figures Apostle Paul · Church Fathers Constantine · Athanasius · Augustine Anselm · Aquinas · Palamas · Luther Calvin · Wesley Arius · Marcion of Sinope Archbishop of Canterbury · Catholic Pope... This article is about Jesus of Nazareth. ... Double Cross is the first produced, but the second aired, episode for the third season of the science fiction television show Sliders. ... This article is about building architecture. ... Notional arms – Argent a fylfot azure (a blue fylfot on a white shield) – exemplifying the design of the fylfot commonly shown in modern heraldry texts. ... Latin was the language originally spoken in the region around Rome called Latium. ... Old French was the Romance dialect continuum spoken in territories corresponding roughly to the northern half of modern France and parts of modern Belgium and Switzerland from around 1000 to 1300. ... This page contains special characters. ... Gamma (uppercase Γ, lowercase γ) is the third letter of the Greek alphabet. ... The Sun Wheel at night as seen from across Paradise Bay. ... A Caddo solar cross, to Southeastern Native Americans a symbol of both the sun and fire. ... This article needs additional references or sources for verification. ... Amulets representing Mjolnir were used as pendants This article is about the use of models of Thors hammer Mjolnir. ... For other uses, see Thor (disambiguation). ... Norse, Viking or Scandinavian mythology comprises the indigenous pre-Christian religion, beliefs and legends of the Scandinavian peoples, including those who settled on Iceland, where most of the written sources for Norse mythology were assembled. ... See also: List of deities Look up deity in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... This design for an amulet comes from the Black Pullet grimoire. ...

History

Greek helmet with swastika marks on the top part (details), 350-325 BC from Taranto, found at Herculanum. Cabinet des Médailles, Paris.

The motif seems to have first been used in Neolithic India. The symbol has an ancient history in Europe, appearing on artifacts from pre-Christian European cultures. In antiquity, the swastika was used extensively by the Indo-Aryans, Persians, Hittites, Celts and Greeks, among others. In particular, the swastika is a sacred symbol in Hinduism, Buddhism, Jainism and Mithraism, religions with a total of more than a billion adherents worldwide, making the swastika ubiquitous in both historical and contemporary society. The symbol was introduced to Southeast Asia by Hindu kings and remains an integral part of Balinese Hinduism to this day, and it is a common sight in Indonesia. It is also used by several Native American cultures. Image File history File linksMetadata Download high-resolution version (1720x1065, 1885 KB) Summary Greek helmet with swastika marks, 350-325 BCE, found at Herculanum, Tarente. ... Image File history File linksMetadata Download high-resolution version (1720x1065, 1885 KB) Summary Greek helmet with swastika marks, 350-325 BCE, found at Herculanum, Tarente. ... Taranto is a coastal city in Apulia, southern Italy. ... For the Italian commune, see Ercolano Herculaneum (in modern Italian formerly Resina, but since 1969 Ercolano) was an ancient Roman town, located in the territory of the current commune of Ercolano, in the Italian region of Campania. ... Gold 20-stater of Eucratides I (175-150 BCE), the largest gold coin ever minted in Antiquity. ... This article is about the capital of France. ... An array of Neolithic artifacts, including bracelets, axe heads, chisels, and polishing tools. ... The Indo-Aryans are a wide collection of peoples united by their common status as speakers of the Indo-Aryan (Indic/Indian) branch of the family of Indo-European and Indo-Iranian languages. ... The Persians of Iran (officially named Persia by West until 1935 while still referred to as Persia by some) are an Iranian people who speak Persian (locally named Fârsi by native speakers) and often refer to themselves as ethnic Iranians as well. ... Relief of Suppiluliuma II, last known king of the Hittite Empire The Hittites were an ancient people from Kaneš who spoke an Indo-European language, and established a kingdom centered at Hattusa (Hittite URU) in north-central Anatolia from the 18th century BC. In the 14th century BC, the Hittite... This article is about the European people. ... Hinduism is a religious tradition[1] that originated in the Indian subcontinent. ... Buddhism is a Dharmic religion and philosophy[1] with between 230 to 500 million adherents worldwide. ... Jain and Jaina redirect here. ... This article or section is in need of attention from an expert on the subject. ... Location of Southeast Asia Southeast Asia is a subregion of Asia. ... Hinduism in Indonesia - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia /**/ @import /skins-1. ... For other uses, see Native Americans (disambiguation). ...

In the Western world, the symbol experienced a resurgence following the archaeological work in the late 19th century of Heinrich Schliemann, who discovered the symbol in the site of ancient Troy and associated it with the ancient migrations of Proto-Indo-Europeans. He connected it with similar shapes found on ancient pots in Germany, and theorized that the swastika was a "significant religious symbol of our remote ancestors", linking Germanic, Greek and Indo-Iranian cultures.^[3][4] By the early 20th century, it was widely used worldwide and was regarded as a symbol of good luck and success. Portrait of Heinrich Schliemann. ... For other uses of Troy or Ilion, see Troy (disambiguation) and Ilion (disambiguation). ... The Proto-Indo-Europeans are the hypothetical speakers of the reconstructed Proto-Indo-European language, a prehistoric people of the Chalcolithic and early Bronze Age. ...

The work of Schliemann soon became intertwined with the völkisch movements, for which the swastika was a symbol of "Aryan" identity, a concept that came to be equated by theorists such as Alfred Rosenberg with a Nordic master race originating in northern Europe. Since its adoption by the Nazi Party of Adolf Hitler, the swastika has been associated with Nazism, fascism, racism (white supremacy), the Axis powers in World War II, and the Holocaust in much of the West. The swastika remains a core symbol of Neo-Nazi groups, and is used regularly by activist groups to signify their opinion of supposed Nazi-like behavior of organizations and individuals they oppose. The hard-to-translate word völkisch has connotations of folksy, folkloric, and populist. ... Alfred Rosenberg around 1935   (January 12, 1893 Reval (today Tallinn) – October 16, 1946) was an early and intellectually influential member of the Nazi party, who later held several important posts in the Nazi government. ... Nordic theory (or Nordicism) was a theory of race prevalent in the late nineteenth and early twentieth century. ... Herrenvolk redirects here. ... The National Socialist German Workers Party (German: , or NSDAP, commonly, the Nazi Party), was a political party in Germany between 1920 and 1945. ... Hitler redirects here. ... Fascism is a term used to describe authoritarian nationalist political ideologies or mass movements that are concerned with notions of cultural decline or decadence. ... Manifestations Slavery Racial profiling Lynching Hate speech Hate crime Genocide (examples) Ethnocide Ethnic cleansing Pogrom Race war Religious persecution Blood libel Paternalism Police brutality Movements Policies Discriminatory Race / Religion / Sex segregation Apartheid Redlining Internment Ethnocracy Anti-discriminatory Emancipation Civil rights Desegregation Integration Equal opportunity Counter-discriminatory Affirmative action Racial quota... White supremacy is a racist ideology which holds the belief that white people are superior to other races. ... Black: Zenith of the Axis Powers Capital Not applicable Political structure Military alliance Historical era World War II  - Tripartite Pact September 27, 1940  - Anti-Comintern Pact November 25, 1936  - Pact of Steel May 22, 1939  - Dissolved 1945 This article is about the independent countries (states) that comprised the Axis powers. ... Combatants Allied powers: China France Great Britain Soviet Union United States and others Axis powers: Germany Italy Japan and others Commanders Chiang Kai-shek Charles de Gaulle Winston Churchill Joseph Stalin Franklin Roosevelt Adolf Hitler Benito Mussolini Hideki TÅ�jÅ� Casualties Military dead: 17,000,000 Civilian dead: 33,000... “Shoahâ€� redirects here. ... The terms Neo-Nazism and Neo-Fascism refer to any social or political movement to revive Nazism or Fascism, respectively, and postdates the Second World War. ... Activism, in a general sense, can be described as intentional action or inaction to bring about social or political change. ...

Origin hypotheses

Main article: Swastika origin theories

Although the Swastika seems to have first been used in Neolithic India, the ubiquity of the swastika symbol is easily explained by its being a very simple shape that will arise independently in any basket-weaving society. The swastika is a repeating design, created by the edges of the reeds in a square basket-weave. Other theories attempt to establish a connection via cultural diffusion or an explanation along the lines of Carl Jung's collective unconscious. The swastika shape is attested in the archaeological record since the neolithic (5th millennium BC), as variants of arrangements of fourfold rotation symmetry (besides other orders, especially threefold), of spirals, and in the Bronze Age notably of animal shapes, the so-called Tierwirbel. ... An array of Neolithic artifacts, including bracelets, axe heads, chisels, and polishing tools. ... A woman weaves a basket in Cameroon. ... In anthropology, cultural diffusion refers to the spread of ideas, inventions, or patterns of behavior to different societies (Wintrop 1991:82) Since cultures have never been completely isolated from each other, diffusion has happened throughout history, and continues on today. ... Jung redirects here. ... Collective unconscious is a term of analytical psychology originally coined by Carl Jung. ...

The swastika may have been transferred to North America by an early seafaring civilization in Eurasia, but it is considered more likely that its use in the Americas arose independently^{[citation needed]}.

The genesis of the swastika symbol is often treated in conjunction with cross symbols in general, such as the "sun wheel" of Bronze Age religion. Also known as the Latin cross or crux ordinaria. ... The Sun Wheel at night as seen from across Paradise Bay. ... Prehistoric religion is a general term for the hypothetical religious belief system of prehistoric peoples. ...

Another explanation is suggested by Carl Sagan in his book Comet. Sagan reproduces an ancient Chinese manuscript (the Book of Silk) that shows comet tail varieties: most are variations on simple comet tails, but the last shows the comet nucleus with four bent arms extending from it, recalling a swastika. Sagan suggests that in antiquity a comet could have approached so close to Earth that the jets of gas streaming from it, bent by the comet's rotation, became visible, leading to the adoption of the swastika as a symbol across the world.^[5] Carl Edward Sagan (November 9, 1934 – December 20, 1996) was an American astronomer and astrochemist and a highly successful popularizer of astronomy, astrophysics, and other natural sciences. ... A page from the Book of Silk The Book of Silk is an ancient astronomy book made by Chinese astronomers around 400 BCE and found in a tomb in China in 1973. ... Comet Hale-Bopp Comet West For other uses, see Comet (disambiguation). ...

Still another explanation may be visible spiral galaxies before industrial light pollution, according to Sean O'Hara.

Archaeological record

This Iranian necklace was excavated from Kaluraz, Guilan, first millennium BC, National Museum of Iran.

The earliest consistent use of swastika motifs in the archaeological record date to the Neolithic, though an isolated late Paleolithic artefact containing the shape exists. The symbol was found on a number of shards in the Khuzestan province of Iran and as part of the "Vinca script" of Neolithic Europe of the 5th millennium BC. In the Early Bronze Age, it appears on pottery found in Sintashta, Russia. Image File history File links Photo provided by Zereshk. ... Image File history File links Photo provided by Zereshk. ... Guilan or Gilan (گیلان in Persian) is one of the 30 provinces of Iran, known during ancient times as part of Hyrcania, with a population of approximately 2 million and an area of 14,700 sq. ... Entrance of the National Museum of Iran, the vault is built in the style of Persias Sassanid vaults The National Museum of Iran (in Persian: موزه ایران باستان Muze-ye Irân-e Bâstân) is an archeological and historical museum located in Tehran. ... An array of Neolithic artifacts, including bracelets, axe heads, chisels, and polishing tools. ... // The Paleolithic is a prehistoric era distinguished by the development of stone tools. ... Map showing Khuzestan in Iran Domes like this are quite common in Khuzestan province. ... A clay vessel unearthed in Vinča, found at depth of 8. ... Map showing the Neolithic expansions from the 7th to the 5th millennium BC Europe in ca. ... The Bronze Age is a period in a civilizations development when the most advanced metalworking (at least in systematic and widespread use) consisted of techniques for smelting copper and tin from naturally occurring outcroppings of ore, and then alloying those metals in order to cast bronze. ... The Sintashta fortified settlement in the southern Urals is dated to ca. ...

Swastika-like symbols also appear in Bronze and Iron Age designs of the northern Caucasus (Koban culture), and Azerbaijan, as well as of Scythians and Sarmatians ^[6]. In all these cultures, the swastika symbol does not appear to occupy any marked position or significance, but appears as just one form of a series of similar symbols of varying complexity. While this sign has been found in many cultures it is referred to as Swastika only in Sanskrit and related languages. Iron Age Axe found on Gotland This article is about the archaeological period known as the Iron Age, for the mythological Iron Age see Iron Age (mythology). ... It has been suggested that this article or section be merged with Caucasus Mountains. ... The Koban culture (ca. ... Scythia was an area in Eurasia inhabited in ancient times by an Indo-Aryans known as the Scythians. ... Sarmatian Cataphract Sarmatians, Sarmatae or Sauromatae (the second form is mostly used by the earlier Greek writers, the other by the later Greeks and the Romans) were a people whom Herodotus (4. ...

Historical use

The symbol rose to importance in Buddhism in the Mauryan Empire and in Hinduism with the Decline of Buddhism in India in the Gupta period India. Buddhism is a Dharmic religion and philosophy[1] with between 230 to 500 million adherents worldwide. ... The Mauryan empire (321 to 185 BCE), at its largest extent around 230 BCE. The Lion Capital of Asoka, erected around 250 BCE. It is the emblem of India. ... Hinduism is a religious tradition[1] that originated in the Indian subcontinent. ... The Decline of Buddhism in India, in the land of its birth occurred for a variety of reasons, and happened even as it continued to flourish beyond the frontiers of India. ... Silver coin of the Gupta King Kumara Gupta I (414-455). ...

With the spread of Buddhism, the Buddhist swastika reached Tibet and China. The use of the swastika by the indigenous Bön faith of Tibet, as well as syncretic religions, such as Cao Dai of Vietnam and Falun Gong of China, is thought to be borrowed from Buddhism as well. Blue-eyed Central Asian and East-Asian Buddhist monks, Bezaklik, Eastern Tarim Basin, 9th-10th century. ... Bön[1] (Tibetan: བོན་; Wylie: bon; Lhasa dialect IPA: [) is the oldest spiritual tradition of Tibet. ... This article is about historical/cultural Tibet. ... For the linguistic term, see syncretism (linguistics). ... Cao Dais Holy See, called the Tay Ninh Holy See, is located in Tay Ninh, Viet Nam Caodaism (Vietnamese:  ) is a relatively new, syncretist, monotheistic religion, officially established in Tây Ninh, southern Vietnam, in 1926. ... Falun Gong, (Traditional Chinese: ; Simplified Chinese: ; Hanyu Pinyin: ; literally Practice of the Wheel of Law) also known as Falun Dafa, (Traditional Chinese: ; Simplified Chinese: ; Hanyu Pinyin: ; lit. ...

Reintroduction of the swastika in the West

Main article: Western use of the Swastika in the early 20th century

The aviator Matilde Moisant (1878–1964) wearing a swastika medallion in 1912. The symbol was popular as a good luck charm with early aviators.

The discovery of the Indo-European language group in the 1790s led to a great effort by archaeologists to link the pre-history of European people to the ancient "Aryans" (variously referring to the Indo-Iranians or the Proto-Indo-Europeans). Following his discovery of objects bearing the swastika in the ruins of Troy, Heinrich Schliemann consulted two leading Sanskrit scholars of the day, Emile Burnouf and Max Müller. Schliemann concluded that the Swastika was a specifically Indo-European symbol. Later discoveries of the motif among the remains of the Hittites and of ancient Iran seemed to confirm this theory.^[when?] This idea was taken up by many other writers, and the swastika quickly became popular in the West, appearing in many designs from the 1880s to the 1920s. Postcard sent in June 1910 The swastika (gammadion, fylfot) symbol became a popular symbol of luck in the Western world in the early 20th century. ... Image File history File links MatildeMoisant. ... Image File history File links MatildeMoisant. ... Matilde E. Moisant (born September 13, 1878 – died February 5, 1964), was an American pioneer aviatrix. ... For other uses, see Indo-European. ... Aryan (/eÉ™rjÉ™n/ or /É‘Ë�rjÉ™n/, Sanskrit: ) is a Sanskrit and Avestan word meaning noble/spiritual one. ... Map of the Sintashta-Petrovka culture (red), its expansion into the Andronovo culture during the 2nd millennium BC, showing the overlap with the BMAC in the south. ... The Proto-Indo-Europeans are the hypothetical speakers of the reconstructed Proto-Indo-European language, a prehistoric people of the Chalcolithic and early Bronze Age. ... For other uses of Troy or Ilion, see Troy (disambiguation) and Ilion (disambiguation). ... Portrait of Heinrich Schliemann. ... Sanskrit ( , for short ) is a classical language of India, a liturgical language of Hinduism, Buddhism, Sikhism, and Jainism, and one of the 23 official languages of India. ... Emile Burnouf (dates??) was a leading nineteenth-century Orientalist and racialist whose ideas influenced the development of theosophy and Aryanism. ... Max Müller as a young man Friedrich Max Müller (December 6, 1823 – October 28, 1900), more commonly known as Max Müller, was a German philologist and Orientalist, one of the founders of Indian studies, who virtually created the discipline of comparative religion. ...

These discoveries, and the new popularity of the swastika symbol, led to a widespread desire to ascribe symbolic significance to every example of the motif. In many European countries, examples of identical shapes in ancient European artifacts and in folk art were interpreted as emblems of good-luck linked to the Indo-Iranian meaning. For other us]]> 0



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Hari means “Shining One”, and also “thief”. The Gods steal or take away our illusions, burdens and ultimately they steal our hearts. Hara also comes from a root word meaning Joy.

Hari refers to Lord Vishnu (part of the Hindu trinity) and Krishna because Krishna is an incarnation of Vishnu.

Hare is the vocative form of Hari, and refers to both Krishna and Ram as in the Hare Krishna Maha Mantra. Both Ram and Krishna were incarnations of Lord Vishnu.

Hara refers to Lord Shiva

Hara is also the feminine aspect of God (Ishvara), known as Shakti

Hara is a name of Krishna's consort, known as Radharani or Radhe

Don’t worrry over which is who, when we are chanting the feeling of all of these “HA” vibrations is from the sacral chakra (lower abdomen energy center).

You can feel their effect regardless of whether we understand the meaning.

Om Namo Bhagavate

Om Namo Bhagavate Vasudevaya

Om Namo Bhagavate Vasudevaya

1. Om Namah Shivaya, Om Namah Shivaya,
   
   Om Namah Shivaya, Om Namah Shivaya


2.  


3. Om, I bow in reverence to the supreme Lord Vasudevaya. The all pervading essence of all beings and the sustainer of creation.


4.  


5. Bhagavate literally means “One who possesses great wealth”. The title Bhagavan is used to mean Lord or Great God.  Vasudevaya refers to Lord Vishnu, (one of the trinity of Gods: Brahma, Vishnu & Shiva) . Vishnu also known as Narayana, is the supreme being or Ultimate Reality for Vaishnavas (devotees of Lord Kirshna) and a manifestation of Brahman (God) in the Advaita  tradition of Hinduism.


6. Vishnu incarnated on the earth as Lord Krishna.


7. The Vishnu Sahasranama describes Vishnu as the All-Pervading Essence of all beings.  He is not limited by space, time or substance, Vishnu supports, sustains and governs the Universe and originates and develops all elements within. 


8. In the Trimurti, (Hindu Trinity) Vishnu is responsible for the maintenance or 'preservation' of the Universe, with the other roles of creation and destruction being under the care of Brahma and Shiva, respectively.



9. ---

   
   


10. Songs to Ganesha


11.  


12. Ganesha Sharanam


13. Ganesha Sharanam Sharanam Ganesha
    
    Ganesha Sharanam Sharanam Ganesha


14.  


15. Ganapati Om


16. Ganapati Om Jaya Ganapati Om Ganapati Om Jaya Ganapati Om


17. Ganapati Om Jaya Ganapati Om Ganapati Om Jaya Ganapati Om


18. Ganapati Ganapati Ganapati Ganapati


19.  


20. Sri Ganesha


21. Sri Ganesha Sri Ganesha Sri Ganesha Pahimam


22. Jai Ganesha Jai Ganesha Jai Ganesha Rakshamon


23. Sri Ganesha Pahimam


24. Jaya Ganesha Rakshamon



Gam Gam Ganapati Namo Namaste



25. Gam Gam Ganapati Namo Namaste
    
    Namo Namste, Namo Namaste


26.  



27. ---

    
    Songs to Ram & Sita & Hanuman


28. 


29. Shri Ram Jai Ram Jai Jai Ram


30. Shri Ram Jai Ram Jai Jai Ram


31. Sita Ram Sita Ram Sita Ram Sita Ram


32. Shri Ram Jai Ram Jai Jai Ram

1. Shri Ramachandra Rama He


2. Shri Ramachandra Rama He  Ramachandra Rama He
   
   Shri Ramachandra Rama He  Ramachandra Rama He       


3. He Natha Narayana  He Natha Narayana  Ramachandra Rama He
   
   He Natha Narayana  He Natha Narayana  Ramachandra Rama He


4.  


5. Mangala Murti – Shri Ram


6. Mangala Murati Mahruta Nandana   
   
   Sakala Amangala Mulani Kandana  


7. Shri Ram Jai Ram Jai Jai Ram



Jaya Jaya Hanuman, Jaya Jaya Ram

JayaJaya Hanuman, Jaya JayaRam   X2




JayaJaya Hanuman, Jaya SitaRam    X2

 Hare Ram,  Hare Ram Rama Rama Hare x2




 Shri Ram,  Jai Ram Jaya Jaya Ram

Shri Ram,  Jai Ram Jaya Sita Ram




 



8. Hare Rama, Rama Ram, Sita Rama Rama Ram
   
   Hare Rama, Rama Ram, Sita Rama Rama Ram
   
   Hare Rama, Rama Ram, Sita Rama Rama Ram


9. Ram, Ram Sita Ram, Ram, Ram Sita Ram
   
   Sita Ram, Sita Ram Ram Ram
   
   
   
   Shri Ram, Jaya Ram, Jaya Jaya Ram
   
   Shri Ram, Jaya Ram, Jaya Jaya Ram

Rama Raghava

Rama Raghava, Rama Raghava, Rama Raghava

Rama Rakshamam




Krishna Keshava, Krishna Keshava, Krishna Keshava Pahimam



Rama and Krishna are both names of Vishnu, the preserver of the entire Universe.

Vishnu means "all-pervading". He incarnates on earth when unrighteousness abounds.

Rama means the blissful or delightful one. Krishna means black or dark-coloured. Krishna's complexion was believed to be dark, like the most beautiful clouds full of rain. Krishna is full of sacred grace and blessings and He is always ready to shower this auspicious energy on His true devotees.



Raghava is another name of Rama, referring to his Raghu clan.



Keshava is another name of Krishna, which means the One with beautiful hair. Krishna attracts the attention by His divine beauty. This beauty comes from within, as He is perfection incarnate. His hair is most beautiful and frames His lovely face. Concentrating on this sweet form of the Lord, the mind is turned away from , or illusion, and becomes engrossed in divine beauty and splendour.



Rakshamam means: you are my protection.



Pahimam means: I offer myself completely to you, now I am no longer mine, I am Yours.

1.  



2. ---

   
   


3. Songs to Divine Mother - The Divine Goddess


4. 
   

Shiva means “Auspicious One”

    Namah Shivaya-Ganga Dhara

1. Namah Shivaya  Namah Shivaya  Hara Hara Bole Namah Shivaya


2. Ganga Dhara Shiva Ganga Dhara  Hara Hara Bole Namah Shivaya


3.  


4. Vishweshvara Shiva Vishweshvara  Hara Hara Bole Namah Shivaya


5.  


6. Rameshwara Shiva Rameshwara  Hara Hara Bole Namah Shivaya


7.  


8. Jatadhara Shiva Jatadhara  Hara Hara Bole Namah Shivaya


9.  


10. Someshwar Shiva Someshwar  Hara Hara Bole Namah Shivaya


11.  


12. Koteshwara Shiva Koteshwara  Hara Hara Bole Namah Shivaya


13.  


14. Hara Hara Mahadeva Shambo


15. Hara Hara Maha Deva Shambo Kashi Vishwanatha Gange


16. Hara Hara Maha Deva Shambo Kashi Vishwanatha Gange


17. Hara Hara Maha Deva Shambo


18. Hara Hara Maha Deva Shambo


19. Hara Hara Maha Deva Shambo Kashi Vishwanatha Gange


20.  


21. Hara Hara Hara Mahadev


22. Hara Hara Hara Mahadev, Hara Hara Hara Mahadev


23. Om Nama Shivaya, Om Nama Shivaya


24. Nama Shivaya, Nama Shivaya


25. Om Nama Shivaya Om Nama Shivaya Om Nama Shivay Om



26. ---

    
    


27. Songs to Krishna & Radha


28. 


29. Govinda Jaya Jaya, Gopala Jaya Jaya



Govinda Jaya Jaya, Gopala Jaya Jaya

Radha Ramana Hari, Govinda Jaya Jaya




Tumi Bhaja re Mana

Tumi Bhaja re Mana, Tumi Japa re Mana

Om, Shri Ram Jaya Ram

Japa re Mana

Oh mind (mana), my dear friend,

Always chant (bhaja) the name of the Divine, Always repeat (japa) God’s Name!




Hare Krishna



30. Hare Krishna Hare Krishna Krishna Krishna Hare Hare


31. Hare Rama Hare Rama Rama Rama Hare Hare 2x


32. Hare Krishna Hare Krishna Krishna Krishna Hare Hare


33. Hare Rama Hare Rama Rama Rama Hare Hare 2x
    
     


34. Gauranga Gauranga Gauranga Bol Gauranga Gauranga Gauranga Bol


35. Gauranga Gauranga Gauranga Bol Gauranga Gauranga Gauranga Bol
    
     


36. Chaitanya Chaitanya Chaitanya Bol Chaitanya Chaitanya Chaitanya Bol
    
    Chaitanya Chaitanya Chaitanya Bol Chaitanya Chaitanya Chaitanya Bol
    
    
    
    Nitai Nitai Nitai Nitai Nitaiay Gauranga Nitai Nitai Nitai Nitai Nitaiya Gauranga


37. Nitai Nitai Nitai Nitai Nitaiay Gauranga Nitai Nitai Nitai Nitai Nitaiya Gauranga


38.  


39. Radhe Radhe Govinda Bolo


40. Radhe Radhe Govinda Bolo Govinda Govinda Govinda Bolo


41.  


42. Govinda Hare Gopala


43. Govinda Hare Gopala Govinda Hare Hare Govinda Hare Gopala Govinda Hare Hare Gopala Gopala Hare Krishna Hare
    
    
    
    Hare Gopala Gopala Hare Krishna Hare Hare Gopala Gopala Gopala Gopala Gopala Gopala Gopala Gopala


44.  


45. Shri Krishna Govinda


46. Shri Krishna Govinda Hare Murare He Natha Narayana Vasudeva


47. He Natha Narayana Vasudeva He Natha Narayana Vasudeva


48. Shri Krishna Govinda Hare Murare He Natha Narayana Vasudeva


49. He Natha Narayana Vasudeva He Natha Narayana Vasudeva
    
     Flows into:


50. Gopala Gopala Devaki Nandana
    
    Gopala Gopala Devaki Nandana Gopala


51. Devaki Nandana Gopala Devaki Nandana Gopala


52. Devaki Nandana Gopala Devaki Nandana Gopala


53.  


54. Yashoda Nandana Gopala


55. Gopala Gopala Yashoda Nandana Gopla
    
    Hare Krishna Hare Krishna Krisha Krishna Hare Hare


56. Hare Rama Hare Rama Rama Rama Hare Hare


57.  


58. Gopala refers to young Krishna. Gopala literally means protector of cows.


59. Kirshna was a cowherd as a young man.


60. Hare is the evocative of Hari. Hari means thief and also Shining One. Krishna is loving called the stealer of hearts.  Nandana means son of, and Yashoda was Krishna’s adoptive mother.



Krishna Govinda Govinda Gopala    

Krishna Govinda Govinda Gopala   x2   

Krishna Murali Mano Hara Nanda Lala   x2

Five-syllabled Mántra

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Transliteration	IAST (International Alphabet of Sanskrit Transliteration)
	MEFI (ours)	Om namah shivaaya
	ITRANS (commonly used online)	OM namaH shivaaya OM namaH shivAya AUM namaH shivaaya AUM namaH shivAya
	HARVARD-KYOTO	o~ namaH zivAya

Mantras are Sanskrit words and phrases that are said to have power. They are an effective tool for meditation and are easy to use. The following is just a brief introduction to some mantras.

SIDDHA YOGA

OM NAMAH SHIVAYA

(pr. OME  NAH-MAH  SHI-VAH-YAH)

This is the mantra used in Siddha Yoga for meditation. It means, roughly, "Om and salutations to Shiva."  Shiva is here used as a name for God. It is generally most effective when synchronised with the breathing. I have found the most effective way to use it is to repeat OM on the inbreath and NAMAH SHIVAYA on the outbreath (although this is not the method generally used in Siddha Yoga).

It is also possible to strengthen this mantra by adding the "seed words" Shrim and Klim.  Shrim is, to quote from Ashley-Farrand, "the seed sound for Lakshmi's abundance."  Klim is "the seed sound for attracting both abundance and the conciousness residing naturally in the elements of creation."  The mantra then becomes:

OM SHRIM KLIM NAMAH SHIVAYA

This version is not part of Siddha Yoga.

The Sanskrit character for OM.

OTHER MANTRAS

The following mantras are not part of Siddha Yoga. They are taken from the book "Shakti Mantras", by Thomas Ashley-Farrand, unless otherwise stated. They are centred on the powers of Indian goddesses who are considered to represent various aspects of the Great Feminine principal, otherwise known as Shakti.

DURGA

The goddess Durga (pr. Door-gah) has been portrayed as a warrior goddess associated with fire and catharsis. She is seen as a symbol of the Great Feminine principle and as the great Mother Goddess who may provide protection.

OM DUM DURGAYEI NAMAHA

(pr. OME DOOM DOOR-GA-YAY NAR-MAR-HAR)

This mantra can be used as an appeal to the great Mother Goddess for her protection. It can be used in general circumstances where some degree of protection is desired, for oneself or for others.

OM EIM HRIM KLIM CHAMUNDAYEI VICCHE NAMAHA

(pr. OME IME HREEM KLEEM CHAH-MOON-DAH-YAY VEE-CHEE NAR-MAR-HAR)

Like the previous mantra, this mantra is said to provide protection, but is meant for more drastic and extreme situations. It can be used to protect oneself or others, and is said to also provide blessings of creativity and good fortune.

SARASWATI

Saraswati is the goddess of knowledge, learning and wisdom. She presides over all forms of study, learning and creativity;she is creative inspiration as well, and particularly relates to writing, poetry and speech.

OM BRAHMA JNANAYEI NAMAHAH

(pr. OME BRAR-MAR YAR-NAR-YAY NAR-MAR-HAR)

This mantra can especially be used by anyone involved in the study of philosophy and mysticism. It develops the intellect and creative intelligence, developing the student's capacity to cope with and comprehend great ideas.

VEDANAM MATRAM PASYA MATSTHAM, DEVIM SARASWATI

(pr. VAY-DAR-NARM MAH-TRARM PARSH-YAH MART-SHTARM, DAY-VEEM SAR-RAR-SWAH-TEE)

This mantra is said to be particularly useful for those studying religion and scripture. It enhances their capacity for insight and understanding on a spiritual level, rather than an academic one.

RADHA

Radha was the consort of Krishna, the eighth Avatar (incarnation) of the god Vishnu. In time, the depictions of Radha developed to the point where she was seen as being one with Krishna. In Tantric literature, Radha was the embodiment of of spiritual love and "the embodiment of devotion to God."

OM RADHA KRISHNAYA NAMAHA

(pr. OME RAR-DAR KRISH-NAR-YAR NAR-MAR-HAR)

This mantra can be used to enhance and develop a relationship between two people, with a view to making it more loving and caring. It can be used by one person in the relationship or both.

AHAM PREMA

(pr. AR-HUM PRAY-MAH)

This mantra can be used to develop your capacity to love as much as you possibly can. It is said to transform you into an emanation of divine love.

LALITA

Another goddess representing the Great Feminine principle, Lalita is also known as Mahadevi (Great Goddess). Her feminine power can be appealed to in virtually any kind of situation.

OM BHOGINYEI NAMAHA

(pr. OME BOW-GIN-YAY NAR-MAR-HAR)

This mantra can be used to combat depression by stimulating the kundlini Shakti, which is said to provide the inherent energy of the words in the mantra. This energy helps to rid the mind of depression.

OM NISHKA MAYEI NAMAHA

(pr. OME NEESH-KAH MAR-YAY NAR-MAR-HAR)

This mantra can be used to rid the mind of unwanted desires. To prepare for the use of this mantra, one is supposed to start by framing the intended results in one's mind, and then purge one's mind of the intention when actually repeating the mantra.

LAKSHMI

Lakshmi is the goddess of abundance and good fortune. she attends to our material needs in general, but can also bring fortune and abundance of a spiritual kind. We can appeal to her whenever we need help in these areas. She was represented on early Indian coins and was associated with Kubera, the god of wealth. Lakshmi is sometimes depicted on doors as a way of bringing good luck to the household.

OM SHRIM MAHA LAKSHMIYEI SWAHA

(pr. OME SHREEM MAR-HAR LUCK-SHMEE-YAY SWAR-HAR)

This mantra can be used whenever we feel we need a dose of good fortune and luck, whether material or spiritual. It is said to have the ability to bring good fortune and open up unexpected possibilities.

OM SHRI DHANVANTRE NAMAHA

(pr. OME SHREE DARN-VARN-TRAY NAR-MAR-HAR)

This is the healing mantra, based on an appeal to the celestial healer, Dhanvantari, who figures in the Lakshmi story and who gave the Nectar of Immortality to the gods. It can be used to enhance one's own healing skills and performance as a practitioner;or for self-healing, in which it is said to be able to work in many ways to promote healing on all levels: physical, mental or emotional.

KALI

Kali is the fierce aspect of the Great Feminine principle; she can be drastic and ruthless, both giving life and destroying it. When she destroys, it is only so that good and truth will triumph. She can look dark and sinister, but she only destroys the negative to make way for the positive.

OM SRI MAHA KALIKYAI NAMAHA

(pr.OME SHREE MAR-HAR KAR-LEE-KA-YAY NAR-MAR-HAR)

This mantra expresses general devotion and salutations to the "Great Kali." It is for those who want to focus themselves on Kali as their principal spiritual practice. It has been said that very few people are initiated into this mantra because of the intensity of its "purgative nature." (This mantra is taken from the book "Meditation and Mantras", by Swami Vishnu-Devananda.)

OM KLIM KALIKA-YEI NAMAHA

(pr. OME KLEEM KAR-LEE-KAR-YAY NAR-MAR-HAR)

This mantra is said to bring rapid and even drastic relief from any situation that is difficult or problematic. The kind of solution attained might not be the kind you would want or envisage, because the effects of the mantra are said to be potentially drastic and unexpected. The results will be right and appropriate for you at the time, although they may not be pleasant in the short run.

OM HRIM SHREEM KLIM ADYA KALIKA PARAM ESHWARI SWAHA

(pr. OME HREEM SHREEM KLEEM ARD-YAR KAR-LEE-KAR PAR-UM ESH-WAR-EE SWAR-HAR)

This is known as the Great Fifteen-Syllable Mantra (not counting the Om at the start) and is said to provide a rapid boost to one's spiritual growth, although once again the results may be unexpected and drastic. One should only use this mantra if one is prepared for results that may be quite intense. From personal experience, I can vouch for the power of this mantra.

Kali

Using The Mantras

The mantras treated here are as simple to use as they are effective. It is said that these mantras, to be effective, should be repeated for approximately twenty minutes, twice daily, for forty days. They can be repeated silently or out aloud; read off the page or repeated from memory. Any of these approaches is said to be effective.

The reader may notice that many of the mantras begin with the word OM. this is said to be the primordial sound that was present at the creation of the universe. It is used in many mantras and is considered to strengthen them. It is pronounced OME, to rhyme with the English word HOME.

The reader may also notice that the mantras often include the word NAMAHA. This word means bowing to or making salutations to. It figures prominently because many of the mantras, if not all, are expressions of bowing down to, or making salutations to, the god or goddess from whom one desires help.

Rig Veda

Rig Veda (also written as Rik Veda in English) is the oldest of all Vedas. Some scholars date the Rig Veda as early as 12000 BC - 4000 B.C. But Hindus believe that Vedas are eternal knowledge and beyond space-time. The Rig-Vedic ‘samhita’ or collection of mantras consists of 1,028 hymns or ‘suktas’, The 10,589 verses of the Rigveda are divided into ten mandalas or books.

First mandala consists of 191 suktas and 2006 mantras

Second mandala consists of 43 suktas and 429 mantras

Third mandala consists of 62 suktas and 617 mantras

Fourth mandala consists of 58 suktas and 589 mantras

Fifth mandala consists of 87 suktas and 727 mantras

Sixth mandala consists of 75 suktas and 765 mantras

Seventh mandala consists of 104 suktas and 841 mantras

Eighth mandala consists of 103 suktas and 1716 mantras

Ninth mandala consists of 114 suktas and 1108 mantras

Tenth mandala consists of 191 suktas and 1754 mantras

According to the Shatapatha Brahmana, the number of syllables in the Rigveda is 432,000, equalling the number of muhurtas (1 day = 30 muhurtas) in forty years.The Rig-Vedic hymns were compiled by Paila under the guidance of Vyasa, and went to form the Rig mantra Samhita. Rgveda intones that let  there be goodness in the hearts and thoughts. Since all are embodiments of the Divinity, all human beings are one. Rig Veda is important not only from religious and philosophical point of view but as some recent research has shown it also  contains immense information on cosmology, astrology and mathematics.

Read Rig Veda in Sanskrit

Audio download links for Rig Veda 

*To download- Right click with your mouse on the links and then click 'save target as'

Rig Veda 1A       Rig Veda 1B       Rig Veda 2A       Rig Veda 2B      

Rig Veda 3A       Rig Veda 3B       Rig Veda 4A       Rig Veda 4B      

Rig Veda 5A       Rig Veda 5B       Rig Veda 6A       Rig Veda 6B      

Rig Veda 7A       Rig Veda 7B       Rig Veda 8A       Rig Veda 8B      

Rig Veda 9A       Rig Veda 9B       Rig Veda 10A       Rig Veda 10B      

Rig Veda 11A       Rig Veda 11B       Rig Veda 12A          

Rig Veda 13A       Rig Veda 13B       Rig Veda 14A       Rig Veda 14B      

Atharva Veda (audio)    Yajur Veda (audio)    

Sama Veda (audio) 

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Амазонит среди прочих камней занимает совершенно особое место, ему свойственно рождать в стариках порывы молодости, улучшать вид кожи и врачевать нервные истощения. Однако он в высшей степени редко бывает носим как талисман. Развивает природную лень. Амазонит улучшает вид кожи. Врачует нервное истощение. Способствует укреплению семейных отношений.

Он связан с пребыванием Луны в экзальтации в знаке Тельца. Значение этого камня не столь велико, но в принципе он укрепляет семью. Этот камень людей, связанных со строительством дома, с созданием у этого прочного фундамента в виде прочных семейных отношений. В магии нужен для образования магического алтаря. В России амазонит считался полезным при эпилепсии. Мистики конца XIX в. считали, что амазонит рождает в стариках порывы молодости, улучшает состояние кожи и лечит нервные истощения, однако поощряет природную лень. Он усиливает склонность к видениям и мистическим откровениям.

Дух амазонита -это очень худое, маленького роста изможденное сущестов, которое летит навстречу урагану. Кажется, самый легкий ветерок способен сломить его. Сатурн амазонита, стоящий в козероге, наделил этот камень большой выносливостью. Амзонит учит человека извлекать энергию из недр своей души. Помогает находить силы тогда, кода все зримые источники ее пусты. Но этот камень очень критичен и избирателен -лишь один человек из сотни будет удостоен его внимания. Талисманы из амазонита можно носить постоянно, так как вреда он не приносит. Много шансов на получение помощи от амазонита имеют люди, родившиеся под знаками Близнецов, Весов и Водолея. Единственное противопоказание- наличие в гороскопе ярко выраженного Скорпиона. Однако нет никаких универсальных способов, чтобы добиться любви этого камня.

Амазонит - зеленый, голубовато-зеленый, часто неоднородный цвет за счет пертитовых вкраплений белого и желтоватого альбита.

Амазонит имеет призматический облик кристаллов, в которых часто отмечаются полисинтетические и решетчатые двойники, располагающиеся перпендикулярно или косо по отношении к спайности и составляющие до 25% от общей массы и более. Для амазонита характерны пертитовые вростки альбита, которые образуют контрастный рисунок на зеленом и голубом фоне.

Амазонит или амазонский камень (назван по месту нахождения в отложениях реки Амазонки), применялся с глубокой древности. Мелкие бусы и амулеты из амазонита изготавливались еще в Древнем Египте, а также известны и в ранних культурах Центральной и Южной Америки. Сейчас из амазонита изготавливают шкатулки, вазы, кабошоны, ювелирные изделия (кольца, серьги, броши).

Амазонит встречается в гранитных пегматитах и амазонитовых гранитах. В пегматитах он образует крупные блоковые выделения (до 2 метров и более), отдельные обособления размером до 1.55 метра, а также мелкие зерна. В гранитах амазонит представлен обычно мелкими зернами, но в пегматоидных зонах иногда отмечаются кристаллы размером до 10 см. Промышленные месторождения высококачественного амазонита, содержащие крупные блоки, кристаллы этого минерала известны на Кольском полуострове (Западные Кейвы) и на Южном Урале, где в Ильменских горах в 18 веке был впервые найден. Амазонитовые пегматиты и граниты выявлены в Восточной Сибири, на Украине, в Казахстане, Средней Азии и Северной Карелии.

В настоящее время амазонит добывается карьерным способом на пегматитовых месторождениях Кольского полуострова (Россия), где по цвету подразделяется на четыре разновидности, среди которых по характеру вростков кварца и альбита выделяется несколько его типов. Амазонит применяется для изготовления небольших камнерезных художественных изделий (вазы, пепельницы, шкатулки) и кабошонов - вставок в ювелирные изделия (кольца, броши, запонки и др.) , а также бус.

образцы

Амазонит		Амазонит		Амазонит		Амазонит
Амазонит		Амазонит		Амазонит		Амазонит. Шар.
Амазонит. Шар.		Амазонит. Шар.		Амазонит. Шар.		Амазонит. Шар.
Амазонит. Шкатулка.		Амазонитовый гранит. Яйцо.

Он может быть абсолютно любым. Камень может быть редчайшей драгоценностью, подобной которой нет нигде в мире. Для неё не имеет значения внешний блеск и богатая оправа. У камня внутри достаточно света и подлинной красоты, чтобы быть бесценным сокровищем в любом окружении.

Наш каталог - это виртуальная коллекция минералов. На сайте вы найдете фотографии, описания и тематические статьи по минералогии и истории камня.

Минералов на свете великое множество, а потому охватить сразу все практически невозможно. Мы стараемся сделать наш каталог наиболее полным и информативным, а потому постоянно обновляемся.

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           Двенадцать наиболее часто встречающихся на наших широтах психоактивных видов грибов можно разделить на две группы по биологически активным веществам:      

• Грибы, содержащие псилоцибин и псилоцин. Основное биологически активное вещество - псилоцибин и псилоцин, очень часто еще химически подобные вещества Baecystin и Norbaeocystin, все вместе - соединения триптамина (также как буффотенин и серотонин). Как все дериваты триптамина, псилоцибин и псилоцин также схожи с ЛСД, все они относятся к соединениям индола.                                                                                                                                                                                                         


• Группа Amanita Грибы, котрые содержат в качестве действенного принципа иботеновую кислоту, мускимол, мусказон и гиоскиамин. К сожалению, в этой группе грибов встречается опасное биологически активное вещество мускарин.

П = психоативность, Т = токсичность

Грибы, содержащие псилоцибин и псилоцин

Псилоцибы

• Psilocybe semilanceata (острая коническая лысина).Вероятно наиболее распространенный вид. В Psilocybe semilanceata с наибольшей уверенностью и равномерностью находятся как псилоцин, так и псилоцибин, иногда они содержат и Baeocystin.


• Psilocybe montana и


• Psilocybe coprophilia (какашкина лысина) встречаются лишь иногда, реже чем Psilicybe semilanceata. Содержание психоактивных веществ колеблется в обоих очень сильно от почти нуля до концентрации Psilocybe Semilanceata. Кажется, Psylocibe coprоphilia теряет свою действенность вскоре после сбора.


• Psilocybe merdaria (навозная лысина) рассматривается здесь как Stropharia merdaria.


• Psylocibe cubensis рассматривается здесь как Stropharia cubensis и 6. Psilosybe foenisecii - как Panaeolina foenisecii.

Stropharia (тройшлинги)

• Stropharia aeruginosa (ярь-медянковый тройшлинг). Шляпка диаметром 70 - 80 мм, плоская, выпуклая, зелено - голубая


• Stropharia semiglibata (полукруглый тройшлинг), такой же как Ps. coprophilia с оборокой, желто- коричневая шляпка


• Stropharia merdaria (Psilocybe merdaria) (навозная лысина), шляпка колоколом, постепенно расширена, на краю шляпки остатки оболочки. Их можно найти чаще всего поздним летом. Многие корифеи признают за этими видами действенность, однако в настоящее время это нельзя подтвердить однозначно. Если они и имеют псиохоактивное действие, то оно очень незначительное.


• Stropharia cubensis (Psilocybe cubensis) Этот вид встречается в Южной Европе, Центральной Америке и на юго - востоке США. Он достоверно содержит более чем достаточно псилоцибин и псилоцин, ок. 0,2 - 0,4% сухого веса гриба. Этот вид используется преимущественно для производства в домашних условиях, потому что он размножается не очень трудно из спор (см. "Культура грибов", стр.30).

Hyphaloma (серные головы)

• 1.Hyphaloma cyanescenc Этот гриб находят под лиственницами, кедрами, бузиной, плющом, в рощах, под соломой и грубой травой. Этот гриб родственен обоим тропическим видам Psilocybe maztecorum и Psilocybe (Stropharia) cyanescens, в грибах, которые нашли в Алжире, обнаружилось 0,5 - 0,6% псилоцибина и псилоцина в сухой субстанции, в несколько раз больше количества, обычного для Psylocibe semilanceata. Huphaloma syanescens содержит вдобавок порядочное количество беосиктина и норбеосиктина.

Panaeolus (навозники) и Panaeolina (сенные навозники)

• Panaeolus campanulatus (колокольчатый навозник) содержит как псилоцибин, так и псилоцин, хотя и не в таком количестве, как Psilocybe semilanceata. Другие дериваты триптамина встречаются чаще, напр., иботонин. Грибы вида Panaeolus campanulatus, которые были найдены на севере США, реже содержат пантерин и прочие яды. Если эти опасные вещества встречаются в отечественных грибах, нужно принимать в расчет симптомы отравления, поэтому надо быть осторожным.


• Panaeolus sphinctrinus (колокольчатый навозник) часто отождествляется с Panaolus campanulatus, однако он отличается от последнего полоской шляпкой, которая всегда вывернута во внутрь.


• Panaeolina foenisecii (сенный навозник) Содержит псилоцибин и псилоцин, однако меньше, чем Psilocybe semilanceata, иногда можно встретить часть других дериватов триптамина, особенно серотонин.

Грибы семейства Amanita (Поганки Бледные)

• Amanita muskaria (мухомор)


• Amanita pantherina (пантерный гриб) оба содержат как действенные составные части иботеновую кислоту, мускимол и мусказон, которые раньше обозначались вместе как "мико- или грибной тропин", что уже намекает на то, что его действие сходно с действием тропина (напр., в красавке - Atropa belladonna). К сожалению, в обоих видах - хотя и в разной концентрации - содержится опасный грибной яд мускарин, чье действие противоположно действию тропина. В европейских пантеровых грибах в противоположность к североамериканским экземплярам не были найдены эти три биологически активных вещетва, но они содержат пантерин - соединение, схожее с иботеновой кислотой. Сегодня нельзя больше утверждать с уверенностью, что в основной части ядовитого влияния обоих видов виноват мускарин, т.к. многие источники утверждают, что мускарин встречается в грибах в очень незначительной концентрации и, кроме того, большей частью в дезактивированной форме (нейтрализуется противоположным действием грибного тропина). Опасность обоих видов, как нам кажется, состоит в том, что от психоактивных субстанций иботеновой кислоты, мускимола и мусказона исходит сильное токсичное влияние. К сожалению, долю этих веществ в субстанции гриба нельзя рассчитать заранее, т.к. она встречается в концентрации 0,1 - 1,2% сухой субстанции, т.е. колеблется в пределах 1200%. Поэтому отравления этими обоими видами грибов можно точнее назвать передозировкой. Однако имеется только несколько сообщений о тяжелых отравлениях, известен только один смертельный случай, он произошел после приема 35 (!!!) пантеровых грибов. Обычно концентрация биологически ктивных веществ в пантерном грибе выше чем в мухоморе. аивысшая действенность приписывается кожице шляпки, которая иногда освобождается от остаточной шляпки, чтобы использовать только ее.


• Amanita phalloides (зеленая поганка) и


• Amanita vitosa (островерхая или коническая поганка). Свыше 90% смертельных отравлений грибами происходят из-за этих обоих видов. Их вкус смертельный (50% всех опытных объектов умирают). Тот, кто всегда собирает грибы, должен знать оба эти единственно очень опасные виды во всех их стадиях развития:
  
  
  
  • Споры: белые
  
  
  • Спороносный слой : белый и не соединен с ножкой
  
  
  • Hожка: белая с оборкой
  
  
  • Hижняя часть ножки:сильно утолщена, вырастает как из чашки (остатки внешней оболочки velum universale)
  
  
  
  


• Amanita Phalloides: очень ядовитый, шляпка от желтого до оливково-зеленого цвета


• Amanita virosa: полностью белый.

Ошибочное определение вида

     Виды, содержащие псилоцибин и псилоцин, прежде всего можно спутать с видами родового названия Inocybe (рваные грибы, волокнистые головы), Conocybe (бархатный чепчик), Mecena (хемлинги) и Bolbitus (навозные грибы). - Psilocybe coprophilia схожа с Inocybe lacera и Inocybe geophylla. Однако оба вида встречаются в лесу, в то время как Psilocybe coprophilia растет на навозе (coprophilia = любящий дерьмо). - Inocybe geophilia фиолетового оттенка и дает коричневый отпечаток спoр. - У Inocybe lacera белый спороносный слой и этот вид дает серо-коричневый отпечаток спoр. Оба вида Inocybe содержат пилокарпин - сильный яд, который действует подобно мускарину. Осторожно (см.: "Случаи отравления").Грибы можно собирать только тогда, когда бсолютно уверен, что речь идет не об опасном виде. ( См. также "Ключ для определения").      

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  ХИМИЯ

  
             
  

  Псилоцибин и псилоцин

  
             Основное биологически активное вещество в первой группе грибов - псилоцибин (4-окись фосфора N, N-диметил триптамин) и псилоцин (4-гидроокись-N, N-диметил триптамин), два различных производных триптамина из большой группы соединений индола.            
  
   
  
  
  
  
  
             Псилоцибин - первый встречающийся естественным образом известный дериват индола, содержащий фосфорную кислоту. Если внешняя часть -О2РО3 молекулы псилоцибина, содержащая атом фосфора, заменяется -О, возникает молекула псилоцина, которая соответственно теряет в весе. Поэтому 10 мг псилоцина имеют такое же действие, как 14 мг псилоцибина, большего по молекулярному весу. Большая часть имеющегося в грибах псилоцибина разлагается/перестраивается в человеческом организме в псилоцин, около четверти снова выделяется. Остаток фосфорной кислоты у псилоцибина хотя и не содействует влиянию, как сказано, однако дает молекуле более высокую стабильность и более высокий вес молекулы, в то время как псилоцин из-за окисления кислорода воздуха разрушается очень быстро. Поэтому при сушке грибов надо принимать во внимание высокую потрею псилоцина, в то время как охлаждение или еще лучше глубокое замораживание грибов замедляет или препятствует распаду псилоцина.      Псилоцибин и псилоцин относительно неядовитые вещества, т.е. их действенная доза сильно отличается от летальной дозы (LD50 - 50% испытуемых объектов умирают). Минимальная действенная доза 3 -6 мг, здесь можно установить первые изменения в восприятии. Это соответствует 0,05 - 0,1 мг/кг веса тела взрослого человека весом 60 кг. Хорошая средняя доза для взрослого - ок. 10 мг. Летальная доза - 100 мг/кг веса тела, это означает 6000 - 7000 мг для взрослого человека, соответственно ок. 40 кг свежих грибов вида Psilocybe semilanceata.      
  

  Действенность и токсичность

  
  

  ----------------------------------------------------------------
                           1             2          3     4
  Псилоцибин и псилоцин 3 мг    0,05-0,1   10 мг   0,14   6-7 г   100 х 600 ~ 0
  ----------------------------------------------------------------
  ЛСД                   0,05мг   0,007     0,25мг  0,0035  150 мг   2,2 х 600 ~ 0
  ----------------------------------------------------------------
  мескалин     300 мг   +
  ----------------------------------------------------------------
  иботеновая к-та         70 мг   1     2,7г   40 х 40 ++
  мускимол                8,5мг  0,13   3,0    45 х 350 ++
  мусказон                ?  ?    ? ?    ? ?         ?  ++
  ----------------------------------------------------------------
  

  
  1 - ощутимая доза 2 - средняя доза 3 - LD 50* 4 - смертельная передозировка а - абсолютная б - в зависимости от веса тела мг/кг в - относительно к средней дозе г - токсичность * LD 50 = 50% испытуемых объектов умирает      Эту незначительную токсичность можно сравнить с ЛСД, поэтому оба вещества можно классифицировать как психически относительно неопасные. Для ЛСД также может быть смертельной только сверхдоза в 500 - 600 раз. О смертельных случаях при применении ЛСД, псилоцибина или псилоцина из-за прямого действия ядов не известно.      В грибах группы 1 наряду с псилоцибином и псилоцином содержатся в очень различных концентрациях также психоактивные вещества Baeocustin и Norbaeocystin. Псилоцибин и псилоцин встречаются в концентрации 0,1 - 0,4% даже гораздо реже в сухой субстанции грибов. Т.к. грибы на 90% состоят из воды, это соответствует 0,01 - 0,05% части веса свежих грибов. В грибнице содержится 0,3% биологически активных веществ сухой субстанции, соответственно 0,04% от веса свежих грибов. Чтобы получить хорошо действующую дозу - 10 г пси- лоцибина и псилоцина, надо принять 30 - 40 г свежих или 5 - 6 г сухихи грибов (сухие тоже еще содержат ок. 20% воды). Ок. 30 отечественных грибов могут содержать от 3 до 12 мг псилоцибина и псилоцина.      
  

  Дозировка

  
       
  
  

Химия видов Amanita

ПРИЕМ

Эффекты/воздействия

Воздействия ядов

Отравления

Грибы, содержащие псилоцибин и псилоцин

Мухомор (Amanita muscarina) и пантерный гриб (Amanita pantherina)

Признаки отравления:

Меры:

Отравление мускарином

Признаки отравления: